三招輕松搞定退休大計(jì)

3waystotakecontrolofyourretirement三招輕松搞定退休大計(jì)England'sblusteryDorsetcoastseemsanunlikelysettingforretirementplanninglessons,butactuallyit'sperfect.That'swherethissummer'sOlympicsailboatraceswilltakeplace,andviewersnewtosailingwilllearnasurprisingfact:Youcansailintothewind.Youneedtotackinwaysthataren'tnecessarywhenthewindisbehindyou,butdoitrightandyou'llmovebracinglyfast.英格蘭狂風(fēng)咆哮的多塞特郡海岸看起來不像是開設(shè)退休計(jì)劃課程的地方，可實(shí)際上沒有比這里更理想的地方了。今夏奧運(yùn)會(huì)的帆船比賽將在這里舉行，而帆船運(yùn)動(dòng)的新觀眾將學(xué)到令人吃驚的新知識(shí)：我們居然可以迎風(fēng)前行。不過和順風(fēng)時(shí)不同，我們必須搶風(fēng)行駛，但如果行動(dòng)得當(dāng)，前進(jìn)的速度簡(jiǎn)直令人振奮。That'sretirementplanningtoday.You'refeelingvirtuallyallthefinancialwindsrightinyourface.Strappedgovernmentsateverylevelwillbegivingyoufewerservicesandtakingmorefromyouintaxesandfees.Inflationmaybecreepingup.Employerswillcontinuethelong-termtrendofwhittlingretirementsecuritybyfreezingorabolishingthefewremainingdefined-benefitpensionplansandreducingcompanycontributionsto401(k)plans.Asforyourinvestmentportfolio--forgetthosereassuringhistoricalstockmarketreturnsofaround11%annuallyandnotethatrecentyearshavebeenfargrimmer:TheS&P500(SPX)isrightwhereitwasmorethan12yearsago,inJanuary1999.WarrenBuffettassumesBerkshireHathaway's(BRKA)pensionplanwillearnamodest7.1%ayear.那就像如今的退休計(jì)劃。感覺所有的金融風(fēng)暴都撲面而來。深陷其中的各級(jí)政府提供的服務(wù)越來越少，而繳稅和收賽卻越來越多。通貨膨脹繼續(xù)爬升。雇主凍結(jié)、取消剩余為數(shù)不多的確定收益的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃，同時(shí)還減少了公司對(duì)401(k)計(jì)劃(美國(guó)公司的工資儲(chǔ)蓄投資養(yǎng)老計(jì)劃——譯注)的繳納金額，從而延續(xù)削減退休保障的長(zhǎng)期趨勢(shì)。至于我們的投資組合，忘記令人欣慰的股票市場(chǎng)歷史回報(bào)率吧，近年的數(shù)據(jù)比11%悲慘得多標(biāo)普500(theS&P500)和12年多以前的1999年1月一樣。股神巴菲特認(rèn)為伯克希爾哈撒韋(BerkshireHathaway)公司的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃每年回報(bào)將只有區(qū)區(qū)7.1%。Onemorefact:You'llprobablylivelongerthanyouexpect,awonderfulthingineverywayexceptfinancially.NewresearchfromtheSocietyofActuariesfindsthat57%ofpre-retireesunderestimatelifeexpectancyfromtheircurrentage,whileonly28%overestimate.Yournesteggmayhavetolastmuchlongerthanyouthought.另一個(gè)事實(shí)：你很可能活得比預(yù)期長(zhǎng)，真是大好事，當(dāng)然，錢這個(gè)問題除外。北美精算學(xué)會(huì)(SocietyofActuaries)新近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：57%的前退休人員在其當(dāng)前年紀(jì)低估了預(yù)期壽命，而高估者僅有28%。我們的儲(chǔ)蓄需要維持的時(shí)間也許比當(dāng)初計(jì)劃的長(zhǎng)得多。Thoseareformidableheadwinds.YetastheOlympicsailorswillremindus,you'renotcondemnedtobeingblownbackward.Therighttacticswillpropelyouaheadevennow.Thinkofyourpracticalnextstepsinthreecategories.這些都是可怕的逆風(fēng)。然而就像奧運(yùn)會(huì)帆船選手提醒我們的那樣，我們并不是命中注定會(huì)被吹到后退。只要有正確的策略，現(xiàn)在我們都可以逆風(fēng)前行。想一想下一步，不外乎下面三個(gè)類別。Savesmarter更聰明地存錢Intoday'slow-yieldenvironment,mostofusmustsaltawaymore.Easytosay,hardtodo.Ifyouremployerhasn'tadoptedtheSaveMoreTomorrowprogram,urgeittodoso;andifitwon't,thenfollowtheprogramonyourown.DevelopedbyUCLAbusinessprofessorSchlomoBenartziandbehavioraleconomistRichardThaler,itletsemployeespre-committosavingmoreeverytimetheygetapayraise.Itworks--participantssavemuchmorethannonparticipants.今天的收益率這么低，在這樣的大環(huán)境下，大多數(shù)人必須留出更多儲(chǔ)蓄。說起來容易做起來難。如果你的雇主還沒有采用SaveMoreTomorrow儲(chǔ)蓄計(jì)劃，敦促它趕快采用，如果它不愿意，你可以自行執(zhí)行該計(jì)劃。加州大學(xué)洛杉磯分校（UCLA）商學(xué)院教授施羅默?伯納茲和行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家理查德?塞勒制定了這個(gè)計(jì)劃，讓雇員預(yù)先承諾每次漲工資都留下更多儲(chǔ)蓄。這個(gè)方案是可行的：參與者的儲(chǔ)蓄比非參與者多得多。Inchoosingyoursavingrate,facethenewrealityofinflation.ExpertsdebatewhetheryearsofmonetarylooseningintheU.S.andothermajoreconomieswillpushuppricessignificantly,butignoringtheriskwouldbefoolish.Supposeyou'dlikeyourportfoliotopayyou$100,000ayear（inconstantdollars）for30years.Withanafter-taxreturnof6%andinflationat2%,anesteggof$1.82millionwilldothejob.Butifinflationturnsouttobejustonepointhigherthanyouassumed,at3%,you'llneedanotherquartermilliondollars.選擇儲(chǔ)蓄率的時(shí)候還要考慮通貨膨脹的新現(xiàn)實(shí)。專家還在為美國(guó)和其它經(jīng)濟(jì)體長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年的貨幣寬松政策是否會(huì)嚴(yán)重推高物價(jià)這個(gè)問題爭(zhēng)得不可開交，但忽視這個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極其愚蠢。假定你希望投資組合在30年中每年支付你10萬美元（按不變美元計(jì)）。如果稅后回報(bào)6%，通脹2%，你只需182萬美元的儲(chǔ)蓄就夠了。但如果通脹最終比你假定的高一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，達(dá)到3%，你就需要額外的25萬美元來完成退休計(jì)劃。全文閱讀>>>retirement[ri'taismsnt]videon.退休，退役behavioral[bi'heivjsrsl]videoadj.行為的tack[t&k]videon.大頭釘；粗縫；行動(dòng)方針；食物vt.附加；以大頭針釘住vi.搶風(fēng)航行；作文字形移動(dòng)significantly[sig'nifsksntli]videoadv.意味深長(zhǎng)地；值得注目地formidable['fo；midsbl]videoadj.強(qiáng)大的；可怕的；令人敬畏的；艱難的yield