沖刺全真?？?閱讀卷答案

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage11ATheLumièreBrothersopenedtheirCinematographe,at14BoulevarddesCapucinesinParis,to100payingcustomersoverthrilledaudience,photographscametolifeandmovedacrossaflatscreen.hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury.showedasectionofarailwayplatformfloodedwithsunshine.Atrainappearsandheadsstraightforthecamera.Andthatisallthathappens.artists,describedthefilmasa'workofgenius'.'Asthetrainapproached,'wroteTarkovsky,'panicstartedinthetheatre:peoplejumpedandranaway.Thatwasthemomentwhencinemawasborn.Thefrightenedaudiencecouldnotacceptthattheywerewatchingamerepicture.Pictureswerestill,onlyrealitymoved;thismust,therefore,bereality.Intheirconfusion,theyfearedthatarealtrainwasabouttocrushthem.'DEarlycinemaaudiencesoftenexperiencedthesamecontusion.Intime,theideaoffilmbecamefamiliar,themagicwasaccepted-butitneverstoppedbeingmagic.Filmhasneverlostitsuniquepowertoembraceitstothatmagicwasthewayinwhichcinemacreatedadynamicimageoftherealflowofevents.Astillpicturecouldonlyimplytheexistenceofthereal,objectiveflowoftimewascaptured.EOneeffectofthisrealismwastoeducatetheworldaboutitself.Forcinemamakestheworldsmaller.LongbeforepeopletravelledtoAmericaoranywhereelse,theyknewwhatotherplaceslookedlike;theyknewhowotherpeopleworkedandlived.Overwhelmingly,thelivesrecorded-atindustry,Hollywoodhasdominatedtheworldfilmmarket.AmericanFilmcarriedAmericanlifeandvaluesaroundtheimatelythananyotherperiod.Wecanonlyimaginewhatlifewaslikeinthe14thcenturyorinclassicalGreece.Butthelifeofthemodernbeknownbetterthananyprecedinggenerations.starwaseffectivelybornin1910.Filmpersonalitieshavesuchanimmediatepresencethat,inevitably,theybecomesuper-real.seemstoknowwhotheyare,theyappearmorerealtousthanwemoststrangeandenduringlegacies.HCinemahasalsogivenanewleaseoflifetotheideaoftheoffthisnewinvention,itwasbynomeansobvioushowitwouldbeused.Allthatmatteredatfirstwasthewonderofmovement.Indeed,somesaidthat,oncethisnoveltyhadwornoff,cinemawouldfadeaway.Itwasnomorethanapassinggimmick,afairgroundattraction.form.Oritmighthavedevelopedliketelevision-asastrange,noisytransferofmusic,informationandnarrative.Butwhatthanthelengthofareel.Then,in1912,anItalian2-hourfilmwashugelysuccessful,andHollywoodsettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominantcinematicconventionoftoday.JAndithasallhappenedsoquickly.Almostunbelievably,itisandfled,convincedbythedangerousrealityofwhattheysaw,and,perhaps,suddenlyawarethattheworldcouldneverbethesameagain-that,maybe,itcouldbebetter,brighter,moreastonishing,morerealthanreality.Questions1-ReadingPassage1hastenparagraphs,A-WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowingWritethecorrectletter,A-J,inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.1thelocationofthefirstcinema(1)howcinemacametofocusonthespeedwithwhichcinemahashowcinemateachesusaboutothertheattractionofactorsin填寫(xiě)答案：

正確答案：A,I,JE,ATheLumièreBrothersopenedtheirCinematographe,at14yearsago,onDecember8,1895.Beforetheeyesofthestunned,thrilledaudience,photographscametolifeandmovedacrossaflatscreen.BSoordinaryandroutinehasthisbecometousthatittakesadeterminedleapoftheimaginationtograsptheimpactofthosefirstmovingimages.Butitisworthtrying,fortounderstandtheinitialshockofthoseimagesistounderstandtheextraordinarypowerandmagicofcinema,theunique,hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury.Atrainappearsandheadsstraightforthecamera.Andthatisallthathappens.YettheRussiandirectorAndreiTarkovsky,oneofgenius'.'Asthetrainapproached,'wroteTarkovsky,'panicstartedinthetheatre:peoplejumpedandranaway.Thatwasthemomentwhencinemawasborn.Thefrightenedaudiencecouldnotonlyrealitymoved;thismust,therefore,bereality.Intheirconfusion,theyfearedthatarealtrainwasabouttocrushthem.'DEarlycinemaaudiencesoftenexperiencedthesamecontusion.powertoembraceitsaudiencesandtransportthemtoadifferentworld.ForTarkovsky,thekeytothatmagicwasthewayinwhichpicturecouldonlyimplytheexistenceoftime,whiletimeinanovelpassedatthewhimofthereader.Butincinema,thereal,objectiveflowoftimewascaptured.toAmericaoranywhereelse,theyknewwhatotherplaceslookedFromtheearliestdaysoftheindustry,Hollywoodhasdominatedtheworldfilmmarket.Americanimagery-thecars,thecities,thecowboys-becametheprimaryimageryoffilm.FilmcarriedAmericanlifeandvaluesaroundtheglobe.FAnd,thankstofilm,futuregenerationswillknowthe20thwhatlifewaslikeinthe14thcenturyorinclassicalGreece.Butthelifeofthemodernworldhasbeenrecordedonfilminprecedinggenerations.starwaseffectivelybornin1910.Filmpersonalitieshavesuchanimmediatepresencethat,inevitably,theybecomesuper-real.seemstoknowwhotheyare,theyappearmorerealtousthanwemoststrangeandenduringlegacies.HCinemahasalsogivenanewleaseoflifetotheideaoftheoffthisnewinvention,itwasbynomeansobvioushowitwouldbeused.Allthatmatteredatfirstwasthewonderofmovement.Indeed,somesaidthat,oncethisnoveltyhadwornoff,cinemawouldfadeaway.Itwasnomorethanapassinggimmick,afairgroundattraction.form.Oritmighthavedevelopedliketelevision-asastrange,noisytransferofmusic,informationandnarrative.Butwhatthanthelengthofareel.Then,in1912,anItalian2-hourfilmwashugelysuccessful,andHollywoodsettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominantcinematicconventionoftoday.JAndithasallhappenedsoquickly.Almostunbelievably,itisandfled,convincedbythedangerousrealityofwhattheysaw,and,perhaps,suddenlyawarethattheworldcouldneverbethesameagain-that,maybe,itcouldbebetter,brighter,moreastonishing,morerealthanreality.Questions6-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?Inboxes6-9onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriterNOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter2Itisimportanttounderstandhowthefirstaudiencesreactedtothe YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：AB3TheLumièreBrothers'filmaboutthetrainwasoneofthegreatestfilmsevermade. YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：AB4Cinemapresentsabiasedviewofother YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：AB5Storylineswereimportantinveryearly YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABATheLumièreBrothersopenedtheirCinematographe,at14BoulevarddesCapucinesinParis,to100payingcustomersoverthrilledaudience,photographscametolifeandmovedacrossaflatscreen.BSoordinaryandroutinehasthisbecometousthatittakesadeterminedleapoftheimaginationtograsptheimpactofthosefirstmovingimages.Butitisworthtrying,fortounderstandtheinitialshockofthoseimagesistounderstandtheextraordinarypowerandmagicofcinema,theunique,hypnoticqualitythathasmadefilmthemostdynamic,effectiveartformofthe20thcentury.Atrainappearsandheadsstraightforthecamera.Andthatisallthathappens.YettheRussiandirectorAndreiTarkovsky,oneofgenius'.'Asthetrainapproached,'wroteTarkovsky,'panicstartedinthetheatre:peoplejumpedandranaway.Thatwasthemomentwhencinemawasborn.Thefrightenedaudiencecouldnotonlyrealitymoved;thismust,therefore,bereality.Intheirconfusion,theyfearedthatarealtrainwasabouttocrushthem.'DEarlycinemaaudiencesoftenexperiencedthesamecontusion.powertoembraceitsaudiencesandtransportthemtoadifferentworld.ForTarkovsky,thekeytothatmagicwasthewayinwhichpicturecouldonlyimplytheexistenceoftime,whiletimeinanovelpassedatthewhimofthereader.Butincinema,thereal,objectiveflowoftimewascaptured.EOneeffectofthisrealismwastoeducatetheworldaboutitself.Forcinemamakestheworldsmaller.Longbeforepeopletravelledtheyknewhowotherpeopleworkedandlived.Overwhelmingly,thelivesrecorded-atleastinfilmfiction-havebeenAmerican.Fromtheearliestdaysoftheindustry,Hollywoodhasdominatedtheworldfilmmarket.Americanimagery-thecars,thecities,thecowboys-becametheprimaryimageryoffilm.FilmcarriedAmericanlifeandvaluesaroundtheglobe.FAnd,thankstofilm,futuregenerationswillknowthe20thwhatlifewaslikeinthe14thcenturyorinclassicalGreece.Butthelifeofthemodernworldhasbeenrecordedonfilminprecedinggenerations.starwaseffectivelybornin1910.Filmpersonalitieshavesuchanimmediatepresencethat,inevitably,theybecomesuper-real.seemstoknowwhotheyare,theyappearmorerealtousthanwemoststrangeandenduringlegacies.HCinemahasalsogivenanewleaseoflifetotheideaoftheoffthisnewinvention,itwasbynomeansobvioushowitwouldbeused.Allthatmatteredatfirstwasthewonderofmovement.Indeed,somesaidthat,oncethisnoveltyhadwornoff,cinemawouldfadeaway.Itwasnomorethanapassinggimmick,afairgroundattraction.form.Oritmighthavedevelopedliketelevision-asastrange,noisytransferofmusic,informationandnarrative.Butwhatthanthelengthofareel.Then,in1912,anItalian2-hourfilmwashugelysuccessful,andHollywoodsettleduponthenovel-lengthnarrativethatremainsthedominantcinematicconventionoftoday.JAndithasallhappenedsoquickly.Almostunbelievably,itisandfled,convincedbythedangerousrealityofwhattheysaw,and,perhaps,suddenlyawarethattheworldcouldneverbethesameagain-that,maybe,itcouldbebetter,brighter,moreastonishing,morerealthanreality.Questions10-Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinboxes10-13onyouranswer6Thewriterreferstothefilmofthetraininorderto[A]thesimplicityofearly[B]theimpactofearly[C]howshortearlyfilms[D]howimaginativeearlyfilms選擇答案：ABC7InTarkovsky'sopinion,theattractionofthecinemaisthat[A]aimstoimpressits[B]tellsstoriesbetterthan[C]illustratesthepassingof[D]describesfamiliar選擇答案：ABC8Whencinemafirstbegan,peoplethought[A]itwouldalwaystell[B]itshouldbeusedin[C]itsaudienceswere[D]itsfuturewas選擇答案：ABC9Whatisthebesttitleforthis[A]Theriseofthecinema[B]Cinemaandnovels[C]Thedominationof[D]Thepowerofthebig選擇答案：ABCYoushouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage2Questions14-ReadingPassage2containssixKey14-18onyouranswersheet.ListListofEnsuretherewardsystemisMatchrewardstoEnsuretargetsareLinkrewardstoEncouragemanagerstotakemoreRecognisechangesinemployees'performanceoverEstablishtargetsandgiveEnsureemployeesaresuitedtotheirKeyPointKeyPointMotivatingEmployeesunderAdverseConditionsTHEItisagreatdealeasiertomotivateemployeesinagrowingorganisationthanadecliningone.Whenorganisationsareexpandingandaddingpersonnel,promotionalopportunities,payrises,andtheexcitementofbeingassociatedwithadynamicorganisationcreatefeelingsofoptimism.Managementisabletousethegrowthtoenticeandencourageemployees.Whenanorganisationisshrinking,thebestandmostmobileworkersareorganisationcanleastaffordtolose-thosewiththehighestskillsandexperience.Theminoremployeesremainbecausetheirjoboptionsarelimited.Moralealsosuffersduringdecline.Peoplefeartheymaybethenexttobemaderedundant.Productivityoftensuffers,asemployeesspendtheirtimesharingrumoursandprovidingoneanotherwithmoralsupportratherthanfocusingontheirjobs.ThechallengetomanagementishowtomotivateemployeesundercanbebroadlydividedintosixKeyPoints,whichareoutlinedKEYPOINTexample,ifthejobisrunningasmallbusinessoranautonomousunitwithinalargerbusiness,highachieversshouldbesought.However,ifthejobtobefilledisamanagerialpostinalargebureaucraticorganisation,acandidatewhohasahighneedforpowerandalowneedforaffiliationshouldbeselected.Accordingly,highachieversshouldnotbeputintojobsthatareinconsistentwiththeirneeds.Highachieverswilldobestwhenvarietyandresponsibility.KEYPOINTtheexistenceofexternalgoalsislessimportantbecausehighachieversarealreadyinternallymotivated.Thenextfactortotothatdependsonperceptionsofgoalacceptanceandtheorganisation'sculture.Ifresistancetogoalsisexpected,theshouldbeassigned.Ifparticipationandthecultureareincongruous,employeesarelikelytoperceivetheparticipationprocessasmanipulativeandbenegativelyaffectedbyit.KEYPOINTRegardlessofwhethergoalsareachievableorwellwithineffortscanleadtoperformancegoals.Formanagers,thismeansregardtheappraisalprocessasvalid.KEYPOINTSinceemployeeshavedifferentneeds,whatactsasareinforcementforonemaynotforanother.Managerscouldusewhichtheyhavecontrol.Someofthemoreobviousrewardsthatmanagersallocateincludepay,promotions,autonomy,jobscopeKEYPOINTManagersneedtomakerewardscontingentonperformance.Torewardfactorsotherthanperformancewillonlyreinforcethoseotherfactors.Keyrewardssuchaspayincreasesandpromotionsoradvancementsshouldbeallocatedfortheattainmentoftheofrewards,managersshouldlookforwaystoincreasetheirvisibility.Eliminatingthesecrecysurroundingpaybyopenlycommunicatingeveryone'sremuneration,publicisingperformancebonusesandallocatingannualsalaryincreasesinalumpsumratherthanspreadingthemoutoveranentireyearareexamplesofactionsthatwillmakerewardsmorevisibleandpotentiallymoremotivating.KEYPOINTThewayrewardsaredistributedshouldbetransparentsothatemployeesperceivethatrewardsoroutcomesareequitableandequaltotheinputsgiven.Onasimplisticlevel,experience,abilities,effortandotherobviousinputsshouldexplaindifferencesinpay,responsibilityandotherobviousoutcomes.Theproblem,however,iscomplicatedbytheexistenceofdozensofinputsandoutcomesandbytheForinstance,astudycomparingclericalandproductionworkersidentifiednearlytwentyinputsandoutcomes.Theclericalworkersconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedandjobknowledgeworkers'list.Similarly,productionworkersthoughtthatthemostimportantinputswereintelligenceandpersonalinvolvementwithtaskoftheclerks.Therewerealsoimportant,thoughlessdramatic,differencesontheoutcomeside.Forexample,productionworkersratedadvancementveryhighly,whereasclericalworkersratedadvancementthelowerthirdoftheirlist.Suchfindingssuggestthatoneperson'sinputsandoutcomesaccordingtoemployeegroup.填寫(xiě)答案：

正確答案：vii,iii,ii,iv,MotivatingEmployeesunderAdverseConditionsTHEItisagreatdealeasiertomotivateemployeesinagrowingorganisationthanadecliningone.Whenorganisationsareexpandingandaddingpersonnel,promotionalopportunities,payrises,andtheexcitementofbeingassociatedwithadynamicorganisationcreatefeelingsofoptimism.Managementisabletousethegrowthtoenticeandencourageemployees.Whenanorganisationisshrinking,thebestandmostmobileworkersareorganisationcanleastaffordtolose-thosewiththehighestskillsandexperience.Theminoremployeesremainbecausetheirjoboptionsarelimited.Moralealsosuffersduringdecline.Peoplefeartheymaybethenexttobemaderedundant.Productivityoftensuffers,asemployeesspendtheirtimesharingrumoursandprovidingoneanotherwithmoralsupportratherthanfocusingontheirjobs.Paycuts,unheardofduringtimesofgrowth,mayevenbeimposed.Thechallengetomanagementishowtomotivateemployeesundersuchretrenchmentconditions.ThewaysofmeetingthischallengecanbebroadlydividedintosixKeyPoints,whichareoutlinedKEYPOINTThereisanabundanceofevidencetosupportthemotivationalexample,ifthejobisrunningasmallbusinessoranautonomousunitwithinalargerbusiness,highachieversshouldbesought.However,ifthejobtobefilledisamanagerialpostinalargebureaucraticorganisation,acandidatewhohasahighneedforpowerandalowneedforaffiliationshouldbeselected.Accordingly,highachieversshouldnotbeputintojobsthatareinconsistentwiththeirneeds.Highachieverswilldobestwhenvarietyandresponsibility.KEYPOINTTheliteratureongoal-settingtheorysuggeststhatmanagerstheexistenceofexternalgoalsislessimportantbecausehighachieversarealreadyinternallymotivated.Thenextfactortotothatdependsonperceptionsofgoalacceptanceandtheorganisation'sculture.Ifresistancetogoalsisexpected,theshouldbeassigned.Ifparticipationandthecultureareincongruous,employeesarelikelytoperceivetheparticipationprocessasmanipulativeandbenegativelyaffectedbyit.KEYPOINTRegardlessofwhethergoalsareachievableorwellwithineffortscanleadtoperformancegoals.Formanagers,thismeansregardtheappraisalprocessasvalid.KEYPOINTforonemaynotforanother.Managerscouldusetheirknowledgeofeachemployeetopersonalisetherewardsoverwhichtheyhaveincludepay,promotions,autonomy,jobscopeanddepth,andtheopportunitytoparticipateingoal-settinganddecision-making.KEYPOINTfactorsotherthanperformancewillonlyreinforcethoseotherfactors.Keyrewardssuchaspayincreasesandpromotionsoradvancementsshouldbeallocatedfortheattainmentoftheofrewards,managersshouldlookforwaystoincreasetheirvisibility.Eliminatingthesecrecysurroundingpaybyopenlycommunicatingeveryone'sremuneration,publicisingperformancebonusesandallocatingannualsalaryincreasesinalumpsumratherthanspreadingthemoutoveranentireyearareexamplesofactionsthatwillmakerewardsmorevisibleandpotentiallymoremotivating.KEYPOINTThewayrewardsaredistributedshouldbetransparentsothatemployeesperceivethatrewardsoroutcomesareequitableandequaltotheinputsgiven.Onasimplisticlevel,experience,abilities,effortandotherobviousinputsshouldexplaindifferencesinpay,responsibilityandotherobviousoutcomes.Theproblem,however,iscomplicatedbytheexistenceofdozensdifferentdegreesofimportanceonthem.Forinstance,astudycomparingclericalandproductionworkersidentifiednearlytwentyinputsandoutcomes.Theclericalworkersconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedandjobknowledgenearthetopoftheirlist,butthesewereatthebottomoftheproductionworkers'list.Similarly,productionworkersthoughtthatthemostimportantinputswereintelligenceandpersonallowintheimportanceratingsoftheclerks.TherewerealsoForexample,productionworkersratedadvancementveryhighly,theirlist.Suchfindingssuggestthatoneperson'sequityisanother'sinequity,soanidealshouldprobablyweighdifferentinputsandoutcomesaccordingtoemployeegroup.Questions19-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinReadingPassage2?Inboxes19-24onyouranswersheet,YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthewriterNOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriterAshrinkingorganisationtendstoloseitslessskilledemployeesratherthanitsmoreskilledemployees. YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABItiseasiertomanageasmallbusinessthanalarge YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABHighachieversarewellsuitedtoteam YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABSomeemployeescanfeelmanipulatedwhenaskedtoparticipatein YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABThestaffappraisalprocessshouldbedesignedby YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABEmployees'earningsshouldbedisclosedtoeveryonewithinthe YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviewsofthe NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthe NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis選擇答案：ABMotivatingEmployeesunderAdverseConditionsTHEItisagreatdealeasiertomotivateemployeesinagrowingorganisationthanadecliningone.Whenorganisationsareexpandingandaddingpersonnel,promotionalopportunities,payrises,andtheexcitementofbeingassociatedwithadynamicorganisationcreatefeelingsofoptimism.Managementisabletousethegrowthtoenticeandencourageemployees.Whenanorganisationisshrinking,thebestandmostmobileworkersareorganisationcanleastaffordtolose-thosewiththehighestskillsandexperience.Theminoremployeesremainbecausetheirjoboptionsarelimited.Moralealsosuffersduringdecline.Peoplefeartheymaybethenexttobemaderedundant.Productivityoftensuffers,asemployeesspendtheirtimesharingrumoursandprovidingoneanotherwithmoralsupportratherthanfocusingontheirjobs.Paycuts,unheardofduringtimesofgrowth,mayevenbeimposed.Thechallengetomanagementishowtomotivateemployeesundersuchretrenchmentconditions.ThewaysofmeetingthischallengecanbebroadlydividedintosixKeyPoints,whichareoutlinedKEYPOINTexample,ifthejobisrunningasmallbusinessoranautonomousunitwithinalargerbusiness,highachieversshouldbesought.However,ifthejobtobefilledisamanagerialpostinalargebureaucraticorganisation,acandidatewhohasahighneedforpowerandalowneedforaffiliationshouldbeselected.Accordingly,highachieversshouldnotbeputintojobsthatareinconsistentwiththeirneeds.Highachieverswilldobestwhenvarietyandresponsibility.KEYPOINTtheexistenceofexternalgoalsislessimportantbecausehighachieversarealreadyinternallymotivated.Thenextfactortotothatdependsonperceptionsofgoalacceptanceandtheorganisation'sculture.Ifresistancetogoalsisexpected,theshouldbeassigned.Ifparticipationandthecultureareincongruous,employeesarelikelytoperceivetheparticipationprocessasmanipulativeandbenegativelyaffectedbyit.KEYPOINTRegardlessofwhethergoalsareachievableorwellwithineffortscanleadtoperformancegoals.Formanagers,thismeansregardtheappraisalprocessasvalid.KEYPOINTSinceemployeeshavedifferentneeds,whatactsasareinforcementforonemaynotforanother.Managerscouldusewhichtheyhavecontrol.Someofthemoreobviousrewardsthatmanagersallocateincludepay,promotions,autonomy,jobscopeKEYPOINTManagersneedtomakerewardscontingentonperformance.Torewardfactorsotherthanperformancewillonlyreinforcethoseotherfactors.Keyrewardssuchaspayincreasesandpromotionsoradvancementsshouldbeallocatedfortheattainmentoftheofrewards,managersshouldlookforwaystoincreasetheirvisibility.Eliminatingthesecrecysurroundingpaybyopenlycommunicatingeveryone'sremuneration,publicisingperformancebonusesandallocatingannualsalaryincreasesinalumpsumratherthanspreadingthemoutoveranentireyearareexamplesofactionsthatwillmakerewardsmorevisibleandpotentiallymoremotivating.KEYPOINTemployeesperceivethatrewardsoroutcomesareequitableandequaltotheinputsgiven.Onasimplisticlevel,experience,abilities,effortandotherobviousinputsshouldexplaindifferencesinpay,responsibilityandotherobviousoutcomes.Theproblem,however,iscomplicatedbytheexistenceofdozensdifferentdegreesofimportanceonthem.Forinstance,astudycomparingclericalandproductionworkersidentifiednearlytwentyinputsandoutcomes.Theclericalworkersconsideredfactorssuchasqualityofworkperformedandjobknowledgenearthetopoftheirlist,butthesewereatthebottomoftheproductionworkers'list.Similarly,productionworkersthoughtthatthemostimportantinputswereintelligenceandpersonallowintheimportanceratingsoftheclerks.TherewerealsoForexample,productionworkersratedadvancementveryhighly,theirlist.Suchfindingssuggestthatoneperson'sequityisanother'sinequity,soanidealshouldprobablyweighdifferentinputsandoutcomesaccordingtoemployeegroup.Questions25-description,A-E.Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes25-27onyouranswersheet.highclericalproductionListofDescriptionsListofDescriptionsTheyjudgepromotiontobeimportant.Theyhavelessneedofexternalgoals.Theythinkthatthequalityoftheirworkisimportant.Theyresistgoalswhichareimposed.Theyhavelimitedjob填寫(xiě)答案：

正確答案：B,C,Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage3TheSearchfortheAnti-agingrestrictionareshowingthewaytodayhasbeenprovedtoslowhumanaging-thebuild-upofmolecularandcellulardamagethatincreasesvulnerabilitytowellinabroadrangeofanimals,increasinglongevityandprolonginggoodhealth.Thosefindingssuggestthatcaloricrestrictioncoulddelayagingandincreaselongevityinhumans,Unfortunately,formaximumbenefit,peoplewouldprobablyhavetoreducetheircaloricintakebyroughlythirtypercent,equivalenttodroppingfrom2,500caloriesadayto1,750.Fewphysiologicaleffectsofeatinglesswithoutactuallyforcingpeopletoeatless?Couldsucha'caloric-restrictionmimetic',aswecallit,enablepeopletostayhealthylonger,postponingdiseaseandcancer)untilverylateinlife?Scientistsfirstachemicalagentthatinrodentsseemedtoreproducemanyofcaloricrestriction'sbenefits.Nocompoundthatwouldsafely(CR)mimeticscanindeedbedevelopedeventually.Thebenefitsofcaloricthanfree-feedingratsandalsohadareducedincidenceofconditionsthatbecomeincreasinglycommoninoldage.Whatismore,someofthetreatedanimalssurvivedlongerthanthemaximumlifespan(theoldestattainableage),notmerelythenormallifespan,increased.Variousinterventions,suchasinfection-fightingdrugs,canincreaseapopulation'saveragesurvivaltime,butonlyapproachesthatslowthebody'srateofagingwillincreasethemaximumlifespan.Theratfindingshavebeenreplicatedmanytimesandextendedtotoshort-livedcreaturesgeneticallydistantfromhumans.Butrelatedtohumans-rhesusandsquirrelmonkeys-havemadescientistsoptimisticthatCRmimeticscouldhelppeople.*calorie:ameasureoftheenergyvalueofThemonkeyprojectsdemonstratethat,comparedwithcontrolbodytemperaturesandlevelsofthepancreatichormoneinsulin,tofallwithage.pressureandtriglyceridelevels(signifyingadecreasedlikelihoodofheartdisease),andtheyhavemorenormalbloodglucoselevels(pointingtoareducedriskfordiabetes,whichismarkedbyunusuallyhighbloodglucoselevels).Further,ithasrecentlybeenshownthatrhesusmonkeyskeptoncaloric-restricteddietsforanextendedtime(nearly15years)havelesschronicdisease.Theyandtheothermonkeysmustbefollowedstilllonger,however,toknowwhetherlow-calorieUnlikethemultitudeofelixirsbeingtoutedasthelatestanti-agingcure,CRmimeticswouldalterfundamentalprocessesthatunderlieaging.Weaimtodevelopcompoundsthatfoolcellsintoactivatingmaintenanceandrepair.Howaprototypecaloric-restrictionmimetic(2-deoxy-D-glucose),worksbyinterferingwiththewaycellscanreplicatetheeffectsofcaloricrestriction;thetrickisfindingtherightone.CellsusetheglucosefromfoodtogenerateATP(adenosinetriphosphate),themoleculethatpowersmanyactivitiesintheamountofglucoseenteringcellsanddecreasesATPgeneration.When2DGisadministeredtoanimalsthateatnormally,glucosereachescellsinabundanc