路橋畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯

淺析公路路基邊坡防護摘要：本文通過度析公路路基邊坡的破壞形式及原因，分析了路基邊坡防護設(shè)計原則，詳細簡介了公路邊坡的防護措施，以保證路基的穩(wěn)定和防治多種路基病害，保證公路的正常使用品質(zhì)及投資效益。關(guān)鍵詞：公路路基邊坡防護路基防護是保證路基強度和穩(wěn)定性的重要措施之一,防護的重點是路基邊坡,由于地形的變化,適路設(shè)計標(biāo)高與天然地面標(biāo)高的互相關(guān)系不一樣,會出現(xiàn)高于天然地面的填方路基即路堤、低于天然地面的挖方路基即路塹和介于前兩者之間的半填半挖路基。由巖土體填挖而成的路基,變化了原地層的天然平衡狀態(tài),且暴露于自然環(huán)境中,長期受多種自然原因的影響,巖土體的物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)會發(fā)生較大的變化,引起巖土體變形、移動,破壞邊坡的穩(wěn)定,甚至導(dǎo)致一系列環(huán)境地責(zé)問題和生態(tài)環(huán)境問題,如倒塌滑坡、泥石流、土壤侵蝕和植被破壞等。因此為保證路基的穩(wěn)定和防治多種路基病害,除做好路基排水工作外,還需結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)厮?、地質(zhì)及材料等狀況,采用有效措施,對各類土、石邊坡進行必要的防護。

一、邊坡破壞形式及原因

路基邊坡的滑塌是最常見的路基病害之一,根據(jù)邊坡土質(zhì)類別、破壞原因和規(guī)模不一樣,重要破壞形式為溜方、滑坡、剝落和碎落倒塌四種。溜方是由于少許土體沿土質(zhì)邊坡向下移動所形成,即邊坡上薄的表層土下溜,一般是由于降水、降雨等流動水沖刷邊坡或施工不妥而引起的?；率侵敢徊糠滞馏w在重力作用下沿邊坡的某一滑動面滑動,重要是因土體的穩(wěn)定性局限性引起的。路堤邊坡發(fā)生滑坡的重要原因是邊坡坡度過陡或坡腳被挖空,或填土層次安排不合適等;路塹邊坡發(fā)生滑坡的重要原因是邊坡高度和坡度與天然巖土層次的性質(zhì)不相適應(yīng)。剝落和碎落是指邊坡風(fēng)化巖層表面,在多種外界環(huán)境的影響下使表層巖石從坡而上剝落下來的破壞形式。倒塌一般是指較大的石塊脫離邊坡表面沿坡而滾落下來。

二、路基邊坡防護設(shè)計原則

公路邊坡沿公路分布的范圍廣,對自然環(huán)境的破壞范圍大,假如在防護的同步,可以注意保護環(huán)境和發(fā)明環(huán)境,采用合適的綠化防護措施來進行,則會使公路具有安全、舒適、美觀、與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)等特點,也將會產(chǎn)生可觀的經(jīng)濟效益、社會效益和生態(tài)效益。因此,邊坡設(shè)計應(yīng)遵照“安全綠色、水土保持、恢復(fù)自然、環(huán)境保護之路”的設(shè)計原則。

三、路基邊坡防護措施

1.植草防護。植物防護則是在邊坡上種植草或植樹,以減緩邊坡上的水流速度,運用植物根系固結(jié)邊坡表層土壤以減輕沖刷,從而到達保護邊坡的作用。植物防護不僅可以美化公路環(huán)境,調(diào)整邊坡的濕溫,起到固結(jié)和穩(wěn)定邊坡的作用,并且又比較簡樸、經(jīng)濟。

植草防護應(yīng)選擇根系發(fā)達、莖矮葉茂耐旱草種,嚴禁采用生長在泥沼地的草皮。直接植草護坡措施如下:其一,在土質(zhì)坡面上用草籽、肥料、水拌和,直接噴灑在坡面上,長處是措施簡樸、施工以便、成本較低,但易受風(fēng)雨的侵蝕;其二,在修整好的坡面上,將粘土、種子、肥料、水等混合物用噴漿機直接噴射于坡面,與原土壤粘合,種子發(fā)芽后便會植根于邊坡土壤中,形成整體保護。上述兩種措施在植草初期,應(yīng)免受風(fēng)雨的侵蝕,可覆蓋纖維網(wǎng),由于坡面沒有任何的加筋處理,在暴雨和徑流的沖蝕下極易導(dǎo)致坡面破壞,因此一般應(yīng)在每年3-5月進行。

2.工程防護。工程防護重要是針對不合適植物生長的土質(zhì)填、挖方邊坡或風(fēng)化嚴重、節(jié)剪發(fā)育不良的巖石路基邊坡等,采用工程防護措施即設(shè)置人工構(gòu)造物防護。3.干砌片石。干砌片石合用于保護邊坡免受大氣降水和地面徑流的侵害,以及保護浸水路堤邊坡免受水流沖刷。對嚴重潮濕或有凍害的路段、長期承受積極土壓力地段一般不適宜采用干砌片石防護,可用于下邊坡中的土質(zhì)邊坡防護,坡度為1:1.5-1:2。

4.漿砌片石。漿砌片石設(shè)置在浸水路堤及也許發(fā)生坡面被沖刷的土質(zhì)邊坡,應(yīng)做好排水與防護的結(jié)合,否則不適宜采用。當(dāng)水流速度較大時(如4-5m/s),波浪作用較強,以及河流也許有流木及其他撞擊物等沖擊作用時,宜采用漿砌片石防護,必要時可與浸水擋墻或護面墻同步設(shè)置。漿砌片石護坡長處是耐久性很好,合適防護不一樣控制邊坡中的巖土層和不一樣位置的邊坡,且造價適中,故合用于上下邊坡中的一般坡面。

5.拱式、網(wǎng)格防護。這種防護方式克服了魚鱗狀砌石防護排水抗沖刷能力弱和污工量大的特點,最大程度地綠化坡面,外觀很好,在高填方、長直線的護坡段,能到達美化、綠化的雙重效果,是近年來公路防護常用的措施之一。缺陷是施上較繁瑣,勞動強度大,對坡面規(guī)定嚴格,拱內(nèi)必須填土植草或進行其他工程防護,否則易被雨水沖蝕。

6.預(yù)制塊鋪砌防護。這是目前高速公路上應(yīng)用較多的護坡措施之一,由于預(yù)制塊的規(guī)格一致,易于施工,外觀整潔,最大程度地減少了坡面防護對植草綠化的依賴性,雖然坡面綠化效果不好,也不輕易導(dǎo)致太嚴重的沖刷現(xiàn)象,因此,目前大多數(shù)高速公路采用這種方式,缺陷是造價高,施工難度大。

7.噴射混凝土防護。噴射混凝土法分為素噴法和錨噴法。素噴法為直接將高標(biāo)號砂漿噴射在大體平整的巖面上,使坡面易松散的顆粒得以穩(wěn)固,保證行車及行人的安全。它用于表層易松散的風(fēng)化巖面。錨噴法,其工作原理是運用錨桿將滑動體固定在山體上,以錨桿約束山體的滑動,并在滑動體表面錨頭上加掛鋼筋網(wǎng)并噴射混凝土,在滑動體表面形成鋼筋混凝土板體構(gòu)造,這樣可以將松散的巖石固定為一種整體,以到達徹底根治滑坡的目的。錨噴法合用于大部分巖石土和碎石土等地質(zhì)構(gòu)造山體和易產(chǎn)生滑坡地段,它可防止初期滑坡的產(chǎn)生。只要產(chǎn)生滑動的區(qū)域面積不很大,滑動層不很厚,都可以采用此措施。

此外,對于邊坡破壞較嚴重的狀況,如出現(xiàn)塌方、滑坡以及也許出現(xiàn)失穩(wěn)等,必須采用對應(yīng)的措施來保證邊坡的穩(wěn)定性(強度方面)和安全性(變形方面)。根據(jù)邊坡的不良工程地質(zhì)特性和滑坡加固治理與防護工程特點,重要選用合用性強、易于操作、工程負效應(yīng)小的措施,如抗滑樁、錨桿(索)、擋土墻、削坡和灌漿等,使其分別合用于不一樣塌方、滑坡的物理力學(xué)條件和地質(zhì)條件。

參照文獻[1]黃建明.淺析高速公路路基邊坡防護的施工-以甬金分離立交橋6#、7#墩施工為例[J].科技創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)報,,(2):.[2]鈕震雨余俊美.淺探公路工程質(zhì)量通病及其預(yù)控措施[J].江西建材,,(4):.[3]于躍王慧賢安震.高速公路路基邊坡防護淺析[J].黑龍江交通科技,,(12):12,14.Accordingtothehighwaysubgradeslopeprotection[abstract]thisarticlethroughtheanalysisofroadfoundationslopefailureformsandreasons,analyzestheroadbedslopeprotectiondesignprinciples,detailedintroducesthehighwayslopeprotectionmethod,inordertoguaranteethestabilityofroadbedandpreventionandcontrolofallkindsofroadbeddisease,toensurethenormaluseofthehighwayqualityandbenefitofinvestment[keywords]highwaysubgradeslopeprotectionRoadbedprotectionistoguaranteethestabilityofroadbedstrengthandoneoftheimportantmeasures,protectionisthefocusoftheembankmentslope,thechangeoftheterrain,ShiLudesignelevationandnaturalgroundconductivityoftherelationshipbetweendifferent,therewillbehigherthanthatofthenaturalgroundembankmentfillsubgradeconstructionofthegroundbelownaturalexcavatedonethatcutandbetweenthetwoandahalfbetweenfillsubgradeingeotechnicalengineeringbyhalftodigintoroadbedfilldug,changetheoriginallayerofthenaturalbalance,andexposedtoanaturalenvironment,long-termaffectedbyvariousnaturalfactors,thephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofrockmasswillbeengreatchanges,causerockmassdeformationmobile,destroythestabilityoftheslope,andevencauseaseriesofgeologicalenvironmentproblemsandtheecologicalenvironmentproblems,suchascollapselandslidesofsoilerosionanddamagetovegetation,etc.Sotoensurethestabilityofroadbedandpreventionandcontrolofallkindsofroadbeddisease,inadditiontothedrainageroadbed,stillneedtobecombinedwiththelocalhydrologicalgeologyandmaterialofcase,takeeffectivemeasurestoallkindsofsoilShiBianPonecessaryprotection.Firstly,aslopefailureformsandreasonsEmbankmentslopeoftheslumpisoneofthemostcommonroadbeddisease,accordingtoslopesoilcategorydamagereasonandscaleisdifferent,themainfailureformofslippartypeelandbrokendownlandslidecollapsefourslippartyisduetoasmallsoilslopemovesdownalongthesoilformed,namelytheslopeofthinsurfacesoilslipunder,itisoftenduetorainfallprecipitationandflowingwatererosioncausedbyimproperslopeorconstructionofthelandslideisreferstothepartofthegravityofsoilslopeunderoneoftheslidingsurfacesliding,mainlybecauseofthesoilslopeofembankmentcausedbyinadequatestabilityoflandslideisthemainreasonofthesideslopesteeporspendchangeclearlyfeetarehollow,orfillinglevelsarrangementinappropriate,etc.;Cutslopeisthemainreasonofthelandslideslopeheightandslopeandnaturalgeotechnicallevelsofnaturedoesnotadaptspallingandbrokendownisreferstothesloperockweatheringsurface.Indifferentkindsofexternalenvironmentundertheinfluenceofthetoprockslopeandpeelingofffromthedestroyformofcollapseusuallyreferstothelargerstonesoutalongtheslopesurfaceslopeandtumbledown.second，EmbankmentslopeprotectiondesignprinciplesHighwayslopedistributionalongtheroadoftherange,thedestructionoftheenvironmentofnaturalrange,ifintheprotection,andcanalsopayattentiontoprotecttheenvironmentandcreatetheenvironment,theadoptionofappropriategreenprotectivemethod,canmakehighwayhassafeandcomfortableandbeautifulinharmonywiththeenvironmentandothercharacteristics,whichwillcreateconsiderableeconomicbenefitandsocialbenefitofecologicalbenefitso,slopedesignshouldfollowthesafetyofsoilandwaterconservationandrestorationofnaturalgreenenvironmentalprotectionofthewaythedesignprinciplesthirdly，embankmentslopeprotectionmethod1.Theplantgrassprotectionplantprotectionintheslopeisplantedongrassortreestoslowdowntheslopeofflowvelocity,theuseofplantrootconsolidationofsurfacesoilslopetoreduceerosion,soastoachievethefunctionoftheslopeprotectionplantprotectionnotonlycanbeautificationhighwayenvironment,adjustthetemperaturewetslope,consolidationandthestabilityoftheslopeplayarole,andsimpleeconomic.Plantgrassprotectionshouldchoosetherootsystemdevelopedstemshortandleafydroughttolerantgrassseed,itisstrictlyprohibitedtothegrowthinmudtocleartheimplanteddirectlyintothegrassslopeprotectionmethodareasfollows:firstly,inthesoilslopesurfacewatermixingwithseedfertilizer,directsprayedintheslopesurface,theadvantageissimpleconvenientconstructioncostislow,butvulnerabletowinderosion;Secondly,indressinggoodslopesurface,willclayfertilizerwaterwithseedmixtureofspraydirectlyinjectionmachineintheslope,andthesoiladhesion,seedwillrootedinsoilslope,formingoverallprotectionofthetwomethodsinplantgrassattheinitialstage,therainshouldbefromerosion,fabriccovered,becausenoslopereinforcementtreatmentinheavyrainsandrunofferosionoftheslopeeasilyresultindamage,andthereforeshouldbeincommonly3-5monthseachyear.2.Engineeringprotectionengineeringprotectionismainlyaimedatnotsuitableforthegrowthofplantsoilslopeexcavationorweatheringfilljointsgrowthofseriousadverserockembankmentslope,takeengineeringprotectionmeasuresthatissettingartificialslopeprotection.3.DoPianShibuildbylayingbricksorstonesdobuildbylayingbricksorstonesPianShiisdesignedtoprotecttheslopefromatmosphericprecipitationandrunoffviolations,andprotectwaterembankmentslopefromflowerosionofseverecoldwetorsectionsoflong-termbearactiveearthpressure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