漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯課件

漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯銜接與連貫

(cohesionandcoherence)銜接是篇章的有形網(wǎng)絡(luò)連貫是篇章的無(wú)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯Cohesiveties銜接手段Cohesionmarkers連貫標(biāo)記漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯韓禮德的分類Halliday&Hasan在CohesioninEnglish

中將英語(yǔ)的銜接手段分成五大類：照應(yīng)reference替代substitution省略ellipsis連接conjunction詞匯銜接lexicalcohesion漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯另一種（陳宏薇）分類法：I.指稱銜接（照應(yīng)）co-referenceanaphoraII.結(jié)構(gòu)銜接structuralcohesionIII.詞匯銜接lexicalcohesionIV.語(yǔ)音銜接phoneticcohesion漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯I.指稱銜接★按指稱范圍分：1.語(yǔ)外照應(yīng)（外指）exophoricreference2.語(yǔ)內(nèi)照應(yīng)(內(nèi)指）endophoricreference

1)前照應(yīng)（回指）anaphoricreference2)后照應(yīng)（下指）cataphoricreference漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯例子：張明是我的朋友。(外指，張明存在于客觀世界之中)張明是我的一個(gè)朋友。他是西安人。（內(nèi)指，“他”回指“張明”）他在那邊！張明。（內(nèi)指，“他”下指“張明”）（言者手指一件教具）那是你做的嗎？這件事我不清楚，我不知道他是否參加了那次會(huì)議。（內(nèi)指）他參加了那次會(huì)議？這我不清楚。（內(nèi)指）漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯★按指稱手段分：1.人稱照應(yīng)2.指示照應(yīng)3.比較照應(yīng)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯人稱照應(yīng)人稱照應(yīng)是通過(guò)人稱代詞(如they,she,him等）、所屬限定詞（如his,your,its等）,和所屬代詞（hers,theirs，mine等）來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。英語(yǔ)人稱代詞以及相應(yīng)的限定詞的使用率大大高于漢語(yǔ)。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯孔乙己是站著喝Φ酒而穿長(zhǎng)衫的唯一的人。他身材很高大；青白臉色，皺紋間經(jīng)常夾些傷痕；一部亂蓬蓬的花白胡子。Φ穿的雖然是長(zhǎng)衫，可是Φ又臟又破，Φ似乎十多年沒(méi)補(bǔ)，也沒(méi)有洗。（《孔乙己》）Kongwastheonlylong-gownedcustomertodrinkhiswinestanding.Hewasabigman,strangelypallid,withscarsthatoftenshowedamongthewrinklesofhisface.Hehadalargeunkeptbeard,streakedwithwhite.Althoughheworealonggown,itwasdirtyandtattered,andlookedasifithadnotbeenwashedormendedforovertenyears.(Tr.YangXianyi&GladysYang)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯每年農(nóng)歷十二月二十以后，海島上的居民便開(kāi)始進(jìn)入過(guò)年倒計(jì)時(shí)。先搞衛(wèi)生，撣去一年塵土。接著準(zhǔn)備食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家戶戶開(kāi)始“謝年”：祀祖先。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯Everyyearafterthe20thofthelunar12thmonth,inhabitantsontheislandwouldstarttheircountdownontheSpringFestival.Theywouldsweeptheirhousesclean,flickeringeverybitofdustoffthefurniture.Afterthattheybegintopreparevariousfoods:steamedNewYearcakes,friedbeans,firedsweetpotatochips,andbakedricecookies.Onthe25thand26thofthemonth,householdsstarttheir“NewYearThanks-giving”ritestopayhomagetotheirancestors.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯那年冬天，祖母死了，父親的差使也交卸了，正是禍不單行的日子，我從北京到徐州，打算跟著父親奔喪回家。到徐州見(jiàn)著父親，看見(jiàn)滿院狼藉的東西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼淚。父親說(shuō)：“事已如此，不必難過(guò)，好在天無(wú)絕人之路！”（朱自清《背影》）Inthatwinter,mygrandmadiedandmyfatherlosthisjob.IleftforXuzhoutojoinhiminhasteninghometoattendmygrandma’sfuneral.WhenImethiminXuzhou,thesightofdisorderlymessinourcourtyardandthethoughttomygrandmastartedtearstricklingdownmycheeks.Hesaid,“Nowthatthingshavecometosuchamess,it’snousecrying.Fortunately,heavenalwaysleavesoneawayout.”(張培基譯)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯另外，漢語(yǔ)第三人稱代詞系統(tǒng)沒(méi)有英語(yǔ)發(fā)達(dá)?，F(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)中，“他”的功能雖然出現(xiàn)了性、數(shù)、格的分化，但在很多情況下還擔(dān)當(dāng)著復(fù)數(shù)、所有格和兩性共指代詞的功能。譯者在進(jìn)行漢英翻譯時(shí)如遇到類似情況，需根據(jù)上下文判斷出“他”的具體指代對(duì)象，確保譯文正確。例如：（10）對(duì)了！男人懶。他可以懶洋洋坐在旋椅上，Φ五官四肢，連同他的腦筋（假如有），一概停止活動(dòng)，像呆鳥(niǎo)一般。（梁實(shí)秋，《男人》）Indeed,menarelazy.Youwillfindthemlollinginarevolvingchair,dumblikeawoodenchicken,theirfivesenseorgans,theirfourlimbsaswellastheirbrain(ifany)allatacompletestandstill.

（張培基譯）

漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯指示照應(yīng)指示照應(yīng)指說(shuō)話人通過(guò)指明事物在時(shí)間和空間上的遠(yuǎn)近(proximity)來(lái)確定所指對(duì)象。王治奎（270頁(yè)）：“漢語(yǔ)的‘這’和‘那’以及英語(yǔ)中的this和that都常用于指示照應(yīng)粘連（銜接），在語(yǔ)義上基本相同，但指稱功能卻大不一樣。漢語(yǔ)的‘這’往往起一種化遠(yuǎn)為近的作用，其功能負(fù)荷量大于‘那’，因此使用頻率也高于‘那’。而在英語(yǔ)中卻恰恰相反?！睗h英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯“這倒難以說(shuō)定?？墒悄阒灰纯催@兒的小客廳，就得了解答。這里面有一個(gè)金融界的大亨，又有一位工業(yè)界的巨頭；這小客廳就是中國(guó)社會(huì)的縮影?！保ā蹲右埂罚癐t’satallorder,yourquestion.Butyoucanfindananswerinthenextroom.Thereyouhaveasuccessfulfinancierandacaptainofindustry.ThatlittledrawingroomisChinesesocietyinminiature.”(Tr.SidneyShapiro)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯這幅畫(huà)是一部用思考和修養(yǎng)完成的杰作，它既有歷史感又有現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)語(yǔ)言的獨(dú)特性。（袁運(yùn)甫《我所認(rèn)識(shí)的吳冠中及其繪畫(huà)》）Thepaintingisamasterpiecereflectingdeepinsightandartisticattainment;itexpressesasenseofhistorybyusingspecificmodernartisticvocabulary.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯稍稍能安慰我們的，是在那石上有一個(gè)不大不小的坑凹兒，雨天就盛滿了水。（賈平凹《丑石》）Theonlythingthathadinterestedusintheuglystonewasalittlepitontopofit,whichisfilledwithwateronrainydays.這種力，是一般人看不見(jiàn)的生命力，只要生命存在，這種力就要顯現(xiàn)……(夏衍《野草》）Itisaninvisibleforceoflife.Solongasthereislife,theforcewillshowitself.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯比較照應(yīng)比較照應(yīng)指通過(guò)形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)形式以及其它一些有比較意義的詞語(yǔ)（如same,so,as,such,differently,other,otherwise

等）表示的照應(yīng)關(guān)系。比較照應(yīng)在語(yǔ)篇中起上下承接的作用。因?yàn)槿魏伪容^至少要涉及兩個(gè)實(shí)體或事態(tài)，語(yǔ)篇中如果有表達(dá)比較意義的詞語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)，會(huì)話參與者或讀者便會(huì)在上下文中尋找與其構(gòu)成比較關(guān)系的其它詞語(yǔ)。比較照應(yīng)的語(yǔ)篇銜接功能就是這樣發(fā)揮作用的。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯例1：Tomgetstendollarsaweekforpocketmoney,andBobreceivesasimilaramount.例2：天空中積滿了灰色的云塊，呆滯滯的不動(dòng)。他臉上的氣色和天空差不多。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯（那蹲著的黑影）……一面抱怨這天氣：“真冷呀，……先生，你說(shuō)是不是？”看見(jiàn)他并不是個(gè)討厭的老頭子，便高興地說(shuō)道：“鄉(xiāng)下怕更要冷些吧？”（艾蕪《冬夜》）“It’sreallycoldhere,“hecomplained.“…whatdoyouthink,sir?”Seeingthathewasnottoonastyanoldman,Ireadilyresponded:“Itmustbecolderinthecountry,I’mafraid.”漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯零式指稱（zeroanaphora)零式指稱的基本概念是在語(yǔ)篇中本該出現(xiàn)的指稱詞被省略了。漢語(yǔ)使用零式指稱遠(yuǎn)比英語(yǔ)多；漢語(yǔ)的零式指稱不受句法限制。（Li&Thompson,1979)(李那和湯普森)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一會(huì)兒覺(jué)，就到了北京。Weatehalfajinofroastchestnuts,hadanapandsoonarrivedinBeijing.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有定冠詞，英語(yǔ)則可以用定冠詞來(lái)照應(yīng)。他拿起作文念起來(lái)，“我們學(xué)校最美的地方，不是教室，不是操場(chǎng)，也不是校門(mén)口那個(gè)帶噴水的小花壇，而是食堂。瞧，玻璃干凈得叫你看不見(jiàn)它的存在---“洋教師念到這兒……(馮驥才：《西式幽默》)Hepickedupthecompositionandbegantoread,“Themostbeautifulspotoncampusisnottheclassroombuilding,northesports-ground,northelawnwiththefountainatthegate;themostbeautifulspotoncampusisourcafeteria.Look!Thewindowpanesaresocleanthatyouscarcelynoticethereisglassinthe…”Hepaused,…(劉士聰WesternHumor)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯1.語(yǔ)境意識(shí)還是從火車(chē)上說(shuō)起吧！大約在我四歲多的時(shí)候，我坐過(guò)火車(chē)。當(dāng)時(shí)帶我坐火車(chē)的人，是我的舅舅，叫張全斌。Let’sbeginwiththetrain.（？）Let’sstartfromthetrain.（？）Let’sbeginfromthetimewhenIwasonthetrain.（？）應(yīng)該譯為：Letmebeginwithmytriponthetrain.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯2.文化意識(shí)我現(xiàn)在對(duì)我原來(lái)的父母還有個(gè)模糊不清的印象……關(guān)于我個(gè)人的歷史情況，我就知道這一些，再多一點(diǎn)都記不起來(lái)了。(Myparents)(ThisiswhatIknowaboutmychildhoodandbeyondthatIdonotremembermuchelse.)杭州六合塔和西安大雁塔(SixHarmoniesPagoda;BigWildGoosePagoda)北海公園白塔是藏式佛塔，即喇嘛塔（WhiteDagoba)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯II.結(jié)構(gòu)銜接結(jié)構(gòu)銜接指信息結(jié)構(gòu)之間的銜接，可通過(guò)主位－－述位結(jié)構(gòu)或替代、省略、對(duì)偶、排比、對(duì)照、頂針、回環(huán)、層遞、反復(fù)等修辭格實(shí)現(xiàn)。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯

替代

替代指用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)。它的語(yǔ)義要從所替代的成分去索引。Halliday和Hasan把替代分成三類，即名詞性替代，動(dòng)詞性替代和從句性替代。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯名詞替代－－我能看看那條圍巾嗎？－－可以。哪一條？紅的還是黑的？－MayIhavealookatthatscarf?－Yes.Whichone?Theredortheblackone？瞧那晚霞，我沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)比這更紅的了。Lookatthesunsetglow.Ihaveneverseenaredderonethanthat.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯那聲聲燃放的鞭炮是辭舊迎新的歡呼。新世紀(jì)的新年，就在這歡躍的氣氛中，一下子走近了。Theexplodingfirecrackersbidfarewelltothepassingyearandcheeredforthecomingofanewone.ThecentennialNewYearisjustaroundthecornerclothedinthedelightfulmood.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯動(dòng)詞替代Shesingsbetterthanshedidlastyear.Johndrinksalot.Doeshisbrotherdoso?－－誰(shuí)原意和我們一起打籃球？－－我不干。－Who’dliketoplaybasketballwithus?－No,Iwon’t.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯關(guān)于漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞性替代，王力認(rèn)為“這么著”具有替代功能，趙元任這認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的替代動(dòng)詞為“來(lái)”。黛玉……便說(shuō)道：“你既這么說(shuō)，為什么我去了你不叫丫頭開(kāi)門(mén)呢？”寶玉詫異道：“這話從哪里說(shuō)起？我要是這么著立刻就死了?！薄澳惝?huà)的不像，等我來(lái)?！睗h英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯子句替代－－他們總是把房間搞得亂七八糟。你怎么也這樣呢？－They’vealwaysmadeamessoftheroom.Whyhaveyou,too?漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯省略－－我想買(mǎi)一套家具。－－買(mǎi)大連出的（家具）吧?。璉wanttobuyasetoffurniture.Buyone(setoffurniture)madeinDalian.－－我們到那兒去春游？－－（我們）到云臺(tái)山（去春游）－Whereshallwegoforaspringouting?－(We’llgoto)YuntaiMountain(foraspringouting)－－你決定了畢業(yè)后去西藏工作嗎？－－當(dāng)然！（我決定了畢業(yè)后去西藏工作。）－HaveyoumadeupyourmindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation?－Sure!(IhavemadeupyourmindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation.)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯工業(yè)園區(qū)土地使用權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓的成本價(jià)目前為每畝16萬(wàn)人民幣，年內(nèi)，對(duì)符合國(guó)家產(chǎn)業(yè)導(dǎo)向，規(guī)模大、科技含量高的外商投資項(xiàng)目，按照每100萬(wàn)美元用10畝土地的比例，給予特殊價(jià)格優(yōu)惠，其中注冊(cè)資本在100萬(wàn)美元到300萬(wàn)美元的，每畝地價(jià)為8萬(wàn)元人民幣；300萬(wàn)美元到500萬(wàn)美元的，每畝地價(jià)為7萬(wàn)元人民幣；500萬(wàn)到1000萬(wàn)美元的，每畝地價(jià)為6萬(wàn)元人民幣；1000萬(wàn)美元以上的每畝地價(jià)為5萬(wàn)元人民幣。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯CurrentlythecostoflandusetransferintheZoneischargedattheratioof160thousandyuanperChinesemu,whereasbeforetheendoftheyear,thepricewillbelowereddownto1millionUSdollarsevery10muforthoselargeandtechnology-intensiveforeignprojectsthatarerunincompliancewiththeindustrialorientationofthecountry.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯Asregardsthoseconglomerateswitharegisteredcapitalrangingfrom1million()to3millionUSdollars,thepriceis80thousandyuanpermu,()70thousandyuanforthosewiththatfrom3million()to5million(),60thousand()forthosefrom5to10million()and50thousand()forthoseover10million().漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯以往過(guò)年都是打發(fā)小孩一點(diǎn)錢(qián)，現(xiàn)在可不這樣了。Inthepast,theywoulddismissthekidswithsomemoneyasagiftforthelunarNewYear,butnot()nowadays.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯外商在開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)的投資越來(lái)越多，進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易也隨之增加。ForeigninvestmentareontheriseintheEmpowermentZone,soareimportsandexports.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯去年有50個(gè)社區(qū)獲“文明社區(qū)”稱號(hào)，今年又將有20個(gè)社區(qū)獲此殊榮。Lastyear50communitieswerenamedas“civilizedcommunity”;thisyear,20more()willbegiventhetitle.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯修辭手段虛心使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。（對(duì)偶）Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.燕子去了，有再來(lái)的時(shí)候；楊柳枯了，有再青的時(shí)候；桃花謝了，有再開(kāi)的時(shí)候。但是，聰明的你，告訴我，我們的日子為什么一去不復(fù)返呢？(排比）Swallowsflyaway,yetreturn;willowswither,yetburgeonagain;peach-blossomfades,yetbloomsafresh.Buttellme,youwhoarewise,whydoourdaysdepartnevertoreturn?漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯大紅花一朵朵全被拉長(zhǎng)了，這時(shí)是潑刺奔進(jìn)的紅錦帶。帶織入狗中，狗織入白云中。白云織入村女中……(頂針）Eachofthegreatcrimsonflowersstretchedoutnowintoripplingredsilkbelts.Thebeltsinterwovewiththedogs,thedogswiththewhiteclouds,andthewhitecloudswiththecountrygirls.

－－魯迅《好的故事》漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯回環(huán)（palindrome)回環(huán)又稱回文，“是利用相同的詞匯，造成詞序回環(huán)往復(fù)的語(yǔ)句，表現(xiàn)兩種事物或情理的相互依存或相互排斥的辨證關(guān)系?！蔽覟槿巳?，人人為我。人不犯我，我不犯人。常相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能常相知。路人行上行人路，居士隱留隱士居。霧鎖山頭山鎖霧，天連水尾水連天。雁飛平頂山，山頂平飛雁；僧游云隱寺，寺隱云游僧。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯NoXinNixon.Youcancageaswallow,can’tyou?Butyoucan’tswallowacage,canyou?Won’tloversrevoltnow?PoorDanisinadroop.Niagara,Oroaragain!Livenotonevil!Steponnopets.Namenooneman.Nursesrun.AblewasIereIsawElba.MaisasselflessasIam.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯Dammit，Iammad.Desserts,Istressed.AblewasIereIsawElba.未到俄島我未倒。英雄縛于俄島處，出島我欲縛雄鷹。英雄落于俄島處，出島我欲落雄鷹。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯層遞（climax)、反復(fù)（repetition)①一年，兩年，三年，你的望眼將穿，②一年，兩年，三年，我的歸心似箭。Yearinyearoutyou’vebeenlookingforwardwitheagerexpectationtomyhome-coming;yearinyearoutI’vebeenlookingforwardwithgreatanxietytoreturninghome.

－－將光慈《寫(xiě)給母親》

李定坤譯漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯

登鸛雀樓白日依山盡,黃河入海流。欲窮千里目，更上一層樓

MountingtheStorkTowerThewhitesunsetsbehindthemountains,TheYellowRiverflowsintothesea.Gofurtheruponeflightofstairs,Andyou’llwidenyourviewathousandli.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯連接關(guān)系“Conjunctiveelementsarecohesivenotinthemselvesbutindirectly,byvirtueoftheirspecificmeanings;theyarenotprimarilydevicesforreachingoutintotheproceeding(orfollowing)text,buttheyexpresscertainmeaningswhichpresupposesthepresenceofotherelementsinthediscourse.”(Halliday&Hasan,1976:226)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯連接成分本身就具有明確含義，通過(guò)在語(yǔ)篇中使用這類連接性詞語(yǔ)，“人們可以了解子句之間的語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系，甚至可經(jīng)前句從邏輯上預(yù)見(jiàn)后續(xù)句的語(yǔ)義。（胡壯麟，1994：92）漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯廖秋忠（1992：86-87）的分類表示添加信息：and,also,too,furthermore,besides,moreover,inaddition,whatismore…表示因果關(guān)系：because,for.Forthisreason.Since,asaresult,thus,therefore,so,consequently,ofcourse,accordingly…表示文章意義的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ龋篴lthough,however,onthecontrary,still,but,otherwise,despite,nevertheless,though,infact,ontheotherhand,asamatteroffact…漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯表示文章中事件發(fā)生的時(shí)空順序：first,second,third…afterthis/that,meanwhile,suddenly,andsoon,then,before,next,formerly,later,finallyintheend,atlast…表示列舉：firstly,secondly…,foronething…,foranother;firstofall,tobeginwith,then,last,inconclusion,lastofall,toconclude…表示舉例、解釋：forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,toillustrate…表示總結(jié)：inshort,tosumup,inconclusion,briefly,onthewhole,toconclude,tosummarize…漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯本人在香港創(chuàng)業(yè)二十余年，歷盡艱辛，雖在事業(yè)上略有成就，但也飽嘗人世間的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨。每次回鄉(xiāng)總是得到家鄉(xiāng)各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的熱情接待，心頭總有一種溫馨的感受，一種到家的感覺(jué)。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯Ithasbeenmorethan20yearssinceIstartedmycareerinHongKong,whereIhaveweatheredthroughvarioushardships.Mymodestachievementsinbusinessalsogoalongwithmultitudinouspainsandtears.Asaresult,everytimewhenIreturntomyhometown,whereIamgivenwarmreceptionsbythelocalgovernmentleaders,myheartwillbeoverflownwithtendernessandaffection,foritgivesmeafeelingofhome.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯忙到除夕夜才松口氣。全家團(tuán)圓，坐下來(lái)吃“年夜飯”。AllthepreparationsarenotcompleteduntilthelunarNewYear’sEve,whenallthefamilymemberssitdownaroundthetabletoenjoythe“NewYear’sEvedinner.”漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯

我喜歡看小孩子追逐著旋轉(zhuǎn)的火焰，心里重溫起少年的愉悅。Ilovegazinguponkidschasingthespinningfireworksasitremindsmeofmyteenageglees.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯

在生活越來(lái)越富足的今天，越來(lái)越多的長(zhǎng)輩選擇“壓歲書(shū)”作為送給孩子們的過(guò)年禮物。連日來(lái)市里各大書(shū)店門(mén)庭若市，少兒類圖書(shū)的銷售量直線上升。Todaywithmoreandmorepeoplelivingabetter-offlife,seniorsinthefamilywouldgivebookstothechildrenasalunarNewYeargift.Asaresult,inthepastfewdays,peoplehavebeatingapathtothebigbookstoresinthecityandsalesvolumesforvariouschildren’sbookshaveincreasedbylargemargins.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯許多人因此學(xué)會(huì)了用手勢(shì)表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)單的日常用語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在如果有手持紙條的聾啞人前來(lái)乘車(chē)，問(wèn)訊處的同志能用啞語(yǔ)回答。Manystaffmembershavethuslearnedtoputsimpledailyexchangesintogestures.Peopleworkingattheinformationdesk,forexample,areabletousethelanguagestoanswerinquiresfromthosedeaf-muteswhostillhaveslipsofpaperclutchedintheirhands.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯為此，本市將繼續(xù)以集裝箱運(yùn)輸為主攻方向，開(kāi)發(fā)穿山、大榭和梅山深水岸線。Toaccomplishthegoal,thecitywillcontinuetoconcentrateitseffortsondevelopingitscontainershipmentandatthesametimeopenupadeep-watershipmentrouteconnectingChuanshan,DaxieandMeishan.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯III.詞匯銜接詞匯銜接指通過(guò)詞的重復(fù)、同義、反義、上下義、互補(bǔ)、同現(xiàn)等詞匯間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇連貫。運(yùn)用這些詞可以產(chǎn)生很強(qiáng)的粘合力，形成一張“詞匯網(wǎng)”(lexiconnetwork),賦予語(yǔ)篇連貫性。分為兩大類：1.復(fù)現(xiàn)(reiteration)2.同現(xiàn)(collocation)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯1.復(fù)現(xiàn)（同詞重復(fù)或異詞重復(fù)）1)原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)2)同義詞或近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)（synonyms&antonyms)3)上義詞和下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

(superordinate&subordinate)

概括詞generalword

具體詞specificword漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)Duringalltheyearsofmylife,untilthatmoment,Ihadcarriedthemenacing,thehostilekillingworldwithmeeverywhere.NomatterwhatIwasdoingorsayingorfeeling,oneeyehadalwaysbeenontheworld---thatworldwhichIhadlearnttodistrustalmostassoonasIlearntmyname,thatworldonwhichIknewonecouldneverturnone’sback,thewhiteman’sworld.(ThisMorning,ThisEvening,SoSoonbyJamesBaldwin)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯漢語(yǔ)中重復(fù)運(yùn)用某一詞的情況很多，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意適當(dāng)調(diào)整。老金奔過(guò)去一看，原來(lái)是一只不到500克中的羽毛剛長(zhǎng)齊的貓頭鷹。他把貓頭鷹小心翼翼裝進(jìn)籠子里，然后騎自行車(chē)送往離家7.5公里的城區(qū)林業(yè)局。林業(yè)局的工作人員把貓頭鷹放歸大自然。

漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯LaoJinhastenedoverandfounditwasayoungfledglingowlnomorethan500gramsinweight.Hepickedthebirdupandplaceditintoacagewithmuchcare.ThenhecycledthebirdallthewaytotheMunicipalForestryBureau,7.5kilometersoffhishome.Therethestaffmemberssetthecreaturefreeintotheembraceoftheforest.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)工業(yè)園區(qū)已經(jīng)成為我市鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)“二次創(chuàng)業(yè)”的有效載體，極大地改善了企業(yè)的發(fā)展環(huán)境。目前已有3772家企業(yè)進(jìn)駐園區(qū)。Townshipindustrialzonesprovidesolidvehiclesforthecity’senterprisesinrunningnewbusinessesandgreatlyimprovethesettingforthedevelopmentofsuchentities.Sofar,3772establishmentshavefoundhomeinthesequarters.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯同義詞和近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)Weobservetodaynotavictoryofparty,butacelebrationoffreedom---symbolizinganend,aswellasabeginning---signifyingrenewal,aswellaschange.

(InauguralAddressbyJohnKennedy)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯孔乙己便漲紅了臉，額頭上的青筋條條綻出，爭(zhēng)辯道：“竊書(shū)不能算偷……竊書(shū)……讀書(shū)人的事，能算偷么？”AtthatKongYijiwouldflush,theveinsonhisforeheadstandingoutasheprotested,“Takingbookscan’tbecountedasstealing…Takingbooks…forascholar…can’tbecountedasstealing.”王治奎：《漢英翻譯教程》第73頁(yè)建議將“竊”與“偷”這對(duì)同現(xiàn)詞分別譯作“stealing”和“theft”，以充分傳達(dá)其概念的同一性。修辭效果更好。充分表現(xiàn)了孔乙己違反同一律，窘迫至極、強(qiáng)詞奪理的心態(tài)。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)Wetrottedon,wecreptupConstitutionHill,werattled（發(fā)嘎嘎聲）downintoLamasStreet,andthetailorstillranghisbellandadragon,squealing,infrontofhiswheels.Asweclip-cloppedoverthecobblesthatleddowntotheTowyBridge,IrememberedGrandpa’snightlynoisyjourneysthatrockedthebedandshookthewalls,andIsawhisgaywaistcoatinavisionandhispatchwork（拼縫物）headtuftedandsmilinginthecandlelight.Thetailorbeforeusturnedroundonhissaddle,hisbicyclewobbledandskidded“IseeDaiThomas”hecried.

(PortraitoftheArtistasaYoungDogbyDylanThomas)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯普之仁領(lǐng)著我穿著茶花走，指點(diǎn)著告訴我這叫大瑪瑙，那叫雪獅子，這是蝶翅，那是大紫袍，名目花色多得很。后來(lái)他攀著一株茶樹(shù)的小干枝說(shuō):“這叫童子面，花期遲，剛打著朵，開(kāi)起來(lái)顏色深紅，倒是最好看的。”（楊朔《茶花賦》）Takingmethroughthegrovesofcamellias,PuZhirentoldmethenamesofdifferentvarieties:GiantAgate,Snowlion,ButterflyWing,GiantPurpleRobeandmanyothers.Then,takingholdofasmallbranchofacamelliatree,hesaid,“ThisisBabyFace.Asitbloomslate,it’sonlyjustinbud.Withdeepredblossoms,it’sreallymostbeautiful.”漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯GeneralwordHalliday&Hasan的書(shū)中提到的generalword（范疇詞categoryword、泛指詞、概括詞）也稱作“準(zhǔn)實(shí)義詞”。其特點(diǎn)是語(yǔ)義上空、泛、抽象，其所指或含義需借助上下文推斷。由于這種詞的所指需依賴上下文，因此它們和指示代詞及人稱代詞一樣，具有所指性，可以構(gòu)成篇章的整體語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯框架，創(chuàng)建語(yǔ)篇連貫。這類詞數(shù)量多，使用普遍。如problem,situation,concern,group,plan,scheme,practice,move,operation,endeavor等。漢譯英時(shí)，在適當(dāng)?shù)胤教砑觛eneralword,有助于譯出語(yǔ)義連貫、邏輯嚴(yán)密、條理清楚的文字。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯新年的漱口水，洗臉?biāo)豢傻铰涞兀谷腩A(yù)先準(zhǔn)備好的水盆里，當(dāng)天也不掃地，謂之“積財(cái)”。Accordingtocustoms,abasinisespeciallyreservedforwaterfromtoothbrushingandwashing,forsuchwaterisnotallowedtobesplashedontheground.Noristhefloortobecleanedontheday.Thesetaboosareintendedfor“fortune-saving.”漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯五年后，寧波港將建成國(guó)際深水樞紐港。據(jù)介紹，將寧波港建成國(guó)際深水樞紐港是寧波市“新世紀(jì)工程”的第一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。In5years,Ningboportistobeturnedintoadeep-waterharborthoroughfareforinternationalpurposesalongChina’scoast.InformedpeoplesaythisengagementhasbecomethetoppriorityofNingbo’sNewCenturyProject.漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯2.同現(xiàn)關(guān)系collocationHalliday&Hasan認(rèn)為：同現(xiàn)關(guān)系指詞匯在語(yǔ)篇中共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性(co-occurrencetendency)。在語(yǔ)篇中，圍繞著一定的話題，一定的詞往往同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，而其他一些詞就不大可能出現(xiàn)或根本不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。詞匯的同現(xiàn)關(guān)系包括：反義關(guān)系、互補(bǔ)關(guān)系、局部-整體關(guān)系、搭配關(guān)系等。漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯反義關(guān)系United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Divided,thereislittlewecandoforwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder.(InauguralSpeechbyJohnF.Kennedy)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯互補(bǔ)關(guān)系互補(bǔ)關(guān)系由兩個(gè)對(duì)立項(xiàng)構(gòu)成，因此，對(duì)一個(gè)詞項(xiàng)的否定意味著對(duì)另一個(gè)詞項(xiàng)的肯定，反之亦然。例如：Discriminationisundoubtedlypracticedagainstwomeninthefieldofscientificresearch.Wedon’tfindmencomplainingthattheyarenotbeinginterviewedforpositionsthattheyareclearlyqualifiedtofill.(ALiberalEducationbyT.H.Huxley)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯局部-整體關(guān)系上下義關(guān)系側(cè)重于命名上的內(nèi)涵，而局部-整體關(guān)系則是側(cè)重實(shí)體上的“內(nèi)包”，如英語(yǔ)中的body與arms,legs,feet,hands,heart等構(gòu)成局部-整體關(guān)系。例如：ThedaywaswarmforAprilandthegoldensunlightstreamedbrilliantlyintoScarlet’sroomthroughthebluecurtainsofthewidewindows.Thecream-coloredwallsglowedwithlightandthedepthofthemahoganyfurnituregleameddeepredlikewine,whilethefloorglistenedasifitwereglass,exceptwheretheragrugscovereditandtheywerespotsofgaycolor.(GonewiththeWind)漢英篇章對(duì)比與翻譯組合搭配有些在意義上相互聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ)常常同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一語(yǔ)篇中，這些詞語(yǔ)屬于同一個(gè)詞匯套，形成了詞匯鏈(lexiconch