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CoralReefs海洋生物-珊瑚礁CoralReefBiologyKingdomAnimalia

PhylumCnideria

ClassHydrozoa-hydroids

ClassScyphozoa-jellies

ClassCubozoa-boxjellies

ClassAnthozoa-coralsandanemonesTheCnidarianLifeCycleTheHydrozoanLifeCycleClassHydrozoa

HydrozoanColonyHydrozoanColonies

“StingingLimu”FireCoralBy-the-Wind-Sailor

AFloatingColonyofPolypsColonialityMan-of-War

PhylumCnidariaCloseUpofaPortugueseMan-Of-WarClassScyphozoaClassCubozoa

BoxJellies

&

SeaWaspsClassAnthozoaSeaAnemones&Corals:truestonycoralsandoctocoralsSeaAnemonesSeaAnemoneAnatomyHermatypiccorals:possesszooxanthellaearereefbuildersLight:ClearwaterWarmtemperature:18-32oCLownutrientsLowproductivityinwaterAhermatypiccorals:nozooxanthellaerelyontentacularfeedingcanliveinaphoticzoneDistributionofCoralReefCommunitiesCauliflowercoral(Pocilloporameandrina)6m0m25m13mLobecoral(Poriteslobata)Fingercoral(Poritescompressa)Platecoral(Poritesrus)HighlightlevelsModeratewaveenergyModeratelightlevelsOccasionalstormwaveenergyLowlightlevelsLowwaveenergyVerylowlight,PrimarilydownwellingNowaveenergyHawaiianCoralZonation“True”StonyCorals“True”StonyCoralsHermatypic-reefbuilding,zooxanthellaeCommonspecies:Acroporidae-tableAcroporidea-riceAgariciidae-flatlobe,corregatedFaviidae-crust,ocellatedFungiidae-humpback,mushroomPocilloporidae-lace,antler,cauliflowerPoritidae-finger,lobe,plateFamilyPocilloporidaeLacecoral,antlercoral,andcauliflowercoralPocilloporadamicornislacePocilloporaeydouxiantlerPocilloporameaandrinacauliflowerFamilyAcroporidaeTablecoral,ricecoralandspreadingcoralMontiporaflabellataMontiporapatularicecoralMontiporacapitataAcroporacytheriatableFamilyPoritidaeFingercoral,lobecoral,Evermann’scoral,plateandpillarcoralPoritesevermanniPoritesrusPoritescompressaPoriteslobataFamilyAgariciidaeflatlobecoral,corrugatedcoralPavonaduerdeniPavonavariansFlatlobecorrugatedFamilyFungiidaeHumpbackcoral,mushroomcoralFungiascutariamushroomFamilyFaviidaecrustcoral,ocellatedcoralCyphastraeocellinaLeptastreabottaeLeptastreapurpureaASolitaryCoralPolypColonialCoralPolypsZooxanthellaeinGastrodermalCellsofCoralsZooxanthellae:

SymbiodiniummicroadriacticumOctocorals,wirecorals,blackcorals,seapensBothhardandsoftformsexistnonreef-buildingnophotosynthesisAhermatypicCoralsAhermatypicCoralsHeterotrophicNutritionGeneralfeedingmodes:predaceouscarnivorescapturinglivepreydetritusfeedingabsorptionofdissolvedorganicmatterfromsurroundingwaterNematocystDischargePhotosynthesis6H2O+6CO2+lightC6H12O6+6O2AutotrophicNutritionZooxanthellaeinCoralPolypBenefitstotheAlgalSymbiontZooxanthellaegetsaplacetoliveReceivechemicalwastesfromanimalmetabolism(CO2&NH3).Surroundinganimaltissuescanconcentrationsubstantialamountsofultravioletlightabsorbingcompounds.BenefitstotheCoralHostHigherratesofcalcification(skeletondeposition).ReceiveDOM&O2

Removalofchemicalwastesfromanimalmetabolism(CO2&NH3).Receivechemicalsthatabsorbdamagingultravioletlight(Micosporine-likeaminoacids(MAAs)).AsexualReproductionbuddingandfissionaccidentalfragmentationnonaccidentalfragmentationpartialcolonymortalitypolypbail-outBuddingPolypwithincalyxFissionPolypwithincalyxAccidental

FragmentationWaveDamageNonaccidentalFragmentationRadialDivisioninCycloserisfragilisNonaccidentalFragmentationTransverseDivisioninFungiascutariaanthocaulusanthocyathusNonaccidentalFragmentationTransverseDivisioninFungiascutariastalkregeneratesnewdiskPartialColonyMortalityThePhoenixEffectinPoritescompressaP.JokielCutsurfaceofabrokenfingershowinglivingtissuebeneaththesurfaceoftheskeletonNormalcolonynexttoacolonyexposedtofreshwaterPolypBail-OutD.Gulko

zygoteSexualReproduction

planulalarvaeeggspermPlanulaLarvaeSexualReproductionHermaphroditicvsgonochoricBroadcastspawningvsbroodingSexualityAcroporasp.,ahermaphoditiccoralFungiascutaria,agonochoriccoraleggsspermpacketeggcloudHermaphroditism:

sexesinsameindividualGonochoric:

separatesexesBroodingVersusBroadcastSpawningBrooding

eggsdeveloptoplanulastageingastrovascularcavityofparentpolypBroadcastSpawning

eggsandspermareshedintothewatercolumnwherefertilizationanddevelopmentoccursbroadcastspawnerPocilloporadamicornis,abrooderplanulainpolypreleasedgametesD.GulkoEnvironmentalFactorsAffectingCoralsWaterMotionDepth:photicvsaphoticzone&watermotionSedimentationSalinity:32-35o/ooTemperature:18-32oCTidalfluctuationsNutrients:EutrophicvsoligotrophicHanaumaBayMamalaBayKaneoheBaySunsetBeachCoralreefspresentlyexistoneveryislandandshallowbankintheHawaiianchainFringingReef-100-1000yearstoform youngestisonwestcoastofHawaiiBarrierReef-2.5matoform Kaneohe&MoanaluBayAtoll-10matoform firstatollFrenchFrigateShoals,dated11.7myaHawaiianIslandChainCoralreefgrowthlimitedby:waveexposuresealevelShelteredsites:HanaumaBayandKaneoheBayReefaccretion~2mm/yrWaveexposedsites:MamalaBayandSunsetBeachReefaccretion~0mm/yrshallow(1m)anddeep(12m)EnvironmentalFactorsAffectingCoralsWaterMotionDepth:photicvsaphoticzone&watermotionSedimentationSalinity:32-35o/ooTemperature:18-32oCTidalfluctuationsNutrients:Eutrophicvsoli

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