科技英語(yǔ)1第一章市公開(kāi)課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

科技英語(yǔ)Ⅰ

30課時(shí)EnglishforScienceandTechnology1/1111本課程主要內(nèi)容科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)16課時(shí)科技英語(yǔ)中慣用概念英譯10課時(shí)科技英語(yǔ)中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞4課時(shí)2/1112序言Preface科技英語(yǔ)含義科技英語(yǔ)與其它英語(yǔ)區(qū)分科技英語(yǔ)主要性3/1113科技英語(yǔ)含義

不一樣于普通英語(yǔ)；更不一樣于文學(xué)英語(yǔ)；也不完全等同于專業(yè)英語(yǔ)。EnglishforScienceandTechnology專門(mén)服務(wù)于理工科專業(yè)和各行業(yè)科技人員。4/1114科技英語(yǔ)與其它英語(yǔ)區(qū)分文學(xué)英語(yǔ)：需了解美國(guó)文化背景，語(yǔ)言漂亮普通英語(yǔ)：以語(yǔ)法為根本，基礎(chǔ)詞匯科技英語(yǔ)：重視翻譯技巧，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，忠于原文，但不一定要直譯，如:英文中被動(dòng)句←→漢字中主動(dòng)句。5/1115科技英語(yǔ)主要性國(guó)際間科技情報(bào)和資料交流；世界上科技雜志有六萬(wàn)各種，二分之一以上是英文刊物；各國(guó)科技人員學(xué)習(xí)需要；交流需要；6/11161科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)1.1科技英語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)概述1課時(shí)1.2科技英語(yǔ)特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象6課時(shí)1.3科技英語(yǔ)中一些慣用句型4課時(shí)7/11171.1科技英語(yǔ)

特點(diǎn)概述一、科技英語(yǔ)在詞匯方面特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)句法上特點(diǎn)三、科技英語(yǔ)修辭上特點(diǎn)8/1118一、科技英語(yǔ)在詞匯方面特點(diǎn)①專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)率低；②詞義專一；③多起源于拉丁語(yǔ)和希臘語(yǔ)；④廣泛使用縮略語(yǔ)；⑤前后綴出現(xiàn)率高9/1119縮略語(yǔ)普通英語(yǔ)中縮略語(yǔ)：i.e.即，etc.等，co.企業(yè)；科技英語(yǔ)中縮略語(yǔ)多為單位名稱、設(shè)備名稱，儀器，方法，藥劑等，普通在上下文中有原型。如：英國(guó)電氣工程師學(xué)會(huì)InstitutionofElectricalEngineers簡(jiǎn)稱IEE美國(guó)科學(xué)情報(bào)研究所InstituteforScientificInformation簡(jiǎn)稱ISI核磁共振NuclearMagneticResonance簡(jiǎn)稱NMR聚丙烯酰胺PAM10/11110前綴Semi-半，部分Micro-小，微Thermo-熱Auto-自，本身Semi-conductor半導(dǎo)體Semicircle半圓Microbiology微生物學(xué)Microchemistry微量化學(xué)Microelectronics微電子學(xué)Microfilm縮微膠卷Thermodynamic熱力學(xué)Thermometer溫度計(jì)Autobiographic自傳Automat自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)Automation自動(dòng)化11/11111后綴-ance-ity-ment-ness-sion-tion-th(序)-ure-able-ible-ant-al-ic-ive-ous12/11112二、科技英語(yǔ)句法上特點(diǎn)①長(zhǎng)句多；②大量使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；③慣用形容詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)；④使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞頻率尤其高。13/11113三、科技英語(yǔ)修辭上特點(diǎn)①時(shí)態(tài)利用有限；②修辭手法簡(jiǎn)單；③邏輯-語(yǔ)法詞使用普遍，如：表示原因causedby,asbecauseof,duetoowingto,forasaresultof,because表示邏輯次序however,butneverthelessotherwise表示限制only,ifonlyexceptbesidesunlesssupposesupposingassumingprovidedproviding表示假設(shè)214/111141.2科技英語(yǔ)特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象五、關(guān)于動(dòng)作主體問(wèn)題六、命令句使用方法七、by,with使用方法八、關(guān)于“名詞+名詞”問(wèn)題九、極少用“‘s”表示全部十、定語(yǔ)從句中與which、when連用介詞位置一、關(guān)于begoingto表示未來(lái)問(wèn)題二、will,can,may使用方法三、無(wú)人稱被動(dòng)句使用方法四、should使用方法15/11115特殊語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象十一、關(guān)于if子句問(wèn)題十二、從句緊縮式十三、完成時(shí)使用方法十四、as使用方法十五、suchthat,suchasto使用方法十六、關(guān)于抽象名詞使用方法十七、動(dòng)詞+后綴當(dāng)形容詞十八、慣用前綴十九、多用正規(guī)動(dòng)詞，少用“動(dòng)詞+副詞”16/11116√一、begoingto表示未來(lái)問(wèn)題科技英語(yǔ)中極少用begoingto表示未來(lái)。ThenewaircraftisgoingtoflyforthefirsttimeonMonday.ThenewaircraftwillflyforthefirsttimeonMonday.這架新飛機(jī)將在禮拜一首次航行。17/11117二、will,can,may使用方法Thenewmotorwaywillhavethreetrafficlanesineachdirection。Productionofthenewmachinewillcommencenextyear.明年開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)這種新機(jī)器。新高速公路兩側(cè)各有三條相反方向交通線。表示純粹未來(lái)用will（1）18/11118二、will,can,may使用方法Theseplaneswillflyat這幾架飛機(jī)飛行速度可到達(dá)每小時(shí)800英里。表示能力用will,can,capable,和beableto（2）canflyarecapableofflyingareabletofly800milesperhour.19/11119二、will,can,may使用方法Thissolidwillvaporizewhenweheatit.Frictionwillcausethebearingstobecomeheated.摩擦?xí)馆S承變熱。當(dāng)我們給它加熱時(shí)，這種固體會(huì)汽化。表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生事用will（3）20/11120will,can,may使用方法MetalwhichcoolsrapidlyUnguardedbeltsorchainsThetestingofnewmachinesmaycancausefracture.causeaccidents.takealongtime.表示有時(shí)發(fā)生事用may,can（4）21/11121二、will,can,may使用方法Wecaneasilycalculatethefrictionlosses.Workonthenewenginecanstartinafewweeks.幾周內(nèi)能夠開(kāi)始這種新型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作。我們能夠很輕易算出摩擦損耗。表示能夠用can（5）22/11122will,can,may使用方法ThisproblemLow-speedbearingsThesteelThermo-couplesmaybecanbeapproachedinseveralways.lubricatedwithgrease.quenchedineitherwateroroil.usedtomeasurehightemperatures.表示可能性用may,can（6）23/11123三、無(wú)人稱被動(dòng)句使用方法√Thedriverstartstheengine.Theengineisstarted.（司機(jī)）開(kāi)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。√Heweldedtheplatestogether.Theplatesareweldedtogether.把鋼板焊接在一起。√Thefurnacesmeltstheore.Theoreissmeltedinthefurnace.高爐熔化礦石。24/11124三、無(wú)人稱被動(dòng)句使用方法√Themansharpenedhistool.Histoolwassharpened.那人磨尖了它工具?！蘔emustlubricatebearings.Bearingsmustbelubricated.（我們）必須潤(rùn)滑軸承?！藺lathecancutscrews.Screwscanbecutonalathe.車(chē)床能加工螺絲。25/11125或三、無(wú)人稱被動(dòng)句使用方法Attentionshouldbepaidnottodamagethemachine.（操作者）應(yīng)該注意不要損壞了機(jī)器。Theheatinthecenteroftheearthisbeingmadeuseofinsomecountries.在一些國(guó)家，人們利用地球中心熱。Useisbeingmadeoftheheatinthecenteroftheearthinsomecountries.26/11126四、should使用方法Safetyprecautionsshouldbeobseredatalltime.Thesemachinesshouldbehandledwithgreatcare.這些機(jī)器應(yīng)該小心操作。任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)注意安全辦法。表示“告誡”（1）Theresultsoftheexperimentshouldbeplottedonagraph.應(yīng)將試驗(yàn)結(jié)果繪在圖表上。27/11127四、should使用方法Carboncontentinsteelshouldnotbemorethan0.5%.Thesteelshouldnotcontainmorethan0.5%ofcarbon.鋼里含炭量不應(yīng)超出0.5%。說(shuō)明某一情況（2）Themaximuminternaldiametershouldbe40thousandthsofaninch.最大內(nèi)徑應(yīng)為40/1000英寸?；?8/11128四、should使用方法Thisbuildingshouldbecompletedbytheendofnextyear.Theprocessofcoolingshouldcontinueforseveralhours.冷卻過(guò)程要延續(xù)好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。這座大樓應(yīng)在明年年底前完工。表示“期待”（3）29/11129五、關(guān)于動(dòng)作主體問(wèn)題①動(dòng)作主體是人時(shí)，句末不用by短語(yǔ)；②動(dòng)作主體不是人時(shí)，句末應(yīng)用by短語(yǔ)；③動(dòng)作主體為人，但省去影響句子意思時(shí)，應(yīng)加by短語(yǔ)。230/11130Agriculturecannotbedevelopedwithoutsufficientwater.Explosioniscaused動(dòng)作主體沒(méi)有足夠水就無(wú)法發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)。爆炸石油燃料與空氣中氧快速化合而引發(fā)。動(dòng)作主體是人，不用by動(dòng)作主體不是人，用bycombinationofthefuelswiththeoxygenintheair.bytherapid31/11131ThreemachinescanbecontrolledAllresponsibilityfortheaccidentmustbeaccepted動(dòng)作主體一個(gè)操作者能夠同時(shí)控制三臺(tái)機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)產(chǎn)生事故一切責(zé)任。bythedesigner.byasingleoperator.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作主體，用by32/11132六、命令句使用方法表示無(wú)人稱指令A(yù)llowLetTake祈使句動(dòng)詞開(kāi)頭Should命令句e.g.Watershouldbeheatedbefore…Thebearingshouldbelubricatedbefore…33/11133命令句Letmeby!讓我過(guò)去！Letitalone!別管它！Lethimbe!別打攪他！日常英語(yǔ)將輪胎里氣放掉！科技英語(yǔ)Lettheairoutofthetype！把瓶子里水倒出來(lái)。Letthewateroutofthebottle.34/11134每十分鐘測(cè)一次溫度！Takethetemperatureeverytenminutes.假設(shè)X等于每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)。LetXequalthenumberofrevolutionsperminute.記下水面位置。Takethewaterlevel.讓水冷卻十分鐘，然后再測(cè)溫度。Allowthewatertocoolfortenminutesandthentakethetemperature.計(jì)算出將產(chǎn)生膨脹量。Calculatetheamountofexpansionwhichwilltakeplace.35/11135七、by,with使用方法bybymeansof用耐火磚能夠降低熱損耗。Heatlossescanbereducedbyfireworks.Heatlossescanbereducedbyliningthefurnacewithfireworks.Theheatlossreductioncanbeachievedbymeansoffireworks.withwiththehelpof36/11136Thenecessaryheatforthecarbon-steamandcarbon-carbondioxidereactionsiscommonlygeneratedbyburningpartofthecarboninthegasifier.碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反應(yīng)所需熱量通?？吭跉饣癄t中燃燒一部分碳來(lái)提供.傳動(dòng)裝置上通常有安全銷(xiāo)，預(yù)防過(guò)載。Thedriveunitsarenormallyequippedwithshearpinsforoverloadprotection.37/11137√By和withBymeansof后面不能跟動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。Heatlossescanbereducedbymeansofliningthefurnacewithfirebricks.Heatlossescanbereducedbymeansoffirebricks.38/11138八、關(guān)于“名詞+名詞”問(wèn)題①表示原材料②表示經(jīng)典成份③表示工作介質(zhì)anironpipe=apipemadeofironoilproduct=productsmadeofoilmanganesesteel=steelwhichcontainsmanganesecoalmineasteamengine=anengineworkedbysteam④表示工作對(duì)象anaircompressor=adeviceforcompressingair39/11139⑤表示用途⑥表示方式⑦表示所屬⑧表示關(guān)于⑨表示形狀adrivemotor=amotorfordrivingmachinesafootbrake=abrakeoperatedbyfoot=moleculesofwatertheproductioncostwatermolecules=thecostconcerningproductionastarwheel=awheelshapedlikeastar40/11140ashcontentsurfacepropertymineralmatterrateconstantnitrogendioxideexperimentresultsadsorptionmechanismmoisturecontentairpressurediamondinsert看看下面名詞組合是什么類(lèi)型satellitecommunicationtechniques衛(wèi)星通訊技術(shù)41/11141九、極少用“‘s”表示全部‘s普通表示生命體全部，如：Mary’swatchmyuncle’shousethecat’sfood科技英語(yǔ)中用“名詞+of+名詞”或“名詞+名詞”thepropertyofmineralsthesurfaceoftheearth42/11142有時(shí)，為方法、技術(shù)、反應(yīng)、定律、方程式等命名，需尤其注意歐姆定律ohm’slaw牛頓定律New-ton’sLaw波爾曼技術(shù)Bollman’stechnique一個(gè)人發(fā)覺(jué)者華氏溫度計(jì)aFahrenheitthermometer本生燈aBunhrenheitburner一個(gè)人創(chuàng)造者施特芬-波茲曼定律theStofan-BoltzmanLaw尤利-湯普森反應(yīng)theJoule-Thompsoneffect兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上人用復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)43/11143十、定于從句中與which、when連用介詞位置44/11144十一、從句緊縮式當(dāng)主句與從句是同一主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用“連詞+過(guò)去分詞”，或介詞+抽象名詞。例：1.物體放在陽(yáng)光下時(shí)，它會(huì)變熱。Whenanobjectisplacedinthesun,itbecomeshot.Anobjectbecomeshotwhenitisplacedinthesun.Anobjectbecomeshotwhenplacedinthesun.45/111452.安全火柴只有在被擦?xí)r才著火。Safetymatcheslightonlywhentheyarestricken.Safetymatcheslightonlywhenstricken.3.當(dāng)光線聚集在一點(diǎn)時(shí)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量熱。Whenlightisconvergedatapoint,itwouldproducelargequantityofheat.Whenconvergedatapoint,thelightwouldproducelargequantityofheat.46/11146介詞+抽象名詞，例：4.Considerablelateralpressureisexertedbytheconcretewhileitisbeingcompacted.在壓模時(shí)，混凝土產(chǎn)生較大側(cè)壓力。Considerablelateralpressureisexertedbytheconcreteduringcompaction.compactcompaction5.afteritisseparatedafterseparation47/11147連詞+形容詞，例：6.Whennecessary必要時(shí)Once……Ifpossible有可能話一旦While……當(dāng)……時(shí)小結(jié)：可用緊縮式連詞或介詞有：When,while,once,if,as,after,during等48/11148十二、抽象名詞使用方法抽象名詞起源：動(dòng)詞、形容詞1.v.→n.consume,separate,emit,produce,apply,communicate,grow,transmit,install.consumption,separation,emission,production,application,communication,growth,transmission,installation49/11149抽象名詞起源：動(dòng)詞、形容詞2.a.→n.responsibleaccurateefficientresponsibilityaccuracyefficiency50/11150emit→emissiontransmit→transmissionconsume→consumption1.一年四季日慣用水量不一樣。Thedailyconsumptionofwatervarieswiththeseason.2.送電時(shí)廣泛使用變壓器。Transformersarewidelyusedinthetransmissionofelectricalpower.3.原子裂變能放出中子。Nuclearfissionresultsintheemissionofneutrons.51/11151install→installationspecify→specification4.廠家負(fù)責(zé)安裝這種新設(shè)備。Theinstallationofthenewequipmentistheresponsibilityofthemanufactures.5.全部相關(guān)資料均應(yīng)在規(guī)格中詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。Alltherelevantinformationshouldbedetailedinthespecification.52/111526.用這種方法試驗(yàn)機(jī)器需要消耗電力。Ifmachinesaretestedbythismethod,therewillbesomelossofpower.Thetestingofmachinesbythismethodentailssomelossofpower。7.用泵能抽取油箱中油。Thecontentsofthetankaredischargedbyapump.Dischargeofthecontentsofthetankisperformedbyapump.

用抽象名詞或動(dòng)名詞代替動(dòng)詞testtestingdischargedischarge53/111538.有必要檢驗(yàn)一下這些結(jié)果是否準(zhǔn)確。Itisnecessarytoexaminewhethertheseresultsareaccurate.Itisnecessarytoexaminetheaccuracyoftheseresults。9.需要相關(guān)哪種燃料最適當(dāng)情報(bào)。Informationisneededastowhichtypeoffuelismostsuitable.Informationisneededastothemostsuitabletypeoffuel.

用抽象名詞或動(dòng)名詞代替從句54/1115410.不清楚這些結(jié)果有多么準(zhǔn)確。Itisdoubtfulhowaccuratetheresultsare.Theaccuracyoftheresultsisdoubtful.11.工作進(jìn)展取決于這個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)效率怎樣。Theprogressoftheworkwilldependonhowefficienttheorganizationis.TheProgressoftheworkwilldependontheefficiencyoftheorganization.55/11155十三、as使用方法“認(rèn)為”“稱為”“表述為”“定義為”“看成是”“作為”“看成”1.Thistypeofmotorisknowasaninductionmotor.這種發(fā)電機(jī)稱為感應(yīng)發(fā)電機(jī)。2.Electriccurrentmaybeconsideredasaflowofelectronsthroughamedium.電流可看成是穿過(guò)介質(zhì)內(nèi)一股電子流。3.Thesematerialsmaybeclassifiedasconductors.這些材料能夠歸在導(dǎo)體類(lèi)。56/11156“以……形式（或形態(tài)）”4.Thesteamiscooledandcondensedasafilmofwater.蒸汽冷凝成一層水膜。5.Thecarbonincastironispresentpartlyasfreegraphite.鑄鐵中碳部分以自由石墨形式存在。57/11157“正如…”、“如…”、“如圖”、“如上”、“如前”6.AsFig.1.2shows……Aswehavejustproved……Aswehavestatedinthepreviouschapter……Asisshownintheillustration…Asisknow……Aswasmentionedashorttimeago…Asshowninthetable……AspointedoutbyprofessorSmith…Asabove……Asbefore…as+主動(dòng)句as+被動(dòng)句as+過(guò)去分詞as+其它詞58/11158as不翻譯出來(lái)7.Thebridge,asoriginallyplanned,wouldhavebeentooexpensive.原來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)那座橋造價(jià)太貴。8.Theuranium,asusedinthereactor,istheformofathinrod.在反應(yīng)堆中用鈾是一個(gè)細(xì)棒。as不翻譯出來(lái)59/11159所以as+such9.Theearthisaconductorofelectricityandassuchmayformpartofanelectricalcircuit.地球是一個(gè)導(dǎo)體，所以就可能形成部分電路。10.Asimplegovernorisdependentongravityassuchitmustbekeptvertical.一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單調(diào)速器是依靠重力工作，所以必須將其豎立放置。所以60/11160普通英語(yǔ)中十四、suchthat,suchasto1.Herexcitementwassuchthatsheshouted.她興奮地叫起來(lái)。2.Itwassuchalovelydaythateverybodywasfeelinghappyandcheerful.那是一個(gè)如此美好日子，人人都感到高興高興。如此…以至于…3.Hisillnesswasnotsuchastocauseanxiety.他病還沒(méi)嚴(yán)重到令人憂慮地步。4.Iamnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.61/11161科技英語(yǔ)中1.Thesizeoftheflow-meterissuchthattheflowisunaffectedbyit.流量計(jì)大小是這么設(shè)計(jì)，即它不影響流速?；騎hesizeoftheflow-meterissuchastohavenoeffectontheflow.2.Thejobissuchthatitdemandsthegreatestskill.不翻譯出來(lái)這是一項(xiàng)需要高度技藝工作?；騎hejobissuchastodemandthegreatestskill.是這么，這種意思62/11162十五、完成時(shí)使用方法多以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)出現(xiàn)描述已經(jīng)發(fā)生事，時(shí)間不明確；描述不停發(fā)生，或到現(xiàn)在為止重復(fù)發(fā)生事；表示“還未”、“自從…一直…”等；表示“最近”63/11163描述已經(jīng)發(fā)生事，時(shí)間不明確1.高速公路系統(tǒng)建設(shè)工作已開(kāi)始。Workhasbeenstartedonthenewsystemofmotorways.2.研究中用了幾個(gè)來(lái)自不一樣地方樣品。Samplesfromdifferentsourceshavebeenusedinthisresearch.3.研究表明吸煙和肺癌之間有一定關(guān)系。Researchhasshownaprobableconnectionbetweensmokingandlungcancer.64/11164描述不停發(fā)生，或到現(xiàn)在為止重復(fù)發(fā)生事4.工程師們碰到許多相關(guān)這種材料問(wèn)題。Engineershaveencounteredmanyproblemswiththismaterial.5.Thepyrite/aqueousinteractionhasbeenstudiedextensivelyinthepastdueitsimportanceinextractivemetallurgy.因?yàn)辄S鐵礦與水溶液相互作用在提取冶金中很主要，人們對(duì)它進(jìn)行了大量研究。65/11165表示“還未”、“自從…一直…”6.這項(xiàng)工程設(shè)計(jì)工作還未開(kāi)始。Designontheprojecthasnotbeenstartedyet.7.自從1980年以來(lái)一直在進(jìn)行高速公路建設(shè)。Workonthemotorwayhasbeengoingonsince1980.66/11166表示“最近”8.這家企業(yè)最近研制出來(lái)一個(gè)新型飛機(jī)。Thecompanyhasjustdevelopedanewtypeofaircraft.9.因?yàn)樘鞖獠缓茫咚俟方ㄔO(shè)最近暫停了。Workonthemotorwayhasrecentlybeenheldupowingtobadweather.67/11167十六、動(dòng)詞+后綴當(dāng)形容詞后綴：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-entmachinablesteel可加工鋼鐵-able,-ible,-uble“能夠…”，“可…”Noticeableeffect顯著效果Controllableeffect可控制反應(yīng)Negligibleamount可忽略數(shù)量，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)68/11168后綴：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-entHeatedmetal加熱金屬-ed“被…”，“被…過(guò)”，“經(jīng)過(guò)…”Corrodediron生銹鐵Emittedrays放射線treated處理過(guò)Effectiveremedy有效醫(yī)藥-ive表示性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)等Reactiveforce反作用力Relativemotion相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)69/11169后綴：-able,-ed,-ing,-ive,-entAbsorbentmaterial吸附劑，吸附型材料-ant,-ent表示性能等Absorbentcharcoal活性炭Absorbentpaper吸水紙Absorbentcotton吸水棉花，脫脂棉Conductingmedium傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)-ing表示性質(zhì)、作用等Lubricatingoil潤(rùn)滑油Attendantclaim附帶要求Attendantphenomenon伴生現(xiàn)象70/11170十七、慣用前綴前綴：inter-,en-,em-,re-,over-,under-,dis-,de-,im-,sub-,super-,counter-interact相互作用Inter-“在…之間”interconnect互聯(lián)interwave交織interwine相互盤(pán)繞interwork相互配合reuse重用，再用re-“重新”、“再”recharge再充電，再裝料recreate再生regrind再磨regroup重組recarbonize再碳化recreate取回，檢索，二次呼叫71/11171前綴：over-,under-,overload超載，超負(fù)荷over-“在上”，“過(guò)于…”overall全部，總overhead架空，高架overweight超重overgrow蔓生undercurrent低電流under-“在下”、“太少”underground地下undercapitalize投資緊縮underlay從下面支撐undersize過(guò)小undersea海底，水下underload負(fù)載不足overseas海外overmany過(guò)多overheat過(guò)熱overwind上卷式overtemperature過(guò)熱溫度underclass經(jīng)濟(jì)最底層72/11172前綴：dis-,de-,im-,in-,ir-,un-disadjust失調(diào)dis-表示反義de-“使不”“脫”“退”disjoin分離discharge放電decarbonize脫碳disconnect解開(kāi)，折斷impure不純，含雜質(zhì)im-,in-,ir-,un-“不”、“非”inaccuracy不精密inactive無(wú)效，不活動(dòng)irregular不規(guī)則irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任inaccessible不可達(dá)demagnetise退磁defat脫脂，除油dewater脫水immature未成熟immaterial非物質(zhì)irrecoverable不可恢復(fù)73/11173前綴：counter-,super-counteract抵消，抵制counter-“反”、“對(duì)”counteradvice反對(duì)意見(jiàn)counterbalance配重，平衡力，托盤(pán)天平countercharge反控supersonic超聲super-“超”、“在…上”、“過(guò)”superhard過(guò)硬superheat過(guò)熱74/11174前綴：sub-,em-,en-submarine海底，潛艇sub-“在…之下”、“子”、“亞”subsurface地下substandard不合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)subfile子文件subprogram子程序enlarge擴(kuò)大，擴(kuò)展en-,em-+名詞或形容詞動(dòng)詞ensure確保embed埋，嵌embody包含，詳細(xì)化，連接，補(bǔ)充subtropical亞熱帶subpoint投影點(diǎn)subpackage分裝subdirectory子目錄subnet子網(wǎng)75/11175givesoff→emits十八、科技文章中較少用“動(dòng)詞+副詞”，通慣用正規(guī)動(dòng)詞例：“放出”，用emit，而非giveoff“消耗”，用consume,而非eatup1.熱物體以電磁波形式放能量。Aheatbodygivesoffenergyintheformofelectro-magneticwaves.76/11176givenoff→emittedeatsup→consumes2.高爐平均每小時(shí)消耗三噸燃料。Thefurnaceeatsupfuelattherateofthreetonsperhour.3.灼熱金屬中放出大量蒸汽。Acertainamountofvapourisgivenofffromthehotmetal.77/11177若沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)動(dòng)詞與之對(duì)應(yīng)，則可使用動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)處理dealwith建立setup拉緊takeup起飛takeofftakeupanoccupation就業(yè)setupinbusiness開(kāi)始營(yíng)業(yè)setupbusiness經(jīng)營(yíng)setupabusiness開(kāi)業(yè)Theaircraftwilltakeoffatteno’clock.78/11178作業(yè)：漢譯英1、金屬就是像銅、鐵之類(lèi)東西。（as）2、液態(tài)水變成蒸汽，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。3、金屬含有許多優(yōu)良性能，這在前面已經(jīng)講到了。4、塑料含有許多良好性能，所以在工業(yè)上應(yīng)用很廣泛。（動(dòng)名詞）5、任何發(fā)生這種氧化地方，總有熱產(chǎn)生。6、用煤煉焦（makecoke）時(shí)，還產(chǎn)生副產(chǎn)品。7、推力一停住，物體就停頓向上運(yùn)動(dòng)。（抽象名詞）8、必須找到一個(gè)能運(yùn)更大噸位（tonnage），同時(shí)又節(jié)約寶貴人力新設(shè)備。79/111791.3科技英語(yǔ)中一些慣用句型80/11180一、make+名詞+形容詞這么會(huì)使問(wèn)題變得輕易些.Thismakestheproblemeasy/easier.這么能使金屬更硬些.Thismakesthemetalharder/hard.這么能使金屬變長(zhǎng)。Thismakesthemetallonger.=Thislengthsthemetal.81/11181make+名詞+形容詞這么能使螺栓更緊些。Thismakesthescrewtighter.=Thistightensthescrew.這么能使洞更深些.Thismakestheholedeeper.=Thisdeepensthehole.82/11182二、enable,allow,make…+不定式Enable,allow,make,cause,permitSafetyvalvesallow/permitthesteamtoescape.安全閥能使蒸氣（從鍋爐中）排出好生產(chǎn)方法能使工廠生產(chǎn)更多汽車(chē)。Goodproductionmethodsenablethefactorytomanufacturemorecars顯微鏡能使科學(xué)家們觀察非常小物體。Amicroscopeenablesthescientiststoexamineverysmallobjects.83/11183enable,allow,make…+不定式enable,allow,make,cause,permit溫度計(jì)能使醫(yī)生（為病人）測(cè)體溫。Athermometerenablesthedoctortomeasurebodytemperature.伸縮接頭能使管子延長(zhǎng)或縮短。Expansionjointsallow/permitthepipestoexpandorcontract.安全閥能使蒸氣（從鍋爐中）排出。Safetyvalvesallow/permitthesteamtoescape.

84/11184enable,allow,make…+不定式熱使金屬熔化。Theheatcausedthemetaltomelt.=Theheatmakesthemetalmelt.火車(chē)速度太快，使其在彎道處出軌了。Thespeedofthetraincausedittoleavetherailsonthecurve.=Thespeedofthetrainmadeitleavetherailsonthecurve.85/11185三、Itis+形容詞+不定式Itiswasseemsappearsprovesbecomeseasytodosth.+++Itispossibleimpossibletodosth.++Itisnecessaryunnecessarytodosth.++86/11186Itis+形容詞+不定式commonItisusualunusualtodosth.++Itistodosth.++Itisusefuluselesstodosth.++這些形容詞都是帶有主觀評(píng)價(jià)色彩，如：

easy，possible/impossible，useful/useless，necessary/unnecessary，usual/unusual87/11187四、Itis+形容詞+thatItisevidentthatthesecurrentswillgenerateheatinthecoreofthemagnet.Itislikelythateddycurrentswillbe

producedinthecoreofthemagnet.obviousclearpossiblethat引出一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，it是無(wú)人稱主語(yǔ)例：顯然，這些電流會(huì)使磁鐵中心產(chǎn)生熱。例：在磁鐵中心很可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生渦流電流。88/11188Itis+動(dòng)詞+thatItshouldbenotedthatthisenergycannotbedestroyed,onlychangedintootherforms.realizedItis

assumed

thatthegastemperatureinthecylinderisconstant.例：需要注意/明白是，這種能量是不能消失，只能轉(zhuǎn)化成其它形式。例：假定氣缸中氣體溫度為定值。89/11189Itisdecidedthattheproductionshouldbegininafewmonths.Itis+動(dòng)詞/形容詞+thatItisdesirablethatthesecurrentsshouldbeeliminatedasfaraspossible.essentialarrangedplanned例：最好盡可能地把這些電流除掉。例：已經(jīng)決定在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)。90/11190Itisknownthat……proved例：已知，……眾所周知，……據(jù)證，……Itshouldbe

noted

that……

will例：應(yīng)該注意到/應(yīng)該看到/應(yīng)該知道，…

realizednoticedappreciatedItcanbe

shown

that……例：能夠證實(shí)，…

proveddemonstrated91/11191五、句末+ing子句連接兩個(gè)陳說(shuō)句一個(gè)方法①同and意思一樣；②相當(dāng)于since意思，深入解釋；③說(shuō)明第一句話后果或時(shí)間接續(xù)。例：Thestartermotorisswitchedoff,theengine

acceleratingunderitsownpower.關(guān)閉開(kāi)啟馬達(dá)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)依靠它自己動(dòng)力加速。例：Thenormaltypeofcrankshaftisused,theupperpistonsbeingoperatedbycrossheads.使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲（柄）軸，上活塞便由十字頭操作。andand92/11192句末+ing子句例：Theprotonistheoppositeoftheelectron,beingaparticleofpositiveelectricity.質(zhì)子與電子性質(zhì)相反，它是一個(gè)帶正電離子。例：Mercuryismostcommonlyusedinthermometers,havingaconstantcoefficientofexpansion.因?yàn)樗y膨脹系數(shù)是常數(shù)，它經(jīng)常用于溫度計(jì)中。sincesince93/11193通常能夠在第二個(gè)句子（子句）前加一個(gè)詞，thus或thereby說(shuō)明第一句話后果例：Therivetcontractsasitcools,drawingtheplatestogether.鉚釘冷卻收縮時(shí)，便把鋼板禁固在一起。例：Therivetcontractsasitcools,therebydrawingtheplatestogether.94/1119495/11195六、引出問(wèn)題幾個(gè)方法用“Itisnecessaryto…”Itisnecessarytodeterminewhetherthoseresultsarecorrect.用“asto”引出Adecisionshouldbetakenasto

whichdataiscorrect.Researchisgoingonasto

howtheindustrialpollutioncanbecontrolled.用“Itisdoubtful/notclear/unknownhow…”引出Itisdoubtful

howaccuratetheseresultsare.或Itisnotclear

howaccuratetheseresultsare.96/11196引出問(wèn)題幾個(gè)方法用“…dependonwhat…/how…”引出Theprogressoftheprojectwilldependon

whattheweatherconditionsarelike.Theprogressoftheprojectwilldependon

howefficienttheorganizationis.用“…accordingtowhat…/how…”引出Thetypeofpumpusedwillvaryaccordingto

whattypeofliquidisbeingpumped.Thetypeofpumpusedwillvaryaccordingto

howmuchliquidisbeingpumped.297/11197七、定義句型（definition）用定義說(shuō)明某物、某現(xiàn)象形體特征、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、用途或功效，從而區(qū)分于其它事物和現(xiàn)象AGeigercounterisadevicewhichmeasuresradiation.Anequilateralfigureisaplanefigurewithallsidesequalinlength.Anacidisacompoundwhichneutralizesasolutionofsodiumhydroxide,suchassulfuricacidornitricacid.酸，比如硫酸或硝酸，是能夠中和氫氧化鈉溶液化合物。98/11198定義分類(lèi)通用定義特指定義擴(kuò)展定義99/11199通用定義Anengineerisapersonwhodesignsmachines,buildingsorpublicworks.Aluminium（鋁）isawhitemetalwhichislight,weak,andresistanttocorrosion.Liquidsarestatesofmatterwithconstantvolumebutvariableshape.Adentistisadoctorwhotakescareofpeople’steeth.Aknifeisatoolusedforcutting.Alibraryisaroomoraseriesofroomscontainingalargenumberofbooks.Carbonisanelementwithanatomicweightof12.01.100/111100通用定義公式Axisa通用分類(lèi)詞+①Whichisv.+ed②v.+ed③With+名詞短語(yǔ)④v.+ing或forv.+ing⑤Prep.+which…⑥Withthepropertyofv.+ingAluminium（鋁）isawhitemetalwhichislight,weak,andresistanttocorrosion.Aknifeisatoolusedforcutting.Carbonisanelementwithanatomicweightof12.01.Alibraryisaroomoraseriesofroomscontainingalargenumberofbooks.101/111101特指定義Asawisatoolwithtoothededge,usedforcu