閱讀理解七選五講義 高考英語二輪復習

閱讀理解七選五.命題目的.考查關鍵能力1)信息識別、獲取與加工能力2)邏輯推理與論證能力.考查必備知識3)語篇層次：語篇主旨要義，語篇結構，并列段落4)段落層次：段落的構成5)句子層次：句際邏輯關系6)詞匯層次：替代、指代、復現(xiàn).各層次必備知識.語篇層次語篇通常是圍繞一個中心議題的數(shù)個段落組成。語篇的組成模式通常為：導入(Introduction)+中心議題(CentraIpoint)段落十分論點(Sub-points)段落群+結論(Conclusion)段落?？焖匍喿x了一個語篇以后，學生應抓取語篇的中心議題或主旨大意，把握語篇的整體結構，確定那幾個段落是平行段落。平行段落的主題句往往是相同或相似的結構。.段落層次段落的構成模式通常為：主題句(thetopicsentence)+若干拓展句(developingsentences)+結論句(theconeIudingsentence)o主題句多位于段首，也可以位于段中或短尾。有時候，段落也沒有結論句。.句際邏輯關系一組意義相關的句子，按照一定的邏輯關系排列起來，就能在語篇中表達一個層次的意思。這種邏輯關系有時是顯性的，即運用明顯的過渡詞語來表達出來；有時是隱性的，即不使用任何過渡詞語，僅憑句子的排列順序來表達。語篇中的句際關系主要有以下諸類。平列關系平列關系指句子之間在語義上處于平等并立的地位，互不相屬。如果改變句子的排列順序，并不影響整個語段的意義。例如：AlIthepeopIeonourblockgiveustroubIe.Mrs.BrowncallsthepoIicewheneverwegotopIaybaIIonthestreet.Mrs.JohnsoncompIainsthatskateboardingmakestoomuchnoise.IfwehappentostrayintoMr.Hardy'syard,heyellsatus.上面這個語段中，后面三句是平列關系，共同說明“社區(qū)所有人都給我們帶來麻煩”這一主題。2)時序關系時序關系指各個句子只能按事物發(fā)展的時間先后順序排列,不可隨意改動次序，常用于描述事件過程或者操作流程。例如：WehadahardtimegettingPeteroutofthehoIehehadfaIIeninto.First,wemadearopebyIinkingourbeltstogether.ThenweIoweredittoPeter,teIIinghimtograsptheend.Afterhehadholdoftherope,webegantopuIIhimslowlyoutofthehole.Ashecameup,noonedaredtospeakaword.Finally,wecouIdgrasphimarms,andwithasighofreIief,wepulledhimoutontothegrassybank.上面這個語段中，后五句話是時序關系，共同說明“我們好不容易才把Peter拉出掉進的坑”這一過程。描述中，分別用了first,then,after,as,finally這些描述順序的關聯(lián)過渡詞語，使得文章脈絡清晰。3）層遞關系層遞關系指句子間按照語義的輕重、認知的深淺作由輕到重、由淺入深、由主到次的順序排列。例如：IseemtobesufferingfromaIItheiIInessesimaginable:insomnia（失眠），headache,backache,indigestion（消化不良），constipation（便秘）andpainsinthestomach.Tomakethingsstillworse（更糟糕的是），I'vecaughtacold,I*vegotasorethroat,andI'mconstantlysneezingandcoughing.TocrownitaII（最糟糕的是），Ihadanaccidenttheotherday,hurtmyrightshouIder,Iegandknee,andnearIybrokemyneck.IfItakeaIongwaIk,Igetshortofbreath.Infact,IfeeImoredeadthanaIive.上面語段中，作者用層層遞進的方式描述了自己的不幸遭遇，感到生不如死。tomakethingsworse和tocrownitall,清楚地表現(xiàn)了這種層遞關系。4）轉(zhuǎn)折關系轉(zhuǎn)折關系指句子間意義表達發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)折，常用于進行對比、對照。例如：CloningtakestheDNAfromasingleceIItocreateawholenewindividuaI.AcIoneisanorganismwhichisgeneticallyidenticaItoanotherone.Butit'snowcertainthatnocloneisanexactcopybecauseofdifferencesinexperiencesandupbringing.（克隆技術通過提取單個細胞的DNA來創(chuàng)造出一個完整的新個體?？寺◇w在基因上與另一個有機體是相同的。然而，現(xiàn)在可以確定的是，由于經(jīng)歷和成長環(huán)境的不同，沒有哪個克隆體是一絲不差的復制品。）又例如：It'stemptingtoseetheIifeofajournaIistasglamorousandexciting,butaswithanyotheroccupation,thereisalotofhardworkandroutineactivity.ItaIsodependsonwhatkindofpubIicationyouworkfor.However,eachdayisdifferentandyouwiIIcoverawiderangeofnewsstoriesandfeatures.5）總分關系總分關系指前面的句子涉及兩個或多個對象,后面的句子緊接著分別他們加以說明。這種組織方式使語段前后呼應，彼此配合，意義表達條理分明。例如：FriendscomeinmanyfIavors.Therearebestfriends,schoolfriends,fair-weatherfriends（Jll頁境月月友）,foreverfriendsandmanymore.BestfriendsarefriendswithwhomyouspendalotoftimeandwithwhomyoushareaIIyourthoughtsandfeeIings.SchooIfriendsaredifferent:youseeeachotherinschooIandyoustudyandhavefuntogether,butyoumaynotknoweverythingabouteachother.Fair-weatherfriendsarefriendswhoonIyIikeyouwhenyouarehappyorwhenyouarepopuIar.IfyouarefeeIingdown,orifyouarehavingaprobIem,fair-weatherfriendsdon'twanttospendtimeortaIkwithyou.ForeverfriendsarefriendsthatwiIIalwaysIistentoyouandtrytoheIpyou,evenifyoudisagreeorifyouarehavingaprobIem.這一語段首先提出“朋友有許多種：然后分別對bestfriends,schoolfriends,fair-weatherfriends和foreverfriends進行解釋和說明。6）解釋關系解釋關系指后面的句子對前面的句子進行闡釋、引申、例證，從而使意義表達更加明了、具體、生動，更有說服力。例如：DoyouknowthattheaveragepersonputsonIy25%ofhisenergyandabilityintohiswork?Thatmeansthosewhouse50%oftheirabiIityreaIIystandoutfromtherest.AndtheveryfewwhoactuaIlygivetheirfuII100%ofstrengthandsmartstotheirworkbecomethemostsuccessfuI.ManypeopIewantthegreenergrass,buttheydon'twanttopaythehigherwaterbilltogetit!普通人在工作或?qū)W習中只投入了25%的精力和能力。根據(jù)這一論斷，作者進行了引申和闡釋：投入50%就會出類拔萃，投入100%就會最成功。最后告誡普通人：草坪要比別家更加翠綠，就要比別人承擔更多水費。又例如：Workandperseverance（毅力）alwayspayoff.OurprobIemiswewantaquickandeasyanswer.ButIifejustdoesn'tworkthatway.Awisemansaid,"Patienceandperseverancemaybebitter,butitsfinalfruitissweet."LarryBird,consideredoneofthegreatestbasketbaIIpIayersinhistory,said,"Ifyoukeepdoingyourbesteveryday,goodthingsaregonnahappentoyou."WeoftenthinkofgreatartistsandmusiciansasbeingbriIIiantgeniuseswhojustnaturallyandeasiIyperform,withouteffortorpractice.Butthetruthis（that）mostofthemsimplykeptworkinghardeverydayuntiItheyfinalIyproducedtheirmasterpieces.MicheIangeIo'spaintingLastJudgmentisoneofthe12greatestpaintingsinaIIofhistory.Ittookhimeightyearstopaint,andmorethan2,000drawingstofinaIIygetitright.LeonardodaVincitook10yearstodohisfamouspainting,TheLastSupper.Infact,manydaysheworkednon-stopandevenforgottoeat.WhenthegreatpianopIayer,Paderewski,wasaveryoldman,hestillpracticedpianosixhoursadayormore!Someonesaidtohim,"Youmusthavesomuchpatience."Paderewskianswered,"Idon'thaveanymorepatiencethanotherpeopIe.It'sjustthatIusemine.Foralmost50years,PauIHarveywasthemostIistenedtoradiospeakersinAmerica.Hesaidthateveryprogramhewrotewaseditedandrewritten,word-for-word,50times!堅持不懈的努力終有回報。便捷的成功在生活中是行不通的。作者通過恰當?shù)囊煤拖鑼嵉氖聦崒@一主題進行了例證。7）因果關系因果關系指句子之間在邏輯上存在因果聯(lián)系。在排列方式上，既可以采用刖因后果，也可以米用刖果后因。例如：AdvertisersdiscoveredyearsagothataIIofusIovetogetsomethingoutofnothing.AnadvertisementwhichbeginswiththemagicwordFREEcanrareIygowrong.Thesedays,advertisersnotonIyofferfreesampIes,butfreecars,freehouses,andfreetripsaroundtheworIdaswell.又例如：ThequietIifeofthecountryhasneverappeaIedtome.Citybornandcitybred(城里生，城里長)，IhaveaIwaysregardedthecountryassomethingyouIookatthroughatrainwindoworsomethingyouoccasionaIIyvisitduringtheweekend.8)比擬關系比擬關系指把深奧抽象的事物比喻為淺顯易懂、具體生動的事物。從而達到深入淺出、通俗易懂、形象生動的表達效果。例如：ThesurfaceoftheearthisIiketheskinofanorange,whichcannotbespreadoutfIatunIessitistornintostrips.ThatiswhyfIatmaps