中山大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《837外國語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)》歷年考研真題及詳解

2017年中山大學(xué)837外國語言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.Explainthefollowingterms.(10pointsforeachterm)1.allomorph【答案】Thosemorphswhichrepresentthesamemorphemearecalledtheallomorphsofthesamemorpheme.Forinstance,thenounpluralmorpheme{plural}inEnglishhas[-s],[-z],[-iz],[-ai],[-n],[-i]andothermorphs,suchmorphsaretermedastheallomorphsofthemorpheme{plural}.Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,someothersmayhaveconsiderablevariations;somemorphemicshapesrepresentdifferentmorphemesandthushavedifferentmeanings,forinstance,themorphemicshapes{-s}canexpresspluralityindesks,person/finitenessinspeaksandcaseingirl’s.Wordssuchasillogical,imbalance,irregularandinactiveshareacommonmorphemein-.Inotherwords,il-,im-,andir-areexceptionallythevariationformsofonemorphemein-.ThesevariationformsarecalledALLOMORPHs,i.e.allomorphsofthesamemorphemeowingtotheinfluenceofthesoundstowhichitattaches.Otherinstancesaresuchasthevariationofpluralformsofnouns:-s,-es,-en,-ee-,ø,-ceand-ves.2.diglossia【答案】Thetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFergusonin1959,referstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.Butinsteadoftwodifferentlanguages,inadiglossicsituationtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.ThelanguageswhichFergusonusedasexamplesareArabic,ModemGreek,SwissGermanandHaitianCreole.Eachoftheselanguageshastwovarieties:thehighvariety(H)andthelowvariety(L).Thetwovarietieshaveovertrecognitioninthecommunityandhavecommonlyknownandusedlabels.H-varietyisusedingovernment,themedia,educationandforreligiousservices.Theotheroneisusuallyanon-prestigevariety,thelowvarietyusedinthefamily,withfriends,whenshopping,etc.Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofdiglossiaisthespecializationoffunctionofthetwovarieties.Eachvarietyistheappropriatelanguageforcertainsituationswithveryslightoverlapping.3.embedding【答案】Embeddingreferstothemeansbywhichoneclauseisincludedinthesentence(mainclause)insyntacticsubordinationwhichisalsocalledcenterembeddinginlinguistics.Differentlanguagesaccommodatethisconstructioninvariousways,butmanyofthemallowforinstanceswhereasmaller,ormoreprecise,unitofspeechcanbeincludedinafullersentence.Whenthisphraseisintegratedwholeintothelargerone,itisoftenreferredtoascenterembedding.Oneofthemostcommonexamplesofcenterembeddedphrasesinvolvesrelativeclausesthatgetinjectedintolargersentences.Onebasicexampleisasentencelikethisone:“Themanthatthewomanheardleft.”—Inthisexampleofcenterembedding,iftherelativeclausewasentirelytakenout,ashortersentencemightreadlikethis:“Themanleft.”Theinclusionoftherelativeclauseservestoshowthereaderthattherewasawomanwhoheardtheman,andthisleadstotheappearanceofthephenomenonofcenterembeddinginthesentence.Thusthebasicfunctionofembeddingistodemonstratemoredetailsaboutthemeaningoftheoriginalsentence.查看答案4.idiom【答案】Anidiomisaphraseoranexpressionthathasafigurative,orsometimesliteral,meaning.Categorizedasformulaiclanguage,anidiom’sfigurativemeaningisdifferentfromtheliteralmeaning.Therearethousandsofidioms,occurringfrequentlyinalllanguages.Itisestimatedthatthereareatleasttwenty-fivethousandidiomaticexpressionsintheEnglishlanguage.查看答案5.pragmatics【答案】Pragmaticscanbedefinedinvariousways.Ageneraldefinitionisthatitisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingandunderstandingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.Pragmaticsisacomparativelynewbranchofstudyintheareaoflinguistics;itsdevelopmentandestablishmentinthe1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythatofsemantics.Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse,focusingonthestudyofspeaker’smeaning,utterancemeaningorcontextualmeaning.Pragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudiesofmeaning,sotheyarerelatedtoaswellasdifferentfromeachother.Itdiffersfromthekindofmeaningwestudiedinsemanticsinthatittakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsconcentratesonthestudyofliteralmeaningwithoutcontext.查看答案6.loantranslation【答案】Loantranslationisaspecialtypeofborrowing,inwhicheachmorphemeorwordistranslatedintheequivalentmorphemeorwordinanotherlanguage.Forinstance,theEnglishwordalmightyisaliteraltranslationfromtheLatinomnipotens.ThisisalsocalledCALQUE,whichmaybeaword,aphrase,orevenashortsentence.TheEnglishexpressionfreeversewastranslatedfromLatin’sverselibre,andblackhumourisaloantranslationfromFrenchhumournoir,soisfoundobjectfromFrenchobjettrouve.查看答案7.interlanguage【答案】ThetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredtoasInterlanguage.Interlanguageisoftenunderstoodasalanguagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.Itisimperfectcomparedwiththetargetlanguage,butitisnotmeretranslationfromthelearner’snativelanguageeither.However,interlanguageshouldnotreallybeseenasabridginglanguagebetweenoramixtureofthetargetlanguageandnativelanguage.Interlanguageisadynamiclanguagesystem,whichisconstantlymovingfromthedepartureleveltothenative-likelevel.Therefore,“inter”actuallymeansbetweenthebeginningstageandthefinalstage.Studiesoninterlanguagecanbedoneintwoways:(1)investigatingthepsychological,biologicalorneurologicalmechanismsinvolvedintheproductionofinterlanguage;(2)investigatingthelinguisticfeaturesofinterlanguage.Theformertypeofresearchhasbeenwidelyconducted,whereasthelattertypehasnotreceiveddueattention.查看答案8.communicativecompetence【答案】Communicativecompetenceincludesboththeknowledgeaboutthelanguageandtheknowledgeabouthowtousethelanguageappropriatelyincommunicativesituations.Itincludesfivemaincomponentsofcommunicativecompetence.Namely,linguisticcompetence,pragmaticcompetence,discoursecompetence,strategiccompetence,andfluency.Linguisticcompetenceisconcernedwithknowledgeofthelanguageitself,itsformandmeaning;Pragmaticcompetenceisconcernedwiththeappropriateuseofthelanguageinsocialcontext;Discoursecompetencereferstoone’sabilitytocreatecoherentwrittentextorconversationandtheabilitytounderstandthem;Strategiccompetenceissimilartocommunicationstrategies.Itreferstostrategiesoneemployswhenthereiscommunicationbreakdownduetolackofresources;Thelastcomponentistermedasfluency,whichmeansone’sabilitytolinkunitsofspeechtogetherwithfacilityandwithoutstrainorinappropriateslownessorunduehesitation.查看答案9.criticalperiod【答案】Thecriticalperiodhypothesisisatheoryinthestudyoflanguageacquisitionwhichpositsthatthereisacriticalperiodoftimeinwhichthehumanmindcanmosteasilyacquirelanguage.Thisideaisoftenconsideredwithregardtoprimarylanguageacquisition,andthosewhoagreewiththishypothesisarguethatlanguagemustbelearnedinthefirstfewyearsoflifeorelsetheabilitytoacquirelanguageisgreatlyhindered.Thecriticalperiodhypothesisisalsousedinsecondarylanguageacquisition,regardingtheideaofatimeperiodinwhichasecondarylanguagecanbemosteasilyacquired.查看答案10.forensiclinguistics【答案】Forensiclinguistics,legallinguistics,orlanguageandthelaw,istheapplicationoflinguisticknowledge,methodsandinsightstotheforensiccontextoflaw,language,crimeinvestigation,trial,andjudicialprocedure.Itisabranchofappliedlinguistics.Thereareprincipallythreeareasofapplicationforlinguistsworkinginforensiccontexts:understandinglanguageofthewrittenlaw,understandinglanguageuseinforensicandjudicialprocesses,andtheprovisionoflinguisticevidence.查看答案11.corpuslinguistics【答案】Corpuslinguisticsdealswiththeprinciplesandpracticeofusingcorporainlanguagestudy.Acomputercorpusisalargebodyofmachine-readabletexts.Corpuslinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasexpressedincorpora(samples)of“realworld”text.Thetext-corpusmethodisadigestiveapproachforderivingasetofabstractrules,fromatext,forgoverninganaturallanguage,andhowthatlanguagerelatestoandwithanotherlanguage;originallyderivedmanually,corporanowareautomaticallyderivedfromthesourcetexts.Corpuslinguisticsproposesthatreliablelanguageanalysisismorefeasiblewithcorporacollectedinthefield,intheirnaturalcontexts,andwithminimalexperimental-interference.查看答案Ⅱ.Writewhatyouconsidertobeagooddefinitionofthetermlanguage.Justifythechoiceoftheelementsthatyouhaveincorporatedinyourdefinition.(10points)【答案】Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhasrevealedfiveessentialfactorsoflanguage:systematic,arbitrary,vocal,symbolicandmostimportantlyhuman-specific.(1)Shortasitis,thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Thisexplainswhy“iblk”isnotapossiblesoundcombinationinEnglish,andalsowhy“Beenhewoundedhas”isnotagrammaticallyacceptablesentenceinEnglish.(2)Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor,forinstance,betweentheword“pen”andthethingwewritewith.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”:“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”(3)Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Allevidencepointstothefactthatwritingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenformsandthattheyareonlyattemptstocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper.Thefactthatchildrenacquirespokenlanguagebeforetheycanreadorwritealsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal.(4)Theterm“human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific,i.e.itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.Ⅲ.Whymightapersonavoidusingthestandardlanguage?(10points)【答案】Standardlanguageisthevarietyofalanguagewhichhasthehigheststatusinacommunityornationanditisusuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage.However,becauseofsomesocialfactors,somepeoplemayavoidusingthestandardlanguage.Thereareseveralreasonswhichcanexplainwhysomepeopleavoidusingthestandardlanguage.(1)Speechcommunity:Speechcommunitycaninfluencethekindoflanguagepeopleuse.Ifeveryonespeaksdialectwithinthecommunity,nobodywillspeakstandardlanguagebecausedialectcanmakethemmorecloselyandintimate.(2)Education:Generallyspeaking,standardlanguageisusedbypeoplewhoprocesshighsocialstatusorhavereceivedgoodeducation.Thosewhodidnotgetgoodeducationwon’tspeakstandardlanguage.(3)Solidarity:Insomespecificsituations,apersonavoidsusingthestandardlanguageinordertoshowhissolidaritywithothers.Forexample,apoliticianmaydeliberatelyspeaksthedialectincertainareasinordertoshowhisorheraffiliationwiththelocalpeopleandnarrowthedistancebetweenthemsothatheorshemayreceivesupportofthelocalpeople.Ontheotherhand,avoidingusingthestandardlanguagecanalsoshowone’sidentitywhichisalsocanhelphimorherbecomeamemberofacertaingroup.Ⅳ.Whatisaconversationalanalysisandwhataspectsofconversationcanbestudied?(10points)【答案】Conversationalanalysisisamethodofstudyingthesequentialstructureandcoherenceofconversations.Itstudiesrecordingsofreal(natural)conversations,inordertodiscoverwhatthelinguisticcharacteristicsofconversationareandhowconversationisusedinordinarylife.Conversationalanalysisincludesthestudyofhowspeakersdecidewhentospeakduringaconversation(turn-taking);howthesentencesoftwoormorespeakersarerelated;thedifferentfunctionsthatconversationisusedtoestablishrules,andtocommunicatepolitenessorforintimacy.Thefollowingaspectsofconversationcanbestudied:(1)Conversationalstructure:Conversationisastringofatleasttwoturns.Someturnsaremorecloselyrelatedthanothers,theyarecalledadjacencypair.Thecharacteristicsofadjacencypairisthattheyaretwoutterances’longandthattheutterancesareproducedsuccessivelybydifferentspeakers.Theutterancesareordered—thefirstbelongstotheclassoffirstpairparts,thesecondtotheclassofsecondpairparts.Theutterancesarerelated,notanysecondpaircanfollowanyfirstpairpart,butonlyanappropriateone.Thefirstpairpartoftenselectsnextspeakerandalwaysselectsnextaction.(2)Topic:Thepressureonpeopletotransmitrelevantnewsareincreasedbytheexistenceofthetelephone—onenolongerneedstowaituntilonemeetsfriendsorrelativesnordoesoneneedtomakespecialordifficultjourneystopassoninformation.Therearecertainthingswhichonemustsaytoparticularpeopleandcertainthingswhicharetellableifonehappenstomeetthem.Thisleadstotheideaofreasonforacallorvisit.Conversationstendtobeginwiththetopicwhichisthereasonfortheencounterandthenmoveontoothertopics.Ⅴ.WhatisWhorfianHypothesis?Whataresomecriticismsofthehypothesis?(10points)【答案】Thatthecommonlyheldbeliefthatthecognitiveprocessesofallhumanbeingspossessacommonlogicalstructurewhichoperatespriortoandindependentlyofcommunicationthroughlanguageiserroneous.ItisWhorf’sviewthatthelinguisticpatternsthemselvesdeterminewhattheindividualperceivesinthisworldandhowhethinksaboutit.Sincethesepatternsvarywidely,themodesofthinkingandperceivingingroupsutilizingdifferentlinguisticsystemswillresultinbasicallydifferentworldviews.TheWhorfi