武漢大學(xué)外國語言文學(xué)學(xué)院《611基礎(chǔ)英語》歷年考研真題及詳解

2015年武漢大學(xué)611基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解I.Close(15×1=15points)Direction:Fillinthenumberedblankswithproperwords.Amongthe20expressionsgiven;only15shouldbeused.Makesurethewordscomeincorrectformsintermsofbothgrammarandmeaning.  Lyrics,canon,improvisatory,prolific,bard,stimulate,commencedcompile,figure,instantaneously,sketches,confidential,themes,insurmountable,sham,incorporationovershadowed,authentic,captured,shippedAmongthemanytalentedAfricanAmericanwritersconnectedwiththeHarlemRenaissanceofthe1920sand1930s,LangstonHugheswasthemostpopularinhistime.Histwomostimportantachievementswerethe(1)  oftherhythmsofblackmusicintohispoetryandthecreationofan(2)  blackfolkspeakerinthecharacterofJesseB.Semple.Throughbothpoetryandstorytelling.Hughes(3)  inwrittenformthedominantoraland(4)  traditionsofblackculture.LangstonHugheswasborninMissouriin1902.HebegantowritepoetryinhighschoolandlaterattendedColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Afteroneyearatuniversity,Hughes(5)  anomadiclifeintheUnitedStatesandEurope.He(6)  outasamerchantmarineandworkedinaParisnightclub,allthewhilewritingandpublishingpoetry.His(7)  literarycareerwaslaunchedin1926withthepublicationofhisfirstbook,TheWearyBlues,acollectionofpoemsonAfricanAmerican(8)  settorhythmsfromjazzandblues.Hisfirstnovelappearedin1930,andfromthatpointonHugheswasknownas“the(9)  ofHarlem.”Intheactivist1930s,Hugheswasapublic(10) .Heworkedasajournalist,publishedworksinseveralmedia,andfoundedAfricanAmericantheatersinNewYork,Chicago,andLosAngeles.Hughes’sconcernwithrace,mainlyinanurbansetting,isevidentinhispoetry,plays,screenplays,novels,andshortstories.Hispoetryincludes(11)  aboutblacklifeandblackprideaswellaspoemsofracialprotest.HismajorprosewritingsarethoseconcernedwiththecharacterJesseBScruple,ashrewdbutsupposedlyignorantHarlemresidentnicknamedSimple.Simplewasawisefool,anhonestmanwhosawthrough(12)  andspokeplainly.TheSimplestorieswereoriginallypublishedasnewspaper(13)  andlatercollectedinlivebookvolumes.Bythe1960s,readerspreferredthemesthatreflectedthestrugglesofthetimes,andHughes’swritingswere(14)  bythoseofayoungergenerationofblackpoets.However,inmorerecentdecades,scholarsandreadershaverediscoveredHughesandregardhimasamajorliteraryandsocialinfluence.HispoetryandstoriesremainanenduringlegacyoftheHarlemRenaissance,andforthisreasonhispositionintheAmerican(15)  issecure.【答案與解析】1.incorporation 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，使系表結(jié)構(gòu)完整，由and表示并列可知，空格處的詞應(yīng)與creation意思相近。再結(jié)合空格后的into，可知空格處應(yīng)填incorporation，表示“并入，結(jié)合”。incorporatesth.intosth.表示“將……融進……”。此處意思為：將黑人音樂的旋律融入他的詩歌。2.authentic通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填形容詞，修飾blackfolkspeaker。又空格前為不定冠詞an，形容詞需以元音音素開頭，因此空格處應(yīng)填authentic，結(jié)合文學(xué)知識可知，JesseB.Semple是位“誠實的人”。3.captured通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填動詞構(gòu)成謂語部分，結(jié)合句意可知，空格處應(yīng)填captured，用在文化藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域表示忠實地記錄，有“捕捉”之意。本句意思為：休斯用文字捕捉了黑人文化中即興口頭演奏為主的傳統(tǒng)。4.improvisatory由and表示并列可知，空格處應(yīng)填形容詞，結(jié)合文學(xué)常識可知，黑人有著即興演奏的文化傳統(tǒng)，因此空格處應(yīng)填improvisatory，表示“即興的；臨時的”。5.commenced本段主要介紹休斯的生平。通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填動詞來構(gòu)成謂語部分，聯(lián)系上下文可知，空格處應(yīng)填commenced，表示“開啟，開始”。本句句意為：讀了一年大學(xué)之后，休斯開始了在美國和歐洲的流浪生活。6.shipped通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填動詞使謂語部分完整，空格后的merchantmarine表示“商船船員”，因此空格處應(yīng)填shipped，表示“乘船”。此處句意為：他以商船船員的身份乘船出發(fā)。7.prolific通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填形容詞修飾literarycareer，結(jié)合語境可知，空格處應(yīng)填prolific，表示“多產(chǎn)的，多創(chuàng)作的”，可用于形容作家和藝術(shù)家。8.themes通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，使后置定語完整。結(jié)合文學(xué)常識和語境可知，空格處應(yīng)填themes，表示“主題”。此處意思為：以非裔美國人為主題的詩集。9.bard通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞。聯(lián)系上下文可知，空格處應(yīng)填bard，表示“詩人”。此處意思為：自那以后，休斯以“哈萊姆詩人”著稱。10.figure 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，使系表結(jié)構(gòu)完整。結(jié)合空格后的“journalist”可以判斷，空格處應(yīng)填figure，表示“人物”。publicfigure表示“公眾人物”。11.sketches 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞與poems構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。因此，可以判斷空格處應(yīng)填sketches，表示“簡要概述；速寫”。12.sham 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，構(gòu)成定語從句的賓語。結(jié)合空格前的honest和空格后的spokeplainly可以判斷，空格處應(yīng)填sham，表示“虛偽，欺騙”。seethrough看穿，看透。本句意思為：辛普聰明而笨拙，他誠實坦率，看透虛偽，直言不諱。13.compilations 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，使系表結(jié)構(gòu)完整。排除方框中已選詞匯，只有compile符合句意，應(yīng)將動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞，并用復(fù)數(shù)形式，因此空格處填compilations，表示“匯編”。newspapercompilations表示“報刊合集”。14.overshadowed 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填過去分詞，使被動語態(tài)完整。結(jié)合后一句中的“however”和“rediscovered”可以判斷，休斯在20世紀60年代的影響被忽略了。因此，空格處應(yīng)填overshadowed，表示“使……相形見絀；使……陰暗”。本句意思為：到了20世紀60年代，讀者更加青睞反映當(dāng)時掙扎的主題，比起年輕一代的黑人詩人，休斯的作品便被忽略了。15.Lyrics 通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞。結(jié)合文學(xué)常識和語境可知，空格處應(yīng)填Lyrics，表示“詩歌”。本句意思為：因為這點，休斯確立了自己在美國詩壇的地位。II.ParaphrasePartADirection:ExplaintheunderlinedidiomaticexpressionsinthefollowingsentencesinyourownwordsinEnglish.(5×2=10points)1.Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.2.Henault,thenthegreatpresidentofthefirstchamberoftheParisParlement,complainedbitterlyofthe“terriblesauces”atthesalonsofMme.Deffand,andwentontoobservethattheonlydifferencebetweenhercookandthesupremechef,Brinvilliers,layintheirintentions.3.Atestingofoneself,afearofgivingintothemostbanalandmarketableofone’stalents,stilldrawsmanyoftheyoungtoNewYork.4.UnderDarrow’squietquestioningheacknowledgedbelievingthebibleliterally,andthecrowdpunctuatedhisdefiantreplieswithfervent“Amens”.5.Innosenseamovementinitself,the“l(fā)ostgeneration”attitudeneverthelessactedasacommondenominatorofthewritingofthetimes.答案：1.It’swrongnottoallowtheworkingclasspeopletointroducechangesintothelanguage.bemade/beimmunetosth.表示“對……免疫；不受……影響”。2.theonlydifferencebetweenMme.Deffand’scookandthesupremechefBrinvillierscanbefoundintheirintentionsofcookingandattitudestowardscooking.liein表示“存在于……”。3.YoungpeoplecantesttheirabilityinNewYorkandtheyareafraidofacceptingtheirmostcommonandeasilysoldtalents.test考驗；測驗。banal平凡的；陳腐的。marketable銷路好的，有市場的。4.Thecrowdinterruptedfromtimetotimehisrudeanswerwith“Amens”enthusiasticallyandexcitedly.punctuate不時打斷；強調(diào)；加標(biāo)點。defiant蔑視的；反抗的。5.The“l(fā)ostgeneration”attitudewereobviouslyinfluentialamongwritersoftheirtime.commondenominator表示“共同特性”。PartBDirection:Paraphrasethefollowingsentences.(5×3=15points)1.Thefactthattheirmarriagesmaybeontherock,orthattheygotoutofbedonthewrongsideissimplynotaconcern.答案：Itdoesn’tmatteralotwhethertheirmarriageswillendortheysimplyfeelbadtheminutetheygetup.解析：ontherock表示“觸礁；遭遇問題或危險”。getoutofbedonthewrongside表示“一整天都情緒不好”。2.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove.答案：Lethistoryfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskweltornot,butoursurerewardwillbeagoodcon-scienceforwewillhaveworkedsincerelyandtothebestofourability.Let’scontinuetobetterthecountrywelove.解析：conscience良心。deed事跡。3.Theslightestmentionofthedecadebringsnostalgicrecollectionstothemiddle-agedandcuriousquestionsbytheyoung.答案：Attheverymentionofthethispost-warperiod,middle-agedpeoplebegintothinkaboutitlonginglyandyoungpeoplebecomecuriousandstartaskingquestions.解析：nostalgic懷舊的。recollection記憶，回憶。4.Itcan’tbethelivingconditionsthatappeal,foronlyfondmemorywillforgivetheinconvenience,risk,andsqualor.答案：Theyoungpeoplecomeherenotforitslivingconditions,andonlytimecanhelpthemtoforgetthebadsideoflivingthere:inconvenience,riskandfilth.解析：appeal吸引。squalor臟亂。5.Herewasascenesodreadfullyhideous,sointolerablybleakandforlornthatitreducedthewholeaspirationofmantoamacabreanddepressingjoke.答案：Theverysightoftheregionwasterriblyuglyandthewholeregionwassomiserableandgloomythatitwashardforanyonetobear,thesceneofwhichmakesallhumaneffortstoadvanceandimprovetheirlifeseemsasadandhorriblejoke.解析：dreadfully可怕地。hideous丑惡的；可憎的。bleak陰暗的；凄涼的。forlorn孤獨而凄涼的。macabre以死亡為主題的，可怕的。III.ReadingComprehension(20×2=40points)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.PassageOneQuestions1to5arcbasedonthefollowingpassage:THEROLEOFGOVERNMENTINTHEECONOMYBecausemostpeopledonotvolunteertopaytaxesorpolicetheirownfinancialaffairs,governmentscannotinfluenceeconomicactivitysimplybyaskingpeopletopolluteless,togivemoneytothepoor,ortobeInnovative.Toaccomplishthesethings,governmentshavetopasslaws.Sincetheearlytwentiethcentury,governmentsofcountrieswithadvancedindustrialorserviceeconomieshavebeenplayinganincreasingroleineconomics.Thiscanbeseeninthegrowthofgovernmenttaxationandspending,inthegrowingshareofnationalincomedevotedtoincome-supportpayments,andbytheenormousincreaseinthecontrolofeconomicactivity.Thelarge-scaleorganizationofbusiness,asseeninmassproductionanddistribution,hasledtotheformationoflarge-scaleorganizations—corporations,laborunions,andgovernmentstructures—thathavegrowninimportanceinthepastseveraldecades.Theirpresenceandgrowingdominancehaveshiftedcapitalisteconomiesawayfromtraditionalmarketforcesandtowardgovernmentadministrationofmarkets.IntheUnitedStates,governmentprovidesaframeworkoflawsfortheconductofeconomicactivitythatattempttomakeitservethepublicinterest.Forinstance,theindividualstatesandthefederalgovernmenthavepassedlawstoshieldinvestorsagainstfraud.Theselawsspecifywhatinformationhastobedisclosedtoprospectiveinvestorswhensharesofstocksorbondsareofferedforsale.Anotherimportantareaoflawconcernsthelaborforce,suchasregulationofworkhours,minimumwages,healthandsafetyconditions,childlabor,andthefightsofworkerstoformunions,tostrike,todemonstratepeacefully,andtobargaincollectivelythroughrepresentativesoftheirownchoosing.Inothernations,thewaysinwhichgovernmentsinterveneintheireconomieshasvaried:however,governmentseverywheredealwithessentiallythesameissuesandparticipateineconomicactivity.Evengovernmentsthatarereluctanttoregulatecommercedirectlyhaveundertakenlarge-scaleprojectssuchashydroelectricandnuclearenergydevelopments,transportationnetworks,orexpansionofhealth,education,andotherPublicservices.1.Accordingtothepassage,whydogovernmentsinterveneineconomicactivity?A.Peopledonotwillinglyregulatetheirownbusinessaffairs.B.Governmentsunderstandtheeconomybetterthananyoneelsedoes.C.Businessespaygovernmentstoparticipateineconomicactivity.D.Theeconomywouldfailwithoutthehelpofgovernment.2.Accordingtothepassage,howhasthegrowthoflarge-scaleorganizationssuchascorporationsandlaborunionsaffectedcapitalisteconomies?A.Ithasforcedgovernmentstopasslawsprotectingtraditionalmarkets.B.Ithasdestroyedcapitalismandreplaceditwithgovernmentownership.C.Ithasledtotheincreasingroleofgovernmentineconomicactivity.D.Ithascausedunfaircompetitionbetweenlargeandsmallbusinesses.3.Theauthormentionslawstoshieldinvestorsagainstfraudinparagraph3asanexampleofA.lawsthatorganizebusinessB.lawsthatservethepublicinterestC.lawsthatprotectthelaborforceD.lawsthatsetthepriceofstocks4.Whatpointdoestheauthormakeaboutgovernmentsthatdonotwanttoregulatebusinessdirectly?A.Theycannotcompeteeffectivelywithgovernment-controlledeconomies.B.Theyhavecapitalisteconomiesbasedontraditionalmarketforces.C.Theyhavenolawsforprotectingtheenvironmentandpublichealth.D.Theyparticipateintheeconomythroughpublicprojectsandservices.5.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingareexamplesofgovernmentparticipationineconomicactivityEXCEPTA.taxationandspendingB.smallbusinessownershipC.income-supportpaymentsD.transportationnetworks【答案與解析】1.A 文章開頭提到“大部分人不會主動納稅或者管理自己的財務(wù)狀況，政府也不能僅僅通過要求人們減少污染，給貧困人口捐錢或者創(chuàng)新來影響經(jīng)濟活動”，由此可知，政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟的原因在于人們不會主動管理自己的經(jīng)濟狀況。因此，A項正確。其余三項文中均未提到。2.C 由第二段最后一句可知，大型組織如企業(yè)、工會和政府部門的出現(xiàn)及日益增長的支配地位削弱了資本主義經(jīng)濟中傳統(tǒng)的市場力量，并開始轉(zhuǎn)向政府調(diào)控的市場。因此，大型組織的增長增強了政府對經(jīng)濟活動的影響。故C項正確。其余三項文中均未提及。3.B 第三段第一句提到“在美國，政府為經(jīng)濟活動提供一整套法律，旨在保護公眾利益”，接著列舉了反詐騙的法律，由此可知，反詐騙的法律是為了進一步說明政府制定法律來保護公眾利益。故B項正確。A項過于寬泛，并不是這個例子的目的所在。其余兩項文中沒有提及。4.D 文章最后一句提到“即使政府不愿意直接管理經(jīng)濟，他們也進行了大型工程如……拓展衛(wèi)生服務(wù)、教育以及其他公共服務(wù)項目”，由此可知，不愿直接干預(yù)經(jīng)濟的政府通過參與公共項目和服務(wù)來間接干預(yù)。故D項為正確答案。其余三項文中均未提及。5.B 本題考查對政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟的措施的理解。A項“稅收和開支”、C項“收入補貼”以及D項“交通運輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)”都屬于政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟的措施。而B項“小型企業(yè)所有制”屬于經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域客觀存在的現(xiàn)象，并未涉及政府對其規(guī)定，因此并非政府實施的措施。故答案為B項。PassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedthefollowingpassage:MUSICALTALENTAmongalltheabilitieswithwhichanindividualmaybeendowed,musicaltalentappearsearliestinlife.Veryyoungchildrencanexhibitmusicalprecocityfordifferentreasons.Somedevelopexceptionalskillasaresultofawell-designedinstructionalregime,suchastheSuzukimethodfortheviolin.Somehavethegoodfortunetobebornintoamusicalfamilyinahouseholdfilledwithmusic.Inanumberofinterestingcases,musicaltalentispartofanotherwisedisablingconditionsuchasautismormentalretardation.Amusicallygiftedchildhasaninborntalent;however,theextenttowhichthetalentisexpressedpubliclywilldependupontheenvironmentinwhichthechildlives.Musicallygiftedchildrenmasteratanearlyagetheprincipalelementsofmusic,includingpitchandrhythm.Pitch—ormelody—ismorecentralincertaincultures,forexample,inEasternsocietiesthatmakeuseoftinyquarter-toneintervals.Rhythm,soundsproducedatcertainauditoryfrequenciesandgroupedaccordingtoaprescribedsystem,isemphasizedinsub-SaharanAfrica,wheretherhythmicratioscanbeverycomplex.Childrenhavesomeaptitudeformakingmusic.Duringinfancy,normalchildrensingaswellasbabble,andtheycanproduceindividualsoundsandsoundpatterns.Infantsasyoungastwomonthscanmatchtheirmother’ssongsinpitch,loudness,andmelodicshape,andinfantsatfourmonthscanmatchrhythmicstructureaswell.Infantsareespeciallypredisposedtoacquirethesecoreaspectsofmusic,andtheycanalsoengageinsoundplaythatclearlyexhibitscreativity.Individualdifferencesbegintoemergeinyoungchildrenastheylearntosing.Somechildrencanmatchlargesegmentsofasongbytheageoftwoorthree.Manyotherscanonlyapproximatepitchatthisageandmaystillhavedifficultyinproducingaccuratemelodiesbytheageoffiveorsix.However,bythetimetheyreachschoolage,mostchildreninanyculturehaveaschemaofwhatasongshouldbelikeandcanproduceareasonablyaccurateimitationofthesongscommonlyheardintheirenvironment.Theearlyappearanceofsuperiormusicalabilityinsomechildrenprovidesevidencethatmusicaltalentmaybeaseparateanduniqueformofintelligence.Therearenumeroustalesofyoungartistswhohavearemarkable“ear”orextraordinarymemoryformusicandanaturalunderstandingofmusicalstructure.Inmanyofthesecases,thechildisaverageineveryotherwaybutdisplaysanexceptionalabilityinmusic.Eventhemostgiftedchild,however,takesabouttenyearstoachievethelevelsofperformanceorcompositionthatwouldconstitutemasteryofthemusicalsphere.Everygenerationinmusichistoryhashaditsfamousprodigies—individualswithexceptionalmusicalpowersthatemergeatayoungage.Intheeighteenthcentury,WolfgangAmadeusMozartbegancomposingandperformingattheageofsix.Asachild,Mozartcouldplaythepianolikeanadult.Hehadperfectpitch,andatageninehewasalsoamasteroftheartofmodulation—transitionsfromonekeytoanother—whichbecameoneofthehallmarksofhisstyle.Bytheageofeleven,hehadcomposedthreesymphoniesand30othermajorworks.Mozart’swell-developedtalentwaspreservedintoadulthood.Unusualmusicalabilityisaregularcharacteristicofcertainanomaliessuchasautism.Inonecase,anautisticgirlwasabletoplay“HappyBirthday”inthestyleofvariouscomposers,includingMozart,Beethoven,Verdi,andSchubert.Whenthegirlwasthree,hermothercalledherbyplayingincompletemelodies,whichthechildwouldcompletewiththeappropriatetoneintheproperoctave.Fortheautisticchild,musicmaybetheprimarymodeofcommunication,andthechildmayclingtomusicbecauseitrepresentsahaveninaworldthatislargelyconfusingandfrightening.6.TheauthormakesthepointthatmusicalelementssuchaspitchandrhythmA.distinguishmusicfromotherartformsB.varyinemphasisindifferentculturesC.makemusicdifficulttolearnD.expressdifferenthumanemotions7.Accordingtothepassage,whendoesmusicaltalentusuallybegintoappear?A.WheninfantsstarttobabbleandproducesoundpatternsB.BetweentheagesoftwoandfourmonthsC.WhenchildrenlearntosingattwoorthreeyearsoldD.Betweentenyearsoldandadolescence8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingsuggeststhatmusicaltalentisaseparateformofintelligence?A.ExceptionalmusicalabilityinanotherwiseaveragechildB.RecognitionoftheemotionalpowerofmusicC.TheabilityofallbabiestoacquirecoreelementsofmusicD.Differencesbetweenlearningmusicandlearninglanguage9.AllofthefollowingaregivenasexamplesofexceptionalmusicaltalentEXCEPTA.aremarkable“ear”orperfectmemoryformusicB.abilitytocomposemajorworksatayoungageC.appreciationforawidevarietyofmusicalstylesD.playingasinglesonginthestyleofvariouscomposers10.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutexceptionalmusicalability?A.Itoccursmorefrequentlyinsomeculturesthaninothers.B.Itisevidenceofasuperiorlevelofintelligenceinotherareas.C.Itbasbeendocumentedandstudiedbutislittleunderstood.D.Itistheresultofnaturaltalentandasupportiveenvironment.【答案與解析】6.B 由關(guān)鍵詞“pitchandrhythm”可定位至文章第二段。第二、三句提到音高在某些文化中更加明顯，而撒哈拉以南地區(qū)的非洲地區(qū)則強調(diào)節(jié)奏。由此可知，音高和節(jié)奏因文化而異。故B項正確。其余三項文中均未提及。7.C 第四段第二句提到“一些兒童在兩、三歲時就能夠唱出歌曲的大部分內(nèi)容，而許多其他兒童在這個年紀只能大概掌握音高”，由此可知，兩、三歲這個時間段可以看出音樂天賦。故C項正確。A、B兩項敘述的都是兒童的一般情況。D項文中沒有提及。8.A 倒數(shù)第三段第一句提到“一些兒童在早期就展示出非凡的音樂能力可以證明音樂天賦可能是種獨立存在的特殊智力”，接著第三句提到“在許多情況下，孩子在其他各方面都很普通，但卻表現(xiàn)出特殊的音樂才能”，由此可知，其他各方面平庸但在音樂領(lǐng)域出眾可以表明音樂是種獨立存在的智力。因此，A項為正確答案。9.C 文章倒數(shù)第三段第二句提到A項；倒數(shù)第二段引用莫扎特的例子，呼應(yīng)B項；最后一段的自閉癥女孩的事例對應(yīng)D項。只有C項文中沒有提及。因此，本題應(yīng)選C項。10.D文章首段最后一句提到“有音樂才華的孩子確實天賦異稟；然而，天賦公眾于世的程度將取決于孩子生活的環(huán)境”，由此可知，優(yōu)秀的音樂能力是天賦和良好環(huán)境共同促成的。故應(yīng)選D項。文中僅提到音高和節(jié)奏因文化而異，并未說明音樂能力會因文化而異，因此A項錯誤。文章第一段和最后一段都提到有著特殊音樂天賦的孩子可能在其他方面不足，因此B項錯誤。C項文中沒有提及。PassageThreeQuestions11to15arebasedthefollowingpassage:THECOYOTEAllNorthAmericancanidshaveadoglikeappearancecharacterizedbyagracefulbody,longmuzzle,erectears,slenderlegs,andbushytail.Mostaresocialanimalsthattravelandhuntingroupsorpairs.Afteryearsofpersecutionbyhumans,thepopulationsofmostNorthAmericancanids,especiallywolvesandfoxes,havedecreasedgreatly.Thecoyote,however,hasthrivedalongsidehumans,increasinginbothnumbersandrange.Itscommonnamecomesfromcoyotl,thetermusedbyMexico’sNahuatlIndians,anditsscientificname,canislatrans,means“barkingdog”.Thecoyote’svocalizationsarevaried,butthemostdistinctivearegivenatdusk,dawn,orduringthenightandconsistofaseriesofbarksfollowedbyaprolongedhowlandendingwithshort,sharpyaps.Thiscallkeepsthebandalerttothelocationsofitsmembers.Onevoiceusuallypromptsotherstojoinin,resultinginthefamiliarchorusheardatnightthroughouttheWest.Thebestrunneramongthecanids,thecoyoteisabletoleapfourteenfeetandcruisenormallyat25-30milesperhour.Itisastrongswimmeranddoesnothesitatetoenterwaterafterprey.Infeeding,thecoyoteisanopportunist,eatingrabbits,mice,groundsquirrels,birds,snakes,insects,manykindsoffruit,andcarrion—whateverisavailable.Tocatchlargerprey,suchasdeerorantelope,thecoyotemayteamupwithoneortwoothers,runninginrelaystotirepreyorwaitinginambushwhileotherschasepreytowardit.Oftenabadgerservesasinvoluntarysupplierofsmallerprey:whileitdigsforrodentsatoneendoftheirburrow,thecoyotewaitsforanythatmayemceefromanescapeholeattheotherend.Predatorsofthecoyoteonceincludedthegrizzlyandblackbears,themountainlion,andthewolf,buttheirdecliningpopulationsmakethemnolongerathreat.Manisthemajorenemy,especiallysincecoyotepeltshavebecomeincreasinglyvaluable,yetthecoyotepopulationcontinuestogrow,despiteeffortsattrapping,shooting,andpoisoningtheanimals.11.Accordingtothepassage,thecoyoteisunlikeotherNorthAmericancanidsinwhatway?A.Thecoyote’sbodyisnotgraceful.B.Thecoyoteisnothuntedbyhumans.C.Thecoyotepopulationhasnotdecreased.D.Thecoyotedoesnotknowhowtoswim.12.Allofthefollowingstatementsdescribethecoyote’svocalizationsEXCEPTA.Vocalizationscommunicatethelocationsofothercoyotes.B.Thecoyoteusesitsdistinctivecalltotrickandcatchprey.C.Agroupofcoyoteswilloftenbarkandhowltogether.D.Thecoyote’sscientificnamereflectsitsmannerofvocalizing.13.Accordingtothepassage,thecoyoteisanopportunistbecauseitA.knowshowtoavoidbeingcapturedB.likestoteamupwithothercoyotesC.hasbetterluckthanotherpredatorsD.takesadvantageofcircumstances14.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpredatorofthecoyoteisA.thewolfB.themountainlionC.thehumanD.thegrizzlybear15.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTA.Thecoyoteisaseriousthreattohumanactivities.B.Thecoyoteisaskillfulandathleticpredator.C.Thecoyotehuntscooperativelywithothercoyotes.D.Thecoyotesurvivesdespitepersecutionbyhumans.【答案與解析】11.C 文章第一段最后一句提到“郊狼和人類一起發(fā)展壯大，在數(shù)量和種類上都有所增加”，由此可知，C項正確。文章第一句提到所有北美犬類都體形優(yōu)美，因此A項錯誤。文章最后一段提到人類對郊狼的捕殺，因此B項錯誤。文章第三段明確提到“郊狼會毫不猶豫地跳進水中捕獲獵物”，因此D項錯誤。12.B 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“vocalization”可定位至第二段。本段倒數(shù)第二句提到郊狼的叫聲讓整群狼注意到成員的位置，因此A項正確。由本段最后一句的“chorus”可知C項正確。文章第一句提到郊狼的學(xué)名叫canislatrans，意為“吠叫的狗”，因此D項正確。文中沒有明確指出郊狼用叫聲來誘捕獵物。因此，本題選B項。13.D 由關(guān)鍵詞“opportunist”可定位至倒數(shù)第二段。最后兩句介紹郊狼在捕獲獵物時的特性，它們會其他動物組成團隊，當(dāng)其他動物追趕獵物時，它們或接力追趕獵物或隱藏起來。這表示郊狼非常擅長審時度勢，利用環(huán)境創(chuàng)造優(yōu)勢。因此，本題選D項。A、C兩項文中沒有提及；文中只提到郊狼會和其他動物組成團隊，并未明確指出“喜歡組成團隊”，所以B項錯誤。14.C 由關(guān)鍵詞“predator”可定位至最后一段。第二句提到“人類現(xiàn)在成為（郊狼）主要敵人”，由此可知，郊狼的主要掠奪者是人類。其余三項均是郊狼曾經(jīng)的掠奪者。故A項正確。15.A 由文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句可知，郊狼擅長奔跑，因此B項正確。由倒數(shù)第二段第二句中的“teamup”可知C項正確。文章最后一句提到“郊狼數(shù)量繼續(xù)增加，盡管人類努力對其進行設(shè)陷捕捉、槍殺和下毒”，因此D項正確。只有A項文中沒有提及。故答案為A項。PassageFourQuestions16to20arebasedthefollowingpassage:FACTORSTHATINFLUENCETIDESTidesareanaturalphenomenoninvolvingthealternatingriseandfallintheearth’slargebodiesofwatercausedbythegravitationalpullofthemoonandthesun.Thecombinationofthesetwovariableforcesproducesthecomplexrecurrentcycleofthetides.Tidesmayoccurinbothoceansandseas,toalimitedextentinlargelakes,theatmosphere,andtoaveryminutedegree,intheearthitself.Theforcethatgeneratestidesresultsfromtheinteractionoftwoforces:thecentrifugalforceproducedbytherevolutionoftheeartharoundthecenter-of-gravityoftheearth-moonsystem;andthegravitationalattractionofthemoonactingupontheearth’swaters.Althoughthemoonisonly238,852milesfromtheearth,comparedwiththesun’smuchgreaterdistanceof92,956,000miles,themoon’scloserdistanceoutranksitsmuchsmallermass,andthusthemoon’stide-raisingforceismorethantwicethatofthesun.Thetide-generatingforcesofthemoonandsuncauseamaximumaccumulationofthewatersoftheoceansattwooppositepositionsontheearth’ssurface.Atthesametime,compensatingamountsofwateraredrawnfromallpoints90degreesawayfromthesetidalbulges.Astheearthrotates,asequenceoftwohightidesandtwolowtidesisproducedeachday.Successivehightidesoccuronanaverageof12.4hoursapart.Hightideatanygivenlocationoccurswhenthemoonisoverheadandlowtidewhenitisateitherhorizon.Thehighestandlowestlevelsofhightide,calledspringtideandneaptide,eachoccurtwiceineverylunarmonthofabout27.5days.Aspringtideoccursatthenewmoonandatthefullmoon,whenthemoonandeartharelinedupwiththesun,andthusthemoon’spullisreinforcedbythesun’spull.Atspringtide,thedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesisthegreatest.Aneaptide,thelowestlevelofhightide,occurswhenthesun-to-earthdirectionisatrightanglestothemoon-to-earthdirection.Whenthishappens,thegravitationalforcesofthemoonandsuncounteracteachother;thus,themoon’spullisatminimumstrengthandthedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesistheleast.Springandneaptidesatanygivenlocationhavearangeofabout20percentmoreorless,respectively,thantheaveragehightide.Theverticalrangeoftides—thedifferencebetweenhighandlow—variesaccordingtothesize,surfaceshape,andbottomtopographyofthebasininwhichtidalmovementoccurs.IntheopenwateroftheCentralPacific,therangeisnomorethanaboutafoot;intherelativelysmall,shallowNorthSea,itisabout12feet.AlongthenarrowchanneloftheBayofFundyinNovaScotia,thedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesmayreach45feetunderspringtideconditions—theworld’swidesttidalrange.AtNewOrleans,whichisatthemouthoftheMississippiRiver,theperiodicriseandfallofthetidesvarieswiththeriver’sstage,beingaboutteninchesatlowstageandzeroathigh.Ineverycase,actualhighorlowtidecanvaryconsiderablyfromtheaverage.Severalfactorsaffecttidalranges,includingabruptchangesinatmosphericpressureorprolongedperiodsofextremehighorlowpressure.Theyarealsoinfluencedbythedensityandvolumeofseawater,variationsinocean-currentvelocities,earthquakes,andthegrowingorshrinkingoftheworld’sglaciers.Infact,anyofthesefactorsalonecanaltersealevel.Thegreaterandmorerapidthechangeofwaterlevel,thegreatertheerosiveeffectofthetidalaction,andthusintheamountofmaterialtransportedanddepositedontheshore.16.Accordingtothepassage,theforcethatgeneratestidesontheearthisA.thegravitationalpulloftheearth’scoreB.thesameforcethatgeneratestidesonthemoonC.abruptchangesinatmosphericpressureD.acombinationofgravityandcentrifugalforce17.Accordingtothepassage,themoonA.hasagreatermassthanthesunB.isfartherfromtheearththanthesunC.hasagravitationalpulltowardthesunD.affectstidesmorethanthesundoes18.What