修辭學(xué)-修辭手段課件

RhetoricalDevices(修辭手段)語體文體修辭學(xué)：（Stylistics）語體部分研究語言在不同的交際領(lǐng)域中所形成的功能分化，如科技語體、公文語體、新聞?wù)Z體、法律語體、口語語體等；文體部分則研究文學(xué)語言與風(fēng)格，包括個(gè)人風(fēng)格與時(shí)代、流派風(fēng)格。

人文修辭學(xué)：（Rhetoric）重點(diǎn)研究控制讀者或聽者反應(yīng)的技巧，具體包括：語言符號(hào)在各種交際活動(dòng)中的影響力，深化認(rèn)識(shí)和影響感情的手段，勸說的各種論辯技巧，表達(dá)內(nèi)容與表達(dá)方式之間的關(guān)系等。RhetoricalDevices語體文體修辭學(xué)：（Sty1Parallelism.

Youbeginorendaseriesofclausesorsentenceswiththesamewords,inordertoemphasizeasimilarityorparallelismintheideasbeingstated.

Withcalmconfidencewebeganthespeechcourse.Withcalmconfidencewedideachexercise,gaveeachspeech,tookeachexam.Withcalmconfidenceweawaitourfinalgrades.Parallelism.2Parallelism.

Fondlydowehope,ferventlydowepray,thatthismightyscourgeofwarmayspeedilypassaway.

Youareright.ButyourpatchisnotbigenoughParallelism.3Periodicsentence(掉尾句，圓周句).Whenaspeakerwantstoarousemildcuriosityandthensatisfyitwithasenseofnaturalfinishwithinasentence,hecanmaketheclimaxofmeaningandtheendofthesentencecoincide.Toimpartanimpressionofcrispcontrolinspeakingweuseperiodicsentences.Inanycase,avoidtheindefiniteloosesentence,inwhichevenshiftsinthinkingareconnectedby“anduh”—asifthespeakerfearedhislifemustendwiththeendofthesentence.Attheendofthesentence,stop.Thenstartthenextsentence.Periodicsentencesachieveforcefulnessbysuspense.Theessentialelementsinthesentencesarewithhelduntiltheend.YesterdaywhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetI

methim.

AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.Periodicsentence(掉尾句，圓周句4NextcametheCourtofWomen,followedbytheCourtofIsraelites,theCourtofthePriestsand,aboveall,themassivesacrificialaltar.Tothisshouldbeaddedafaithfulcollectionoftherevenue,astrictaccountabilitytotheTreasuryforeverydollarcollected,andthegreatestpracticableretrenchmentinexpenditureineverydepartmentofGovernment.NextcametheCourtofWomen,5

Ellipsis.Ingivingaseriesofdetails,youcanproduceagreatersenseofenergyorurgencybyleavingout“and”orothergrammaticallynormalwords.

“Theabandoneddogwasstarved,flea-ridden,scared.”“Hehadaquick,sarcasticmind;amasteroftheput-down.”

Theaudienceparticipatedbymentallyfillinginthemissingwords,suchas“hewas”inthemiddleofthelattersentence.

Ellipsis.Ingivingaseri6Metaphor(暗喻):Oneobjectislikenedtoanotherbyspeakingofitasifitwerethatother.

Theworldisastage.Thedevice’subiquitouseye,sensingwherepeopleareatalltimes.“Thesemagicalbeasts”,astheyhavebeencalled,areassistinghassled,oftenincompetentteachers.Metaphor(暗喻):Oneobjectisl7Metonymy（換喻）:

Thenameofonethingisappliedtoanotherthingwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.HaveyoureadmuchShakespeare?TheEnglishsimplyworshipthecrown.ForthewonderandthehorroroftheWebisnotthatittakesyououtintotheworld;onthecontrary,itbringstheworldintoyourhome.Metonymy（換喻）:Thenameofone8Allusion（典故/引喻）:

itisacasualmentionoranindirectreferencetosomeperson,fact,idea,event,eitherhistoricalorfictional.Thepurposeistomakeorarouseassociationandvividimagination.

ThosesamekidsonlinearejustafewkeystrokesawayfromPandora’sharddrive.Itjustmakesitforbiddenfruit.Themicroelectronicrevolutionpromisestosimplifylifeinwaysundreamedofevenbytheutopians.Allusion（典故/引喻）:itisacasu9Parody（模仿）:usingthewords,thought,orstyleofanauthor,butbyaslightchangeadaptingthemtoanewpurposeorridiculouslyinappropriatesubject;theimitationorexaggerationoftraitsofstylesoastomakethemappearludicrous.Britanniaruesthewaves(comesfromawell-knownline,”BritanniaRulestheWaves”,ofthefamousBritishnavysong)BraveNewWeb(fromHuxley’sBraveNewWorld)Parody（模仿）:usingthewords,t10Synecdoche

(提喻/舉隅):

Apartofsomethingisusedforthewholeorthewholeforthepart.Weneed20handstobuildthepool.Howmanyheadswerecountedatthedance.ThistidalwaveofdownloadingstretchedtheseamsofbothAOLandMSNBC.Synecdoche(提喻/舉隅):Apartof11Onomatopoeia(擬聲）:

Awordresemblesthesounditdescribesortheuseofwordsthatsuggesttheirmeaningwhenpronounced.E.g.Thebuzzingofthebeeswasamagicsound....theNaziwarmachine,withitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers,…Simile（明喻）:

twounlikethingsarecompared,thecomparisonbeingmakebytheuseoftheintroducinglikeoras.

E.g.Childhoodislikeaswiftlypassingdream.Iseethedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.Onomatopoeia(擬聲）:Awordres12Euphemism（委婉）:

itistheconveyingofaharshoranunpleasanttruthgently.E.g.die---passaway;depart;gotoheavenstupidpeople---slowlearnerIrony（反話）:

isafigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsayingonethingbutmeaningtheopposite.Euphemism（委婉）:itistheconve13

Beginningtwoormorewordsinaserieswiththesamesoundisanoveltythathasmildinteresteffect.

Webeganourtripinacarthatwasarusty,rattlingwreck.Heavyuseofalliterationcallsattentiontoitself,butcan,likeacatchyjingle,helpmakeanideamemorable:

Myopponentforofficeisacornered,conniving,con-artist.Alliteration（頭韻）.Beginningtwoormorewordsi14Rhetoricalquestion（反詰）.

Thespeakerintheprecedingexamplemighthaveasked,“Doyouwanttoelectacowardlycon-artist?”towhichpresumablythelistenersmentallyanswer,no.Whenaquestionisusedasatransitionaldevice,thespeakerusuallyalsoprovidestheanswer.Intheuseofarhetoricalquestion,however,theaudienceisexpectedtosupply,mentally,thefairlyobviousanswer.thelistenersbecomeactivelyinvolved,andthusmoreinterested,inasortofmentaldialoguewiththespeaker.Bymentallysupplyingtheanticipatedanswerstothespeaker’squestions,audiencesalsomayhelppersuadethemselves.

Areyounotmoreeasilyconvincedifyouthinkyouaredecidingtheanswersyourself?Rhetoricalquestion（反詰）.154.Antithesis(對(duì)照).

Thiscanbeusedwhenyouwanttostressthecontrastoroppositionbetweentwoideas.Theclausesorsentencesinwhichtheopposingideasarestatedaresimilartoeachotherinstructure.Thissimilarityinstructurefocusesthelistener’sattentiononthedirectcontrastinideas.Twocontrastedwords,phrasesorideasarebalanced.

Afriendexaggeratesaman’svirtues,anenemyhis

crime.

Dumbcarbuyerslookatthepaintjob.Smartcarbuyerslookatthepowertrain.4.Antithesis(對(duì)照).16Repetition:sayingthesamethingagain,thoughperhapswithadifferencee.g.Theydieforliberty;theydieforus.

Themoreyouwrite,themoreyoucanwrite.Repetition:sayingthesamet17Sarcasmis

acuttingremark,averbalsneer.Sarcasmpretendstodisguiseitsmeaning,butdoesnotintendtobemisunderstood.“Oh,you’rereallyagreatfriend,aren’tyou?”(addressedtoonewhowon’tlendthespeaker5yuan.)Satire

Itgenerallyreferstoapieceofliterarywork-prose,poetryordrama--generallynottoasinglesentence.Itusesridiculetoexposeandtojudgebehaviororideasthatsatiristfindsfoolish,orwicked,orboth.Ridicule

is

instanceofbeingmadefunofBryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.

Sarcasmisacuttingremark,a18Transferredepithet(轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞):afigureofspeechinwhichanadjectiveordescriptivephraseistransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodifytoanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong,mostcommonlyfromapersontoathingoranidea.e.g.Icannotforgetthehappydaysofmychildhood.Amurderousknife(aknifeusedbyamurdererorapersonwiththatintention);Acarelessshoe-string(ashoe-stringtiredinacarelessmanner).Transferredepithet(轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞):a19TransferredEpithet（修飾語移置；或稱移就）afigureofspeechinwhichtheepithetistransferredfromtheappropriatenountomodifyanothertowhichitdoesnotreallybelong.Commonexamplesare:asleeplessnight;thecondemnedcell;ahappyday.Itisaverycommonpoeticdevice,asintheselinesfromPartOneofT.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLand:

Winterkeptaswarm,coveringEarthinforgetfulsnow,feedingAlittlelifewithdriedtubers.Clearly,thesnowisnot“forgetful”,butratherconceals,muffles,“shrouds”theearth,sothatforatimeweforgetwhattheearthlookslike.TransferredEpithet（修飾語移置；或稱20Examplesoftransferredepithet:1.Hecrasheddownonaprotestingchair.(portesting常說明人的行為，此移用來修飾具體事物chair，意為：椅子……好像在提抗議似的.)2.Afteranunthinkingmoment,Iputmypenintomymouth.(unthinking常修飾人，此移用來修飾抽象的moment)3.Allthetimethecreepingfearthathewouldnevercomebacktohergrewstrongerwithinher.(creeping可表示人的動(dòng)作，此移用來修飾抽象的fear)4.Darrowwalkedslowlyroundthebakingcourt.(baking本指烤面包，此移用來修飾court，意為“氣氛緊張，異常悶熱的法庭。)5.Hansshruggedascornfulshoulder.(scornful本用來描寫人的心理狀態(tài)，此移用來修飾shoulder.)修辭學(xué)-修辭手段ppt課件21Oxymoron(矛盾修飾法):afigureofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceanepigrammiceffect,suchasawisefool;cruelkindness;bittersweet;victoriousdefeat;sweetsorrow.e.g.1.thegloriousmessinessofEnglish:“glorious”and“messiness”areapparentlycontradictoryinmeaning,butthephrasemakesgoodsensehere.Thiskindofrhetoricaldeviceiscalledoxymoron.2.Intimatestrangers:anexpressionofoxymoron,meaning“peoplewethinkweknowyetactuallywedon’t”.Oxymoron(矛盾修飾法):afigureof22

Hyperbole(夸張法)：isaconsciousexaggerationforthesakeofemphasis,notintendedtobeunderstoodliterally.Thewaveranmountainhigh.修辭學(xué)-修辭手段ppt課件23Irony

isafigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsayingonethingbutmeaningtheopposite.反語，就是說反話。通常使用與本意相反的詞語表達(dá)其本意。多數(shù)情況下用于批判和揭露，可以使表達(dá)具有諷刺、辛辣、幽默的效果，增強(qiáng)文章的感染力。1.Thishard-workingboyseldomreadsmor