沉默教學(xué)法(英語(yǔ))課件

TheSilentWayTheSilentWay1WhatistheSilentWay?

ItisthenameofalanguageteachingmethoddevisedbyDr.CalebGattegno.WhatistheSilentWay?

Itis2Background

Americaneducator,CalebGattegno

createdinthe70s,1983.Basicprinciple:Teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning.

Teachingistoservelearningprocessratherthantodominateit.Learnersareactivelysearchingforrulesofthetargetlanguageregardingtothelearnerinthecognitiveapproach.BackgroundAmericaneducat3Errorssignsthatstudentswereactivelytestingtheirhypotheses.NoEnglishteachingmethodsaredirectlyfromcognitiveapproach,butanumberofinnovativemethodsemerged.Thesilentwayisoneofthem.BackgroundErrorssignsthatstudents4Duringtheprocessofteaching,

theteacherhastobesilentasmuch

astheycould,butthelearnerhasto

beencouragedtoproduceasmuch

languageaspossible.

Duringtheprocessofteaching5TheapproachiscalledtheSilentWaybecausetheteacherremainsmainlysilent,togivestudentsthespacetheyneedtolearntotalk.Inthisapproach,itisassumedthatthestudents'previousexperienceoflearningfromtheirmothertonguewillcontributetolearningthenewforeignlanguage.Theacquisitionofthemothertonguebringsawarenessofwhatlanguageisandthisisretainedinsecondlanguagelearning.Theawarenessofwhatlanguageisincludestheuseofnon-verbalcomponentsoflanguagesuchasintonation,melody,breathing,inflection,theconventionofwriting,andthecombinationsoflettersfordifferentsounds.Rods,pictures,objectsorsituationsareaidsusedforlinkingsoundsandmeaningsintheSilentWay.TheapproachiscalledtheSil6ThecoloredCuisenairerods奎西奈彩色棒

onepointerThecoloredCuisenairerods奎西奈7Theteacherusescharts,gestures,andmanipulativestoelicitandshapestudentresponsesandsomustbebothfacileandcreativeasapantomimistandpuppeteer.

Withintheatmosphereofsilence,learnerswouldconcentrateonthetasktobeaccomplishedandthepotentialmeanstoitsaccomplishment.Theteacherusescharts,gestu8Learnersgoontocreatetheirownutterances

byputtingtogetheralltheinformationtheyhave.

Learnersonlyhavethemselvesandthegrouptorelyon,

andtheyneedtoworkcooperativelyratherthan

competitively.Learnersgoontocreatetheir9Thoughteachersmodelingisminimal,learnersare

expectedtodevelopindependence,autonomy,

andresponsibility.

Theabsenceofcorrectionandrepeatedmodelingfromteachersrequirestudentstodevelop“innercriteria”andtocorrectthemselvesandtheirpeers.Thoughteachersmodelingismi10Goals:A.Studentsshouldbeabletousethelanguageforself-expression.B.Studentsneedtodeveloptheirowninnercriteriaforcorrectnessbyeachotherorthemselveswithoutthedependenceoftheteacher.Goals:A.Studentsshouldbeab11TechniquesandPrinciples:

teachingshouldbesubordinatedtolearning

Student-teacherinteraction:‘Theteacherworkswiththestudent;thestudentworksonthelanguage.’——GattegnoTechniquesandPrinciples:

t12TechniquesandPrinciples:1.Teacher’sroles:A.Startwithsomethingthestudentshavealreadyknownandbuildfromthattotheunknown.B.Asatechnicianorengineer:Theteacherisasilenthelperwhoonlygiveswhathelpisnecessary.C.Respecttheautonomyofthelearnersintheirattemptsatrelatingandinteractingwiththenewchallenges.TechniquesandPrinciples:A.S13TechniquesandPrinciples:2.Student’sroles:A.MakeuseofwhattheyknowB.FreethemselvesofanyobstaclesthatwouldinterferewithgivingtheirutmostattentiontothelearningtaskC.Activelyengageinexploringthelanguage.TechniquesandPrinciples:A.M14TechniquesandPrinciples:3.PeercorrectionStudentsareencouragedtohelpanotherstudentwhenheorsheisexperiencingdifficulty.

TechniquesandPrinciples:Stud15TechniquesandPrinciples:4.Self-correctiongesturesTheteacherwillusesomegesturestodirectthestudents.TechniquesandPrinciples:The16TechniquesandPrinciples:5.StructuredfeedbackA.Studentslearntotakeresponsibilityfortheirownlearningbybecomingawareofandecontrollinghowtheyusecertainlearningstrategiesinclass.B.Theteacheracceptsthestudents’commentsinanondefensivemanner.C.Thiswillgivehimdirectionforwheretoworkonnext.TechniquesandPrinciples:A.S17Someusesofcoloredrods

Someusesofcoloredrods18Thisisachartcontainingacertainnumberofdifferentcolouredrectangles;eachcolourcorrespondstoasoundinthelanguage.Thisisachartcontainingac19TheFidelisasetofchartspresentingallthepossiblespellingsofeachsoundofthelanguage.TheFidelisasetofchartsp20Oneofthe12wordchartsonwhichthefunctionalwordsofthelanguageareprintedincolor.Oneofthe12wordchartsonw21Culture:Cultureisaninseparablepartoflanguage.Languagereflectsculture.Everydaylife,art,literature.etc.shouldbelearnt.Culture:Cultureisaninsepara22Culture:Stop!Pleaserepeat

onewordperfinger

Openwider,please!Culture:Stop!Pleaserepeaton23ComparisonwiththetraditionalteachingmethodsTraditionalteachingmethodsstronglyfocusonrepetitionofsentencesmodeledbytheteacher,andaprocessthroughguidedelicitationexercisestofreercommunication.

Comparisonwiththetraditiona24IntheSilentWay,theindirectroletheteacherisrequiredtoassumeindirectingandmonitoringlearnerperformance,theresponsibilityplacedonlearnerstofigureoutandtesttheirhypothesesabouthowthelanguageswork.ComparisonwiththetraditionalteachingmethodsIntheSilentWay,theindirec25Next…Next…26Thesilentway

AdvantagesDisadvantagesConclusionThesilentwayAdvantages27

Advantages√Thismethodfosterscooperativelearningbetweenindividuals.√Itembodiesanewapproachtoeducationingeneral,arespectfortheindividualandanawarenessoftheindividual’sextraordinarycognitivepowers.Advantages√Thismethodfoste28Advantages√Ifitissucceededtoteachthelanguagebyusingtherodswithoutrepeatingtoomuch,itwillreallysavetimeandenergyforbothteachersstudents.TheadvocatesoftheSilentWayclaimthattheshort-termmemoryisusedartificiallybutwell.Theself-esteemofthestudentswillbeincreasedandthiswillenhancelearning.Bythiswaystudentswillsay‘IlearnedinsteadofIwastaughtwell.Advantages√Ifitissucceeded29Disadvantages√ItwouldseemnecessaryforateachertogainagooddealoftrainingandskillinordertoapplytheSilentWaytotheteachingofatotalgrammarinallitscomplexity,ifsuchabroadapplicationis,infact,possible.Disadvantages√Itwouldseem30Disadvantages√Thismethodcanbebenefitedbytheteacheronlyinsmallgroupsofstudents.Theteachercangainabilityinthismethodbytrying.Theteacherisexpectedtoenrichthematerialsonhis/herown.√Forsometeacherstherigidityofthesystem(norepetitionsbytheteacher,noanswersbytheteacheretc.)maybemeaningless.Disadvantages√Thismethodcan31Disadvantages√Forsomelearners,onelimitationistheapproachtolanguagebasicswhichbeginswithseeminglyirrelevantdiscussionsaboutrodsandwhichinvolvessilenceandconcentrationandgameswiththeteacheraboutmeaning.Students’expectationsandneedforimmediatelyrelevantlanguagelearningmayforceteacherstoabandontheapproachDisadvantages√Forsomelearne32Disadvantages√Howsuchamethodwouldintheaverageclassroomsituation,orhowsuccessfullyitmightbeusedatmoreadvancedlevelsisaquestionmarkleftinourminds.√Languageisseparatedfromitssocialcontextandtaughtthroughartificialsituationsusuallybyrods.Disadvantages√Howsuchameth33ConclusionDespitethephilosophicalandsometimesalmostmetaphysicalqualityofmuchofGattegno'swritings,theactualpracticesoftheSilentWayaremuchlessrevolutionarythan