可持續(xù)建筑(綠色建筑)外文翻譯文獻

可持續(xù)建筑(綠色建筑)外文翻譯文獻文獻信息：文獻標題：IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutions（可持續(xù)建筑中的問題及可能的解決方案）國外作者：FatimaGhani文獻出處：《InternationalJournalofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering》,2012,12（1）,p21-24字數(shù)統(tǒng)計：英文1985單詞，11317字符；中文3460漢字外文文獻：IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutionsAbstract—Thegrowingconcernwithenvironmentalandecologicalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious’,‘Ecofriendly’,‘energyefficient’buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerissustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatiblebuildingdesigns.Sustainablearchitecturealsoreferredasgreenarchitectureisadesignthatusesnaturalbuildingmaterialse.g.earth,wood,stoneetc(notinvolvingpollutioninitstreatment)thatareenergyefficientandthatmakelittleornoimpactonthenatureofasiteanditsresources.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Italsoconsiderspossiblesolutionsrelatedtotheseissues.IndexTerms—Sustainable,Green,Architecture,Building,Design.Efficiency.I.INTRODUCTIONThewords"Green","Ecological"and"Sustainable"aretermsusedbyenvironmentaliststoindicatemodesofpractice.Fromglobaleconomicstohouseholdfeaturesthesepracticesminimizeourimpactontheenvironmentandgenerateahealthyplaceofliving.Inadeepersensethewordsinvolveastowhatcanbedonetohealandregeneratetheearth'sabilitytobearlife.PrinciplesofEnvironmentallyOrientedDesignInArchitecturetherearemanywaysabuildingmaybe"green"andrespondtothegrowingenvironmentalproblemsofourplanet.Sustainablearchitecturecanbepracticedstillmaintainingefficiency,beauty,layoutsandcosteffectiveness.Therearefivebasicareasofanenvironmentallyorienteddesign.TheyareHealthyInteriorEnvironment,EnergyEfficiency,EcologicalBuildingMaterials,BuildingFormandGoodDesign.HealthyInteriorEnvironment:Ithastobewellinsuredthatbuildingmaterialsandsystemsuseddonotemittoxicunhealthygasesandsubstancesinthebuiltspaces.Furtherextracarsandmeasuresaretobetakentoprovidemaximumlevelsoffreshairandadequateventilationtotheinteriorenvironment.EnergyEfficiency:Ithastobewellensuredthatthebuilding'suseofenergyisminimized.ThevariousHVACsystemsandmethodsofconstructionetc.shouldbesodesignedthatenergyconsumptionisminimal.EcologicalBuildingMaterials:Asfaraspossibletheuseofbuildingmaterialsshouldbefromrenewablesourceshavingrelativelysafesourcesofproduction.BuildingForm:Thebuildingformshouldrespondtothesite,region,climateandthematerialsavailabletherebygeneratingaharmonybetweentheinhabitantsandthesurroundings.GoodDesign:Structure&MaterialandAestheticsarethebasicparametersofdefiningdesign.Theyshouldbesointegratedthatthefinaloutcomeisawellbuilt,convenientandabeautifullivingspace.TheseprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncompriseyetanothermeaningfulandenvironmentalbuildingapproachcalledGreenorSustainabledesign.Architectsshouldusetheircreativityandperceptiontocorrelatetheseprinciplestogeneratelocallyappropriatestrategies,materialsandmethodskeepinginmindthateveryregionshouldemploydifferentgreenstrategies.B.DefinitionSustainabilitymeans'tohold'upor'tosupportfrombelow'.Itreferstotheabilityofasociety,ecosystemoranysuchongoingsystem,tocontinuefunctioningintotheindefinitefuture(withoutbeingforcedintodeclinethroughexhaustionofkeyresources).Sustainablearchitectureinvolvesacombinationofvalues:aesthetic,environmental,social,politicalandmoral.It'saboutone'sperceptionandtechnicalknowledgetoengageinacentralaspectofthepracticei.e.todesignandbuildinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itisthedutyofanarchitecttothinkrationallyaboutacombinationofissueslikesustainability,durability,longevity,appropriatematerialsandsenseofplace.Thepresentenvironmentalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchfor‘energyconscious’,‘Ecofriendly’,‘energyefficient’buildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerisasustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatible.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Themainfocusofthepaperisonsustainablearchitecture-itsneed,solutionsandimpactonthefuture.II.NEEDSANDISSUESTheecologicalcrisistodayisveryseriousandtilldatemuchofthedebatestillfocusesonthesymptomsratherthanthecauses.Asaresultthereisanurgentneedtoemphasizeandworkoutthebestpossibleapproachtowardsenvironmentalprotectiontherebyminimizingfurtherdegradation.Architecturepresentsauniquechallengeinthefieldofsustainability.Constructionprojectstypicallyconsumelargeamountsofmaterials,producetonsofwaste,andofteninvolveweighingthepreservationofbuildingsthathavehistoricalsignificanceagainstthedesireforthedevelopmentofnewer,moremoderndesigns.Sustainabledevelopmentisonesuchmeasure,whichpresentsanapproachthatcanlargelycontributetoenvironmentalprotection.AstrikingbalancebetweenEnvironmentalprotectionandSustainabledevelopmentisadifficultanddelicatetask.Sustainabledesignisthethoughtfulintegrationofarchitecturewithelectrical,mechanical,andstructuralengineering.Inadditiontoconcernforthetraditionalaestheticsofmassing,proportion,scale,texture,shadow,andlight,thefacilitydesignteamneedstobeconcernedwithlongtermcosts:environmental,economic,andhumanasshowninFigure1.III.CONCEPTANDRELEVANCEOFSUSTAINABLEARCHITECTUREInthepresentdayscenariotheideaandconceptofSustainableArchitecture/Developmentisrelevantinthelightofthefollowingtwoaspects:a)EcologicalandEnvironmentalcrisisb)ImminentdisastersandtheirmanagementSomeofthemajorcauses,whichgreatlycontributetothesetwoaspects,canbelistedas:RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization:TheconsequencesofthiscanfurtherleadtoPopulationexplosion,Geologicaldepositsofsewageandgarbage,Unsustainablepatternsofliving&development,Environmentaldegradation(pollutionofair,water,soiletc,foodwebdisruption).Thussustainableurbandevelopmentiscrucialtoimprovethelivesofurbanpopulationsandtheremainderoftheplanet.Bothpeopleandecosystemsimpacteduponbytheiractivities.NaturalCalamities:Naturalcalamitieslikevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes,flood,famineetc.whicharebeingfurtheraggravatedbymankindaddtothelistofotherilleffectslikeatomicexplosion,greenhouseeffect,ozonedepletionetc.Sustainabledesignattemptstohaveanunderstandingofthenaturalprocessesaswellastheenvironmentalimpactofthedesign.Makingnaturalcyclesandprocessesvisible,bringthedesignedenvironmentbacktolife.DepletionofNon-renewablesources:Rapiddepletionofnon-renewablesourcesisleadingtoseriousissuesrelatedtoenergy&waterconservationetc.Thustherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockcancontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumptionandimprovingenvironmentalquality.IV.SOLUTIONSA.SustainableConstructionSustainableconstructionisdefinedas"thecreationandresponsiblemanagementofahealthybuiltenvironmentbasedonresourceefficientandecologicalprinciples".Sustainabledesignedbuildingsaimtolessentheirimpactonourenvironmentthroughenergyandresourceefficiency."Sustainablebuilding"maybedefinedasbuildingpractices,whichstriveforintegralquality(includingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperformance)inaverybroadway.Thus,therationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockwillcontributetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumption(energyconservation),andimprovingenvironmentalquality.Sustainablebuildinginvolvesconsideringtheentirelifecycleofbuildings,takingenvironmentalquality,functionalqualityandfuturevaluesintoaccountenvironmentalinitiativesoftheconstructionsectorandthedemandsofusersarekeyfactorsinthemarket.Governmentswillbeabletogiveaconsiderableimpulsetosustainablebuildingsbyencouragingthesedevelopments.FurtherthevariousenergyrelatedissuesduringthedifferentphasesintheconstructionofbuildingscanbeunderstoodwithrespecttothechartshowninFigure2.B.EnvironmentallyFriendlyHousesFollowingthefivebasicprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncanleadtotheconstructionofwhatcanbecalledasEnvironmentallyFriendlyHouse.Anenvironmentallyfriendlyhouseisdesignedandbuilttobeintunewithitsoccupants,nature,environmentandecosystem.Itisdesignedandbuiltaccordingtotheregionitislocatedin,keepinginmindtheclimate,material,availabilityandbuildingpractices.Thebasicareasofdesignneedtobeconsideredatthisstagecanbelistedas:OrientationReduceEnergyGainorLossLightingResponsibleLandscapingWasteManagementExternalVentilationC.GreenBuildingAgreenbuildingplacesahighpriorityonhealth,environmentalandresourceconservationperformanceoveritslifecycle.Thesenewprioritiesexpandandcomplementtheclassicalbuildingdesignconcerns:economy,utility,durabilityanddelight.Greendesignemphasizeanumberofnewenvironmental,resourceandoccupanthealthconcerns:Reducehumanexposuretonoxiousmaterials.Conservenon-renewableenergyandscarcematerials.Minimizelifecycleecologicalimpactofenergyandmaterialsused.Userenewableenergyandmaterialsthataresustainableharvested.Protectandrestorelocalair,water,soil,flora&faunaSupportpedestrian,bicycles,masstransitandotheralternativestofossil-fueledvehicles.Mostgreenbuildingsarehighqualitybuildingstheylastlonger,costlesstooperateandmaintainandprovidegreateroccupantsatisfactionthanstandarddevelopment.D.GreenRoofs&PorousPavementsAsalreadydiscussedtherapidurbanizationandindustrializationisresultinginextensivedeforestationasaresultthegreenareasarebeingcoveredwithpavementsandconcrete.Therainwaterthatnaturallyseepsthroughlandcoveredwithvegetationandtreesnowjustrunoff,therebyleadingtoamajorenvironmentalimbalanceintermsofgroundwater.ThisproblemcanbesolvedtoagreatextentwiththehelpoftheconstructionofGreenRoofsandPorousPavements.Greenroofs&porouspavementspresentauniquemethodofgroundwaterconservation.Vegetationtoholdwateronrooftops,andpavementthatletsitpercolateinthegroundaresomeofthelatestwaysthatcansavewatertables.Visuallywhatmightcomeacrossmaybearoofsproutedwithplantsandaparkinglotthatdrainswaterlikeasieve-probablythelatestingroundwaterconservation.E.BuildingMaterialsTonsofmaterialsincludingtimbergointobuildingconstruction.Therearethreeprincipalapproachestoimprovethematerialefficiencyofbuildingconstruction:Reducingtheamountofmaterialusedinconstruction.Usingrecycledmaterialsthatotherwisewouldhavebeenwaste.Reducingwastegenerationintheconstructionprocess.Furtherasfaraspossiblesustainableharvestedbuildingmaterialsandfinishesshouldbeusedwithlowtoxicityinmanufacturingandinstallation.V.CONCLUSIONSSustainabilityoftenisdefinedasmeetingtheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Agrowingnumberofpeoplearecommittedtoreachingthisgoalbymodifyingpatternsofdevelopmentandconsumptiontoreducedemandonnaturalresourcesuppliesandhelppreserveenvironmentalquality.Achievinggreatersustainabilityinthefieldofconstructionisparticularlyimportant,becausebuildingconstructionconsumesmoreenergyandresourcesthananyothereconomicactivity.Notonlydoesahomerepresentthelargestfinancialinvestmentafamilyislikelytomake,butitalsorepresentsthemostresource-andenergy-intensivepossessionmostpeoplewilleverown.Makinghomesmoresustainable,then,hasatremendouspotentialtocontributetotheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Sustainablehousingdesignisamultifacetedconcept,embracing:AffordabilityMarketabilityAppropriatedesignResourceefficiencyEnergyefficiencyDurabilityComfortHealthAsadevelopedsocietyweshouldnotundermineourresourcebase,theassimilativecapacityofoursurroundingsorthebioticstocksonwhichourfuturedepends.Asasustainablesocietyoureffortsshouldconsistofalong-termandintegratedapproachtodevelopingandachievingahealthycommunity.Weshouldrealizethattheproblemsassociatedwithsustainabledevelopmentareglobalasaresulttheissuesneedworldwideattention.Ifweworktogetherwecanbringchangefaster.中文譯文：可持續(xù)建筑中的問題及可能的解決方案摘要——越來越多地關注環(huán)境和生態(tài)條件已經引起了人們對“節(jié)能意識”、“友好生態(tài)”、“高效節(jié)能”的建筑設計的討論和探索。為了未來更好的發(fā)展，同時考慮到環(huán)境問題，設計師的首要目標是可持續(xù)發(fā)展即環(huán)保的建筑設計?？沙掷m(xù)建筑也被稱為綠色建筑，它是一種對天然建筑材料如土、木材、石材等（不包括處理時的污染問題）資源的有效利用，使其對建筑地點的類型及其財力影響很小或沒有的設計。本文論述了關于可持續(xù)發(fā)展/環(huán)保建筑的問題。它還考慮了關于這些問題的可能的解決方案。索引詞——可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色建筑，建筑，設計，效率。一、引言環(huán)保主義者使用“綠色”、“生態(tài)”和“可持續(xù)”來表明常規(guī)模式。從全球經濟到家庭功能，這些做法使我們對環(huán)境的影響最小化，并形成一個健康的生活環(huán)境。在深層意義上，這些詞語涉及治愈和再生地球的承受生命的能力。A.面向環(huán)境的設計原則在建筑上有許多方法，“綠色建筑”能用來應對我們星球日益嚴重的環(huán)境問題。可持續(xù)建筑能夠保持高效率、美觀、布局和成本效益。面向環(huán)境的設計有五個基本領域。它們是健康的室內環(huán)境，能源效率，生態(tài)建材，建筑形式和良好的設計?！そ】档氖覂拳h(huán)境：它是很好的保險，建筑材料和系統(tǒng)的使用不會向內置空間排放有毒不健康氣體和物質。此外，應解決額外的汽車并實行相應措施來為室內環(huán)境提供最高水平的新鮮空氣和充足的通風?！つ茉葱剩核_保建筑物使用最少的能量。結構上的各種HVAC系統(tǒng)和方法的設計應使能耗最小。·生態(tài)建材：盡可能使用的建筑材料應該是能相對安全生產的可再生資源?！そㄖ问剑航ㄖ问綉m應地點、區(qū)域、氣候和材料，從而使當?shù)鼐用窈椭車h(huán)境之間和諧?！ち己玫脑O計：結構、材料和美學是基本定義的設計參數(shù)。它們應該被整合，最終得到一個宏偉、便捷、優(yōu)美的生活空間。這些面向環(huán)境設計的原則還包括一個有意義的環(huán)保的被稱為綠色或可持續(xù)設建筑的方法。建筑師應該用自己的創(chuàng)意和感知將這些原則關聯(lián)起來以得到適合當?shù)氐牟呗?、材料和方法，牢記每個區(qū)域應采用不同的環(huán)保策略。B.定義可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指“保持”或“自下而上地支持”。它指的是，一個社會，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或任何正在進行的系統(tǒng)的能力，以便繼續(xù)運作到不確定的未來（不在關鍵資源枯竭的時候被迫走向沒落）。可持續(xù)建筑是美學、環(huán)境、社會、政治和道德的有機組合。它是利用一個人的感知和專業(yè)知識，從事實踐的核心方面，即設計和創(chuàng)建環(huán)境的和諧。理性地思考將諸如可持續(xù)性、耐久性、長久、適當材料和區(qū)域性相結合的問題是一個建筑師的責任。目前的環(huán)境狀況已經轉向“能源意識”、“生態(tài)友好”、“高效節(jié)能”的建筑設計的討論和探索。為了未來更好的發(fā)展，保持對與環(huán)境相關的問題的關注，第一設計目標是可持續(xù)發(fā)展，即環(huán)境的兼容。本文討論了關于可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)保建筑的問題。本文重點討論的是可持續(xù)建筑的必要性，解決方案和對未來的影響。二、需求和問題當今生態(tài)環(huán)境危機十分嚴重，直到現(xiàn)在，很多的辯論仍然集中在癥狀，而不是原因。因此，迫切需要重視并找到環(huán)境保護的最好方法，從而最大限度地阻止進一步惡化。在可持續(xù)發(fā)展領域，建筑提供了一個獨特的挑戰(zhàn)。建設項目通常需要消耗大量的材料，產生大量的廢物，在更新、更現(xiàn)代化設計日益增長的同時要保全有歷史意義的重要建筑物。可持續(xù)發(fā)展就是這樣一種在很大程度上為環(huán)保做貢獻的方法。在環(huán)境保護和可持續(xù)發(fā)展之間追求一個顯著的平衡是一項艱巨而復雜的任務?？沙掷m(xù)設計深度集合了建筑的電氣、機械和結構工程設計。除了關注傳統(tǒng)美學的數(shù)量、比例、規(guī)模、紋理、陰影和光線，設施的設計團隊還需要關注長期成本、如環(huán)境、經濟和人。如圖1所示。圖1.可持續(xù)發(fā)展三、可持續(xù)建筑的概念和意義在現(xiàn)今情況下，可持續(xù)建筑發(fā)展的思想和理念應考慮到以下兩個方面：a）生態(tài)與環(huán)境危機b）即將發(fā)生的災難及其處理能力一些大大有助于這兩個方面的主要成因有：·快速的城市化和工業(yè)化：這樣會進一步導致人口急劇增長，生活污水和垃圾的地質沉積，不可持續(xù)的生存與發(fā)展模式，環(huán)境退化（污染的空氣、水、土壤等，食物網破壞）的后果。因此，城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關鍵是提高城市和其他地方人們的生活環(huán)境。人和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都被他們的這些活動所影響。·自然災害：自然災害有火山爆發(fā)、地震、洪水、饑荒等，人類對自然的其他不良影響如原子彈爆炸、溫室效應、臭氧消耗等進一步加劇了對自然環(huán)境的破壞。可持續(xù)設計在于理解設