新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程課文翻譯1-4單元

Unit1TextA人在自然界|亞歷山大·斯伯金Naturenurturesmankindunselfishlywithitsrichresources.Yet,manissocarriedawayinhistransformationofnaturethatheisunawarethatitalsohaslimitationsandneedsconstantcare.Nowwornbytheexcessivedemandsofmankind,natureisunabletomaintaintheecologicalbalanceneeded.Humanityisfacedwiththeproblemofhowtostop,oratleasttomoderate,thedestructionofMotherNature.人類生活在大自然的王國(guó)里。他們時(shí)刻被大自然所包圍并與之相互影響。人類呼吸的空氣、喝下的水和攝入的食物，無(wú)一不令人類時(shí)刻感知到大自然的影響。我們與大自然血肉相連，離開(kāi)大自然，我們將無(wú)法生存。Humanbeingsliveintherealmofnature.Theyareconstantlysurroundedbyitandinteractwithit.Manisconstantlyawareoftheinfluenceofnatureintheformoftheairhebreathes,thewaterhedrinks,andthefoodheeats.Weareconnectedwithnatureby"blood"tiesandwecannotliveoutsidenature.人類不僅生活在大自然之中，同時(shí)也在改變著大自然。人類把自然資源轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦鞣N文化，社會(huì)歷史的財(cái)富。人類降服并控制了電，迫使它為人類社會(huì)的利益服務(wù)。人類不僅把各種各樣的動(dòng)植物轉(zhuǎn)移到不同的氣候環(huán)境，也改變了他生活環(huán)境的地貌和氣候并使動(dòng)植物因之而發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。Manisnotonlyadwellerinnature,healsotransformsit.Humanityconvertsnature'swealthintothemeansofthecultural,historicallifeofsociety.Manhassubduedanddisciplinedelectricityandcompelledittoservetheinterestsofsociety.Notonlyhasmantransferredvariousspeciesofplantsandanimalstodifferentclimaticconditions,hehasalsochangedtheshapeandclimateofhisenvironmentandtransformedplantsandanimals.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人類對(duì)大自然的直接依賴越來(lái)越少，而間接的依賴卻越來(lái)越多。我們遠(yuǎn)古威脅及破壞力的恐懼之中，他們常常連基本的生活物資都無(wú)法獲取。然而，盡管工具不甚完備，他們卻能同心協(xié)力，頑強(qiáng)工作，并總是有所收獲。在與人類的相互作用中，大自然了改變。森林被破壞了，耕地面積增加了。大自然及其威力被看成是和人類敵對(duì)的東西。譬如，森林被認(rèn)為是野性的和令人恐懼的，因此人類便想方設(shè)法使其面積縮小。這一切都是打著―文明‖的旗號(hào)進(jìn)行的，所謂―文明‖，就是人類在哪里建立家園，耕耘土地，哪里的森林就被砍伐。的祖先生活在大自然的也發(fā)生Associetydevelops,mantendstobecomelessdependentonnaturedirectly,whileindirectlyhisdependencegrows.Ourdistantancestorslivedinfearofnature'sdestructiveforces.Veryoftentheywereunabletoobtainthemerestdailynecessities.However,despitetheirimperfecttools,theyworkedtogetherstubbornly,collectively,andwereabletoattainresults.Naturewasalsochangedthroughinteractionwithman.Forestsweredestroyedandtheareaoffarmlandincreased.Naturewithitselementalforceswasregardedassomethinghostiletoman.Theforest,forexample,wassomethingwildandfrighteningandpeopletriedtoforceittoretreat.Thiswasalldoneinthenameofcivilization,whichmeanttheplaceswheremanhadmadehishome,wheretheearthwascultivated,wheretheforesthadbeencutdown.然而，隨著歲月的流逝，人類越來(lái)越關(guān)注的是在何處得到和如何得到生產(chǎn)所需的不可替代的自然資源的問(wèn)題。科學(xué)與人類改變大自然的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)已經(jīng)使人類意識(shí)到了工業(yè)在改變地球的進(jìn)程中對(duì)地質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的重大影響。Butastimegoesonmankindbecomesincreasinglyconcernedwiththequestionofwhereandhowtoobtainirreplaceablenaturalresourcesfortheneedsofproduction.Scienceandman'spracticaltransformingactivitieshavemadehumanityawareoftheenormousgeologicalroleplayedbytheindustrialtransformationoftheearth.目前，人與自然以及自然與社會(huì)整體之間過(guò)去存在的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡，已呈現(xiàn)崩潰的跡象。生物圈中所謂可替代資源的問(wèn)題變得極為尖銳。人類和社會(huì)的需求，即便是簡(jiǎn)單得像淡水一樣的物質(zhì)，也變得越來(lái)越難以滿足。清除工業(yè)廢物的問(wèn)題也變得日益復(fù)雜。Atpresentthepreviousdynamicbalancebetweenmanandnatureandbetweennatureandsocietyasawhole,hasshownominoussignsofbreakingdown.Theproblemoftheso-calledreplaceableresourcesofthebiospherehasbecomeparticularlyacute.Itisgettingmoreandmoredifficulttosatisfytheneedsofhumanbeingsandsocietyevenforsuchasubstance,forexample,asfreshwater.Theproblemofeliminatingindustrialwasteisalsobecomingincreasinglycomplex.現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的特征是生產(chǎn)和使用日益豐富的人工合成產(chǎn)品。人們生產(chǎn)成千上萬(wàn)的人工合成材料。人們?cè)絹?lái)越多地用尼龍和其他人造纖維把自己從頭然對(duì)他們無(wú)益。年輕人或許很少注意到這一點(diǎn)，他們更關(guān)注的是外表了年歲之后，他們就會(huì)感受到這種有害的影響。到腳地包裹起來(lái)，這些絢麗的織物顯，而不是健康。但是上Moderntechnologyisdistinguishedbyaneverincreasingabundanceofproducedandusedsyntheticgoods.Hundredsofthousandsofsyntheticmaterialsarebeingmade.Peopleincreasinglycovertheirbodiesfromheadtofootinnylonandothersynthetic,glitteringfabricsthatareobviouslynotgoodforthem.Youngpeoplemayhardlyfeelthis,andtheypaymoreattentiontoappearancethantohealth.Buttheybecomemoreawareofthisharmfulinfluenceastheygrowolder.久而久之，這些合成物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變成廢棄物，那些原本毒性不害的物質(zhì)。自然科學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家如今都在問(wèn)自己這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：的嗎？大的物質(zhì)在自然循環(huán)中變?yōu)闃O其有難道是人類對(duì)生物圈的破壞無(wú)法避免Astimegoesonthesyntheticoutputofproductionturnsintowaste,andthensubstancesthatintheiroriginalformwerenotverytoxicaretransformedinthecycleofnaturalprocessesintoaggressiveagents.Todaybothnaturalscientistsandphilosophersareaskingthemselvesthequestion:Isman'sdestructionofthebiosphereinevitable?人與大自然的關(guān)系——生態(tài)環(huán)境的危機(jī)——已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)全球性問(wèn)題。這一問(wèn)題的解決之道在于理性而明智地協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)和對(duì)大自然的關(guān)愛(ài)之間的關(guān)系，這不僅要依靠個(gè)人、企業(yè)或者某些國(guó)家的力量，而且要依靠全人類的力量。解決人與大自然關(guān)系危機(jī)的方法之一，就是使用太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、海洋能等資源，以及其他尚不為人所知的宇宙中的自然能。Theman-naturerelation–thecrisisoftheecologicalsituation–isaglobalproblem.ItssolutionliesinrationalandwiseorganizationofbothproductionitselfandcareforMotherNature,notjustbyindividuals,enterprisesorcountries,butbyallhumanity.Oneofthewaystodealwiththecrisissituationinthe"man-nature"systemistousesuchresourcesassolarenergy,thepowerofwinds,therichesoftheseasandoceansandother,asyetunknownnaturalforcesoftheuniverse.但是，回到我們?cè)鹊闹黝}上，令人難以接受和諧的人類行為將會(huì)帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，而這種災(zāi)難也許是全球性的。古代東方智如其分：朋友們，你要是親近大自然，大自然就會(huì)用那永恒不變的規(guī)律永遠(yuǎn)呵護(hù)你！Buttoreturntoourtheme,thebittertruthisthatthosehumanactionswhichviolatethelawsof的事實(shí)是那些違背了自然規(guī)律、破壞了生物圈者的話講得真是恰nature,theharmonyofthebiosphere,threatentobringdisasterandthisdisastermayturnouttobeuniversal.HowaptthenarethewordsofancientOrientalwisdom:liveclosertonature,myfriends,anditseternallawswillprotectyou!TextB|物種滅絕——過(guò)去和將來(lái)理查德·利基Extinctions,PastandPresentPrefaceManandwildlifearesupposedtoliveinharmony,buthumanintrusionhasdrivenalargenumberofspeciestoextinction.Itishightimethatwetookupthecauseofwildlifeconservation;otherwise,thepriceforustopayinthefuturewillbeextremelyhigh.Inthefollowingessay,theauthorcallsforaglobalfundforwildlifeconservation.我在肯尼亞的圖爾卡納湖東岸工作時(shí)度過(guò)了生命中最激動(dòng)人心的一些日子，尋找我們?nèi)祟愖嫦鹊幕瘹埡?。我們并不總是想找什么就能得到什么，但是，除了我們祖先的遺跡外，每天都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的東西。那些化石，有些相當(dāng)完整，有些僅是碎片，道出了另一個(gè)世界。在那個(gè)世界，約150萬(wàn)年至200萬(wàn)年前，許多今天非洲哺乳動(dòng)物的祖先漫游在肥沃的草原和森林邊緣。當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境與現(xiàn)在非洲雨水更多的一些草原沒(méi)有太大區(qū)別，但那里當(dāng)時(shí)到處生活著今天早已滅絕的令人稱奇的動(dòng)物。IspentsomeofthemostexcitingdaysofmylifeworkingontheeasternshoresofKenya'sLakeTurkanasearchingforthefossilizedremains遺(體)ofourearlyancestors.Wedidnotalwaysfindwhatwewanted,buteverydaytherewasmuchmoretodiscoverthanthetracesofourownancestors.Thefossils,somequitecomplete,othersmerefragments,spokeofanotherworldinwhichtheancestorsofmanyoftoday'sAfricanmammals(哺乳動(dòng)物)wanderedtherichgrasslandandforestedgesbetween1.5millionand2millionyearsago.TheenvironmentwasnottoodifferentfromthewettergrasslandsofAfricatoday,butitwasfullofamazinganimalsthatarenowlongextinct(絕種的).不僅非洲如此，世界上任何地方的化石記錄下來(lái)的一切，都是一樣。據(jù)估計(jì)億年中，這個(gè)世界上存在過(guò)的物種，有95％以上都已滅絕了。ThatwastruenotjustforAfrica.Thefossilrecordtellsthesamestoryeverywhere.Itisestimatedthatmorethan95％ofthespeciesthathaveexistedoverthepast600millionyearsaregone.工農(nóng)業(yè)不斷的擴(kuò)展加速了當(dāng)前物種滅絕的步伐，因此，我們?cè)摬辉撽P(guān)心一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題？有沒(méi)有必要盡力去減慢這個(gè)永不停止的過(guò)程呢？，在過(guò)去的6So,shouldwebeconcernedaboutthecurrentrateofextinction(滅絕),whichhasbeenacceleratedbytheconstantexpansionofagricultureandindustry?Isitnecessarytotrytoslowdownaprocessthathasbeengoingonforever?我認(rèn)為是應(yīng)該的。我們知道，人類的健康發(fā)展與其他許多物種的健康發(fā)展緊密相關(guān)，而我們不能確知哪一種生物對(duì)我們的生存最為重要。Ibelieveitis.Weknowthatthewell-beingofthehumanraceistiedtothewell-beingofmanyotherspecies,andwecan'tbesurewhichspeciesaremostimportanttoourownsurvival.但是，解決，因?yàn)槭澜缟显S多生物多樣性地區(qū)位于最貧窮的國(guó)家，尤其是亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲。這些國(guó)家，興建國(guó)家公園和自然保護(hù)區(qū)而禁止人類侵入甚至接近它們，人們能接受嗎？當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家相當(dāng)大一部分人仍生活在貧困線以下物種滅絕的危機(jī)問(wèn)題決非易事劃撥土地，去花大筆錢挽救一些物種，這樣做是否合適呢？Butdealingwiththeextinctioncrisisisnosimplematter,sincemuchoftheworld'sbiodiversity(生物多樣性Cansuchcountriesjustifysettingasidenationalparksandnaturereserveswherehumanintrusion(侵?jǐn)_)andevenaccessisforbidden?Isitappropriatetospendlargesumsofmoneytosavesome)resides(存在)initspoorestnations,especiallyinAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica.speciesinanationinwhichaconsiderablepercentageofthepeoplearelivingbelowthepovertyline?這些問(wèn)題令我對(duì)倡導(dǎo)在貧窮國(guó)家中推行野生動(dòng)植物的保護(hù)感到不安。然而我相信我們能夠——而且也應(yīng)該——做大量的工作。這是一個(gè)改變側(cè)重點(diǎn)的問(wèn)題。大量資金已投入到對(duì)瀕危被偷獵的公園管理經(jīng)濟(jì)出路，幫助物種的野外科學(xué)研究和會(huì)議上。但是，能不能給那些保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物使之不人員提供些膠鞋和車子？能不能為那些靠伐木和種地為生的當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁﹦e的他們發(fā)展？這些資金很難獲得。Suchquestionsmakemeuneasyaboutpromotingwildlifeconservationinpoornations.Nonetheless,Ibelievethatwecan–andshould–doagreatdeal.It'samatterofchangingpriorities.Plentyofmoneyisavailableforscientificfieldstudiesandconferencesonendangered(將要滅絕的)species.Butwhataboutbootsandvehiclesforparkpersonnelwhoprotectwildlifefromillegalhunters?Whataboutdevelopmentaidtogivelocalpeopleeconomicalternativestocuttingforestsandplowingovertheland?Thatkindoffundingisdifficulttocomeby.我們不應(yīng)該要求貧窮國(guó)家的人們?cè)谧约旱亩唐谏婧烷L(zhǎng)期環(huán)境需求之間做出選擇。假如他們的政府愿意保護(hù)環(huán)境，所需的資金應(yīng)由國(guó)際組織提供。我認(rèn)為，答案是明擺著的：要么富有現(xiàn)在就伸出援助之手，要么整個(gè)世界將遭受巨大損失。國(guó)家Peopleinpoorcountriesshouldnotbeaskedtochoosebetweentheirownshort-termsurvivalandlonger-termenvironmentalneeds.Iftheirgovernmentsarewillingtoprotecttheenvironment,themoneyneededshouldcomefrominternationalsources.Tome,thechoiceisclear.Eitherthemorewealthyworldhelpsnowortheworldasawholewillloseout.為此，我們需要在全球籌集專門(mén)用于野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)的資金，這些資金應(yīng)該主要由工業(yè)國(guó)家的政府和國(guó)際援助機(jī)構(gòu)提供。Forthatreason,weneedpermanentglobalfundsdevotedtowildlifeprotection.ThefundsshouldPrimarilycomefromthegovernmentsoftheindustrialnationsandinternationalaidagencies.至于如何使用這些還是由外面請(qǐng)來(lái)的專家控制這些內(nèi)？錯(cuò)誤總是難免的，自然外貌也會(huì)不斷地發(fā)生的困難不們放棄希望。地球上的許多自然棲息地已經(jīng)永遠(yuǎn)消失了，但是息地可以挽救，并最終得到恢復(fù)。資金，人們可能會(huì)無(wú)休無(wú)止地爭(zhēng)論下去。是應(yīng)該由當(dāng)?shù)厣鐖F(tuán)決定工作事項(xiàng)，園里應(yīng)該允許有限制的打獵呢，還是禁止入變化，物種仍舊會(huì)繼續(xù)消逝，但是這項(xiàng)工作也有許多棲資金？野生動(dòng)物應(yīng)該使我Howtousethosefundswouldbeamatterofendlessdebate.Shouldlocalcommunitiesbeentitledtosettheagenda,orshouldoutsideexpertstakecontrol?Shouldlimitedhuntingbeallowedinparks,orshouldtheybeputofflimits?Mistakeswillbemade,thelandscapewillkeepchanging,andspecieswillstillbelost,butthedifficultyofthetaskshouldnotleadustoabandonhope.Manyoftheplanet'snaturalhabitats(棲息地)aregoneforever,butmanyotherscanbesavedandintimerestored.21世紀(jì)的一種天然棲息地?cái)?shù)量的行為。讓我們號(hào)召全世界最富有的國(guó)家可能。這并不是對(duì)慈善事業(yè)的捐贈(zèng)，這是對(duì)人類未來(lái)和地球上所有生命的一項(xiàng)投資。Amajorchallengeforthe21stcenturyistopreserveasmuchofournaturalestateaspossible.Let個(gè)主要挑戰(zhàn)是保護(hù)盡可能多的自然棲息地。讓我們?nèi)Φ种迫魏螠p少現(xiàn)有野生物提供資金，使這個(gè)抵制行動(dòng)成為usresistwithalloureffortsanymovestoreducetheamountofwildlandavailableforwildspecies.Andletuscallupontheworld'srichestnationstoprovidethemoneytomakethatpossible.Thatwouldnotbeacontributiontocharity;itwouldbeaninvestmentinthefutureofhumanity–andalllifeonEarth.Unit2TextA技術(shù)與幸福TechnologyandHappiness詹姆斯·薩洛維奇PrefaceInthepresentera,allofusareenthusiasticallypursuingtechnologicaladvancementandtakeitforgrantedthatthedevelopmentoftechnologywillmakeushappier.However,littleevidencecanbefoundtoprovethecorrelationbetweentechnologyandhappinessoncematerialandtechnologicaladvancesreachacertainlevel.Thetextbelowmayprovideyouwithsomeinsightsintothisissue.20世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人、歐洲人和東亞人都享受到了過(guò)去歷代人都無(wú)法想象的物質(zhì)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣。譬如，在美國(guó)，從1950年到2000年國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值翻了3倍。人們的壽命大幅度提高。二戰(zhàn)后生產(chǎn)力的迅速發(fā)展使商品變得價(jià)廉物美。諸如乘飛機(jī)旅游和打長(zhǎng)途電話等曾經(jīng)是奢侈的事情成了生活不可或缺的一部分。Inthe20thcentury,Americans,Europeans,andEastAsiansenjoyedmaterialandtechnologicaladvancesthatwereunimaginableinpreviouseras.IntheUnitedStates,forinstance,grossdomesticproductpercapitatripledfrom1950to2000.Lifeexpectancysoared.TheboominproductivityafterWorldWarIImadegoodsbetterandcheaperatthesametime.Thingsthatwereonceluxuries,suchasjettravelandlong-distancephonecalls,becamenecessities.AndeventhoughAmericansseemedtoworkextraordinarilyhard,theirpursuitofentertainmentturnedmediaandleisureintomultibillion-dollarindustries.那么，根據(jù)大多數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量，你會(huì)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的美國(guó)人比上個(gè)世紀(jì)中葉富裕多了。不過(guò)，奇的是，如果你問(wèn)美國(guó)人有多幸福，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們并不比1946年時(shí)幸福（1946年正式開(kāi)始對(duì)幸福狀況進(jìn)行調(diào)查）。事實(shí)上，那些說(shuō)自己―非常幸福‖的人所占的比例自20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)一直穩(wěn)中有降——盡管20世紀(jì)40年代出生的人的收入在他們的工作生涯中平均增長(zhǎng)了116％。你可以在大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家找到相似的數(shù)據(jù)。怪Bymoststandards,then,youwouldhavetosaythatAmericansarebetteroffnowthantheywereinthemiddleofthelastcentury.Oddly,though,ifyouaskAmericanshowhappytheyare,youfindthattheyarenohappierthantheywerein1946(whichiswhenformalsurveysofhappinessstarted).Infact,thepercentageofpeoplewhosaytheyare"veryhappy"hasfallenslightlysincetheearly1970s–eventhoughtheincomeofpeoplebornin1940has,onaverage,increasedby116percentoverthecourseoftheirworkinglives.Youcanfindsimilardataformostdevelopedcountries.自工業(yè)革命開(kāi)始以來(lái)，幸福與技術(shù)之間的關(guān)系一直是社會(huì)批評(píng)家和哲學(xué)家們長(zhǎng)期研究的課題，然而，基本上還沒(méi)有受到經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和社會(huì)學(xué)家們的關(guān)注。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家理查德·伊斯特林在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮和幸福的關(guān)系方面進(jìn)行了具有開(kāi)拓性的研究，并于1974年發(fā)表了一篇題為―經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)改變?nèi)祟惷\(yùn)嗎？‖的著名論文。伊斯特林表明，就發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家而言，一個(gè)國(guó)家的收入和國(guó)民的幸福之間沒(méi)有真正的相互關(guān)系。伊斯特林認(rèn)為，金錢買不到幸福，至少在（金錢）達(dá)到了一定程度以后是如此。伊斯特林認(rèn)為，盡管貧窮與苦難密不可分，但是，一個(gè)國(guó)家一旦達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)水平，富有似乎并沒(méi)有讓其國(guó)民感到更多的幸福。TherelationshipbetweenhappinessandtechnologyhasbeenaneternalsubjectforsocialcriticsandphilosopherssincetheadventoftheIndustrialRevolution.Butit'sbeenleftlargelyunexaminedbyeconomistsandsocialscientists.Thetrulygroundbreakingworkontherelationshipbetweenprosperityandwell-beingwasdonebytheeconomistRichardEasterlin,whoin1974wroteafamouspaperentitled"DoesEconomicGrowthImprovetheHumanLot?"Easterlinshowedthatwhenitcametodevelopedcountries,therewasnorealcorrelationbetweenanation'sincomelevelanditscitizens'happiness.Money,Easterlinargued,couldnotbuyhappiness–atleastnotafteracertainpoint.Easterlinshowedthatthoughpovertywasstronglycorrelatedwithmisery,onceacountrywassolidlymiddle-class,gettingwealthierdidnotseemtomakeitscitizensanyhappier.這好像幾乎是一種普遍現(xiàn)象。實(shí)際上，研究幸福的學(xué)者們最重要的觀點(diǎn)之一是：人們對(duì)好消息很快便習(xí)以為常。拿彩票中獎(jiǎng)?wù)邽槔Ｒ豁?xiàng)重要的研究表明，盡管買彩票中獎(jiǎng)的人中獎(jiǎng)時(shí)會(huì)感到非常非常幸福，可這種興奮很快就消逝了。一段時(shí)間之后，他們的心情和幸福感與中獎(jiǎng)之前沒(méi)有什么兩樣。Thisseemstobeclosetoauniversalphenomenon.Infact,oneofhappinessscholars'mostimportantinsightsisthatpeopleadaptveryquicklytogoodnews.Takelotterywinnersforexample.Onefamousstudyshowedthatalthoughwinnerswerevery,veryhappywhentheywon,theirextremeexcitementquicklyevaporated,andafterawhiletheirmoodsandsenseofwell-beingwereindistinguishablefromwhattheyhadbeenbeforethevictory.人們對(duì)待技術(shù)的態(tài)度也是一樣的：無(wú)論一種新事物多么引人注目，也無(wú)論它使我們的生活變得多么舒適，人們都認(rèn)為這是理所當(dāng)然的事情。在技術(shù)世界，你每天都會(huì)看到這一原則起作用。曾經(jīng)一度被視為非常神奇的東西很快就變得習(xí)以為常，更糟的是，當(dāng)這些東西運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不正常時(shí)，還會(huì)令人沮喪。要把新技術(shù)問(wèn)世之前的情形牢記在心原來(lái)是如此困難！So,too,withtechnology:nomatterhowdramaticanewinnovationis,nomatterhowmucheasieritmakesourlives,itisveryeasytotakeitforgranted.Youcanseethisprincipleatworkintheworldoftechnologyeveryday,asthingsthatonceseemedmiraculoussoonbecomecommonand,worse,frustratingwhentheydon'tworkperfectly.It'shard,itturnsout,tokeepinmindwhatthingswerelikebeforethenewtechnologycamealong.那么，我們對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的快速吸收是否意味著技術(shù)沒(méi)有發(fā)揮什么作用呢？不，決非如此。不論好歹，這只是把技術(shù)影響的問(wèn)題變得更加復(fù)雜。我們先從負(fù)面影響談起。在某些方面，技術(shù)顯然使得生活更加糟糕了。譬如，我們馬上會(huì)想到電話推銷、交通阻塞以及身份資料失竊等情況。這些都是讓人們明顯意識(shí)到不幸福的現(xiàn)象?？墒牵F(xiàn)代的技術(shù)評(píng)論文章多半都沒(méi)有把焦點(diǎn)集中在具體的、有害的技術(shù)上，而是集中在了技術(shù)對(duì)人際關(guān)系的影響上。Doesourfastassimilationoftechnologicalprogressmean,then,thattechnologymakesnodifference?No.Itjustmakesthequestionoftechnology'simpact,forgoodorill,morecomplicated.Let'sstartwiththedownside.Therearecertainwaysinwhichtechnologymakeslifeobviouslyworse.Telemarketing,trafficjams,andidentitytheftallcometomind.Theseareallphenomenathatmakepeopleconsciouslyunhappy.Butforthemostpart,moderncritiquesoftechnologyhavefocusednotsomuchonspecific,badtechnologiesastheimpactoftechnologyonourhumanrelationships.在聯(lián)了網(wǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)世界里，隱私變得場(chǎng)所，諸如按鍵監(jiān)控和電話全越來(lái)越脆弱。在許多工作的攻擊主要集中在以下方程錄音之類的技術(shù)使得對(duì)員工的監(jiān)視變得更加容易。人們對(duì)電視面：技術(shù)擾亂了人際關(guān)系、破壞了社區(qū)交往。一些人甚至說(shuō)，電視是美國(guó)人逐漸相互疏遠(yuǎn)的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。同樣也有人認(rèn)為，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的負(fù)面影響進(jìn)一步使人遠(yuǎn)離了我們常說(shuō)的―真實(shí)世界‖。Privacyhasbecomeincreasinglyfragileinaworldoflinkeddatabases.Inmanyworkplaces,technologieslikekeystrokemonitoringandfullrecordingsofphonecallsmakeiteasiertowatchworkers.Thenotionthattechnologydisruptsrelationshipsandfracturescommunitygainedmainstreamprominenceasanattackontelevision.SomeevensaythatTVischieflyresponsibleforthegradualisolationofAmericansfromeachother.Similarly,theharmfuleffectsoftheInternet,whichsupposedlyfurtherisolatespeoplefromwhatisoftencalled"therealworld".這種廣義上關(guān)于技術(shù)影響人際關(guān)系的批評(píng)頗有趣味，尤與幸福的問(wèn)題相關(guān)，因?yàn)槲覀冋嬲邪盐照f(shuō)清楚的事情沒(méi)有幾件，但其中之一是：人們的朋友越多，關(guān)系越密切，就越幸福。Thisbroadcriticismoftechnology'simpactonrelationshipsisaninterestingoneandisespeciallyrelevanttothequestionofhappiness,becauseoneofthefewthingswecansayforcertainisthatthemorefriendsandthecloserrelationshipspeoplehave,thehappiertheytendtobe.今天的技術(shù)變化異常神速，購(gòu)買某種產(chǎn)品時(shí)你就知道，再過(guò)幾個(gè)月，比這個(gè)產(chǎn)品性能更好、運(yùn)作更快的款式就會(huì)問(wèn)世，而你卻還得使用舊款式的產(chǎn)品。換句話說(shuō)，別人買到的產(chǎn)品要比你的好。這種失望感仿佛從開(kāi)始購(gòu)買這件產(chǎn)品時(shí)就已經(jīng)存在了。Today,technologicalchangeissorapidthatwhenyoubuysomething,youdosoknowingthatinafewmonthsthere'sgoingtobeabetter,fasterversionoftheproduct,andthatyou'regoingtobestuckwiththeoldone.Someoneelse,inotherwords,hasitbetter.It'sasifdisappointmentwerebuiltintoacquisitionfromtheverybeginning.日常生活的壓力，一種令人煩惱的失望感、對(duì)政府知道你的情況超出你所希望程度的恐懼感——這些顯然都是技術(shù)降低了人們幸福感的幾個(gè)方面。然而，技術(shù)對(duì)人們的幸福感最重要的影響是在醫(yī)療保健方面。工業(yè)革命以前，每三個(gè)歐洲人就有兩個(gè)的壽命不足30歲。今天，西歐婦女的壽命差不多是80歲，而且還會(huì)繼續(xù)提高。道理很清楚：絕大多數(shù)人很樂(lè)意活下去，他們?cè)诘厍蛏仙畹臅r(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，感覺(jué)就越好?？墒?，不久前，絕大多數(shù)人還過(guò)著齷齪不堪、畜生般的生活，而且生命非常短暫。技術(shù)改變了這種狀況，至少對(duì)于富裕國(guó)家的人們來(lái)說(shuō)是如此。我們?cè)谠摓獒t(yī)療保健費(fèi)用的提高和沒(méi)有參加保險(xiǎn)的人們的問(wèn)題而擔(dān)憂的同時(shí)，也應(yīng)該記住，醫(yī)療技術(shù)帶給我們身體上和精神上的好處是多么有價(jià)值。Dailystress,anannoyingsenseofdisappointment,fearthatthegovernmentknowsalotmoreaboutyouthanyouwouldlikeitto–theseareobviouslysomeofthewaysinwhichtechnologyreducespeople'ssenseofwell-being.Butthemostimportantimpactoftechnologyonpeople'ssenseofwell-beingisinthefieldofhealthcare.BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,twooutofeverythreeEuropeansdiedbeforetheageof30.Today,lifeexpectancyforwomeninWesternEuropeisalmost80years,anditcontinuestoincrease.Thepointisobvious:thevastmajorityofpeoplearehappytobealive,andthemoretimetheygetonearth,thebetterofftheyfeelthey'llbe.Butuntilveryrecently,lifeforthevastmajorityofpeoplewasnasty,rough,andshort.Technologyhaschangedthat,atleastforpeopleintherichworld.Asmuchasweshouldworryabouttherisingcostofhealthcareandtheproblemoftheuninsured,it'salsoworthrememberinghowvaluableforourspiritsaswellasourbodiesarethebenefitsthatmedicaltechnologyhasbroughtus.從更深的層次上說(shuō)，我們?cè)诮】岛烷L(zhǎng)壽方面所取得的進(jìn)步卻強(qiáng)調(diào)了在國(guó)家和全球?qū)用嬗懻撔腋?wèn)題的一個(gè)自相矛盾的說(shuō)法。即使人他們還會(huì)像以前那樣渴望長(zhǎng)壽。這就像那個(gè)古老的笑話一樣：讓自己得到的那一份盡量大。們不會(huì)更幸福，即使他們更加富裕并擁有更多技術(shù)，食品也許并不好，可我們都想Onadeeperlevel,whatthetechnologicalimprovementofourhealthandourlongevityemphasizesisaparadoxofanydiscussionofhappinessonanationaloragloballevel:eventhoughpeoplemaynotbehappier,eventhoughtheyarewealthierandpossessmoretechnology,they'restillashungryaseverformoretime.It'slikethatoldjoke:thefoodmaynotbesogreat,butwewanttheportionstobeasbigaspossible.TextB該怨誰(shuí)，是技術(shù)，還是使用技術(shù)的人？WhotoBlame,TechnologyorthePersonWhoUsesIt?斯比洛斯·澤勒皮斯PrefaceNowadays,greatconcernhasarisenoverthenegativeimpactoftechnologyonvariousaspectsoflife.Whoistoblameforthenegativeimpact,technologyorthepersonwhousesit?Readthefollowingtextandseehowtheauthoranswersthequestion.技術(shù)一直是人們當(dāng)今談?wù)摰抹D熱門(mén)‖話題。關(guān)于這個(gè)話題，人們發(fā)表了許多見(jiàn)解，撰寫(xiě)了大量的文章。捍衛(wèi)技術(shù)的人和反對(duì)技術(shù)的人數(shù)旗鼓相當(dāng)。這兩類人通常都不愿意花時(shí)間去考慮對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)，而是各自一味地強(qiáng)調(diào)技術(shù)的長(zhǎng)處或短處。至于那些對(duì)技術(shù)沒(méi)有偏見(jiàn)（既不偏愛(ài)技術(shù)，也不反對(duì)技術(shù)）的人，他們的看法大致在這兩種極端的觀點(diǎn)之間。技術(shù)就像一把刀：我們可以用它切割食物，也可以用它去殺人。這要看我們想用它去做什么。我們是要用它改善我們的生活呢，還是要?dú)奈覀兊纳?？Technologyisalwaysa"hot"issueindiscussionsnowadays.Alothasbeensaidandwrittenaboutit.Thedefendersoftechnologyareasmanyastheopponentsofit.Usuallyeachoneofthesetwoclassesofpeoplestressestheadvantagesordisadvantagesoftechnologywithouttakingthetimetolookattheoppositepointofview.Forthosewhohavenoprejudiceinfavoroforagainsttechnology,thetruthistobefoundsomewherebetweenthesetwoextremeviews.Technologyislikeaknife:wecanuseittocutourfood,andwecanalsouseittokillsomebody.Itdependsonwhatwewanttodowithtechnology.Dowewanttoimproveourlivesordowewanttodestroythem?當(dāng)然，誰(shuí)也不能反駁下面種疾??；由于產(chǎn)品成本降低，生產(chǎn)得少了，空余的時(shí)間就多了；人們的視野開(kāi)擴(kuò)好起來(lái)了。的事實(shí)以提高，許多產(chǎn)品得了；總的來(lái)說(shuō)，由于技術(shù)，我們的壽命延長(zhǎng)了，：由于技術(shù)，我們的生活條件得到了改善；科學(xué)家能治療多以被更多的人享用；人們的勞動(dòng)減Ofcourse,nobodycanneglectthefactthatourlivingconditionshavebeenimprovedduetotechnology;scientistshavebeenabletocuremanydiseases;productionhasbeenincreased,andmanyproductshavebecomeobtainablebymanymorepeople,becausethecostofproductionhasbeenreduced;humanlaborhasbeendecreased,and,therefore,peoplehavemorefreetime;people'smentalhorizonshavebeenbroadened;andgenerallywelivelongerandbetterbecauseoftechnology.但是，事情的另一面也已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。我們?cè)谡務(wù)搶?duì)大自然的無(wú)理破壞、自然資源的枯竭、現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的消費(fèi)至上、許多科學(xué)家把自己的發(fā)明用于不道德的目的而產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)責(zé)任、以及工作的機(jī)械化把人類置于僅僅是機(jī)器操作者的地位等問(wèn)題。Buttheothersideofthecoinhasbecomealreadyvisible.Wetalkabouttheirrationalinterferencewithnature,theexhaustionofnaturalresources,theconsumerismofmodernsocieties,thesocialresponsibilityofscientistswhentheirinventionsareusedforbadends,andthemechanizationofworkwhichleavesmanaslittlemorethanamachineoperator.讓我們舉一個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)上的例子，以便把問(wèn)題講得更清楚一些。Letususeanexamplefrommedicinetomakemattersclearer.技術(shù)可以提高人們的健康水平。看一下在像美國(guó)這樣技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家采用外科手術(shù)的種種可能性便清楚了，相比之下，有些國(guó)家是沒(méi)有這種優(yōu)勢(shì)的。另一方面，在醫(yī)學(xué)研究上，許多方法的使用把綜合保守型的思維方式變成了分析型的思維方式。內(nèi)科醫(yī)生可以做許多事情，但都不是獨(dú)立完成的。今天的醫(yī)生已經(jīng)成為―良好的效仿者‖，但卻不是―思考者‖，因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)習(xí)慣于把健康范圍內(nèi)的每一個(gè)參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字。醫(yī)患之間那種密切的關(guān)系和人際交往已不復(fù)存在。病人感到自己更像一件東西而不是一個(gè)人。Technologyimprovespeople'shealth.ThiscanbeseenifonelooksatthepossibilitiesofsurgeryintechnologicallydevelopedcountrieslikeAmericaascomparedtocountrieswhichdonothavethisadvantage.Ontheotherhand,theinvolvementofadvancedtechnicalequipmentinmedicinemodifiedthesyntheticandconservativewayofthinkingintoananalytical(分析的)one.Thephysiciancandomuch,butnotonhisown.Doctorstodayhavebecome"goodlearners",butnot"thinkers"astheyareusedtotranslatingeverypieceofhealthdataintonumbers.Acloserelationshipandhumaninteractionbetweenthedoctorandthepatientdoesnotexistanymore.Patientsfeelmorelikeobjectsthanpersons.再者，讓我們考慮一下生物工藝學(xué)的問(wèn)題。這門(mén)科學(xué)把人們撩撥?？茖W(xué)家們覺(jué)得自己是在用生命的奧秘―做游戲‖，這一事實(shí)把他們的想法越推越遠(yuǎn)，指望會(huì)出現(xiàn)。盡管人們期待著遺傳工程的奇跡，可大自然有其自身的神秘法則，所有妨礙這些法則的東西都要付出代價(jià)。人們對(duì)大自然的本質(zhì)知道的越多，就越對(duì)其本質(zhì)感到困惑。當(dāng)科學(xué)家找到了治愈某種疾病的療法時(shí)，更加糟糕的疾病又會(huì)出現(xiàn)，給人們帶來(lái)恐懼Furthermore,considerbiotechnology(生物工藝學(xué)).Itfascinatesman'sthoughts.Thefactthat得神魂顛倒生物的永存或永恒。scientistsfeelthattheycan"play"withthesecretoflifepushesthemfurtherandfurther,promisingbiologicalimmortalityandeternity.Peopleexpectmiraclesfromgeneticengineering,butnaturehasitsownsecretlaws.Everythingthatdisturbsthemhasitscost.Thecloserpeoplereachnature'struth,thefurtheriteludes(躲避)them.Whenscientistsfindthecureforadisease,somethingworseappearstoterrifymankind.此外，想一想由于技術(shù)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生了多么大的變化。人們不再手對(duì)手地交戰(zhàn)了，而是遠(yuǎn)距離作戰(zhàn)；是技術(shù)使之成為可能。另一方面，面對(duì)面打仗需要某些價(jià)值觀，而在一個(gè)人按動(dòng)按鈕并指揮現(xiàn)代化武器裝備的情況下，這些價(jià)值觀是不存在的。Additionally,thinkabouthowmuchwarhaschangedbecauseoftechnology.Peopledonotfighthandtohandanymore–theyfightfromadistance;technologymakesthispossible.Fightingfacetofaceneedssomevalueswhichdonotexistinthecasewheresomeonepressesabuttonanddirectsthemodernmeans.問(wèn)題肯定不在技術(shù)方面，而在于我們最終對(duì)技術(shù)發(fā)出的指令。人一旦喪失了價(jià)值觀，技術(shù)就再也無(wú)法控制了。只要人還有價(jià)值觀，技術(shù)就會(huì)為人服務(wù)。Theproblemiscertainlynottechnology,butthedirectionwehavefinallygiventoit.Whenmanhasnovalues,technologycannotbecontrolledanymore.Whenmanhasvalues,technologyserveshim.技術(shù)本身既的時(shí)候了：確保技術(shù)造福平衡的那些人來(lái)承擔(dān)。Technologyisneithergoodnorbad.Itdependsonhowweuseit.Istronglybelievethatitistime不會(huì)行善，也不會(huì)作惡，這要看我們?cè)鯓邮褂盟?。我?jiān)信，現(xiàn)在是我們明白這個(gè)道理人類的責(zé)任只能由具有社會(huì)良知、尊重人類、尊重自然和自然forustounderstandthattheresponsibilitybelongsexclusivelytohumanswhohavetoacquireasocialconscience,torespecthumanbeings,natureanditsbalances.Unit3TextA知識(shí)彩虹克雷格·拉塞爾PrefaceTheacquisitionofknowledgeisself-contradictorybynature.Themoreoneknows,themoreheknowshowlittleheknows.Readingoftenleadstomorequestionsthananswers.Writingopensthingsupratherthanclosesthemoff.Theauthorofthefollowingessayregardstruthasarainbowthatcannotbereallygrasped.Heurgesustobehumbleaboutwhatwedon'tknowasweprideourselvesonwhatweknow.我這輩子四分之三以上的時(shí)間（50年中有39年）是在紐約的中小學(xué)或大學(xué)里度過(guò)的，不是在上學(xué)，就是在教學(xué)。Formorethan3/4ofmylife–39ofmy50years–I'veeitherstudiedortaughtinaschooloracollegeinNewYork.于是，你或許會(huì)認(rèn)為，經(jīng)過(guò)這么長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，我應(yīng)該了解一些情況，確實(shí)知道一些東西，對(duì)知識(shí)和對(duì)生活該會(huì)積極地予以把握和肯定了?？墒牵覅s沒(méi)有做到這一點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，我知道的東西越多，反倒越覺(jué)得自己無(wú)知。Youmightthink,then,thatafterallthistimeI'dhavesomegraspofthesituation,thatI'dactuallyknowthings–thatI'dhavesomepositivesenseofassurance,ofcertainty,aboutknowledgeandaboutlife.ButIdon't.Infact,themoreIknow,themoreIknowIdon'tknow.當(dāng)然，說(shuō)自己知道的