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ElasmobranchBiologyElasmobranch:AnyofnumerousfishesoftheclassChondrichthyes,characterizedbyacartilaginousskeletonandplacoidscalesandincludingthesharks,rays,andskates.FLORIDAPROGRAMFORSHARKRESEARCHFloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory鯊魚(yú)-軟骨魚(yú)類(lèi)生物TopicsBasicMorphologySensesDigestionsystemCirculatorysystemOsmoregulationReproductionsystemEvolutionaryadaptations

Thereareapproximately400describedspeciesofsharks.Additionally,therearearound400speciesofbatoids(raysandskates).Whendidsharksfirstappear?SharksandtheirancestorsfirstappearedinthelateSilurian/earlyDevonian,oraround400millionyearsago.Sharkspredatedinosaursby200millionyears.BodyPlanStingraysvs.SkatesWhat’sthedifference?StingrayTailSpineDorsalfin-foldAnalfin-foldReproduction:Aplacentalviviparity(livebirth).Reproduction:Oviparous(layeggs).Stingrayvs.SkateCanbeverylargeinsize.Usuallysmallerinsize.Stingrayvs.SkateStingrayvs.SkateIngeneralhavethinnertailsCanhaveverythicktailsElasmobranchSensesElasmobranchSenses

Olfactory(Smell):

HighlyacutesenseofsmellUsedtolocatefoodorpotentialmatesPairedopeningswithorwithoutaconnectiontothemouthNotusedforrespiration

LackexternalearsGoodsenseofhearingespeciallyinthe

lowerfrequencyrange

OftenfirstsensetodetectpreyfromadistanceElasmobranchSensesSound:ElasmobranchSenses

Pressure:Sharks,likeotherfish,havealaterallinesystemthatcandetectpressurewavesinthewater.Sensestrugglingprey

SharkeyesightwillvarybyspeciesbutmosthavegoodvisualacuitySharkshavebothrods(light/dark)and

cones(color)Retinapossesa“tapetumlucidum”ElasmobranchSensesVision:ElasmobranchSenses

Electric:Electrosensorysystem:“AmpullaeofLorenzini”AllowsfordetectionofweakelectricfieldsgivenoffbypreyorganismsorpotentialmatesDigestionSharkDigestion

LargeLiverupto25%ofbodyweight.ShortGut

longpassagerateSpiralValveintestine

increasesurfaceareaCirculatorySystemFourchamberheart:sinusvenosus,atrium,ventricle,andconusarteriosus.Onedirectionofflow:Heart Gills BodyEctotherms/EndothermsOsmoregulationSharksareslightlyhyperosmotictoseawaterRetainureaandTMAOResultsinslightbutcontinuousinfluxofwaterExcesswaterisexcretedbythekidneyMostsharksarestenohalineReproductionMaleSharksMaleReproductiveSystem

BothtestesfunctionalSeasonalreproductioncycleSpermstoredinseminalvesiclesBothclaspersfunctionalWarning!!

Graphicimagesahead.Viewerdiscretionisadvised.FemaleSharksModesofReproduction

Oviparous:Oviparousspecies,eggsarereleasedintotheenvironmentFemalesselectsitestodepositeggs40%ofallSharkspeciesandallskatesareoviparousModesofReproduction

Aplacentalviviparity:FemalesretaindevelopingembryosinuteroEmbryosnourishedwithyolkandthen“histotroph”,orovulatedeggs(oophagy)orsiblings(embryophagy)AllraysareaplacentalviviparouswithhistotrophModesofReproduction

Placentalviviparity:FemalesretainembryosinuteroEmbryosnourishedthroughyolkandthenthroughaplacentalconnection10%ofsharkspeciesareplacentalviviparousAppendiculaeFemaleReproductiveSystem

OnefunctionalovaryinmostviviparousspeciesSeasonalreproductivecycleFertilizationinnidamental

glandNidamentalStomachOvaryFemaleAnatomyFemaleAnatomyOvaryNidamental

GlandsUteriLiverUteriPregnantSandbarSharkCarcharhinusplumbeusPlacentalEmbryosParturitionSharkMatingSharkMating

Oneclasperwillrotate90oandwillbeinsertedintothefemale’scloaca

ClasperwillexpandcartilaginousspurstoanchorinthefemaleSharkMatingMatingScarsEvolutionaryAdaptationsEvolutionaryAdaptationsPlacoidScales=decreasedragEvolutionaryAdaptations:Teeth

LargeLiverandcartilaginousskeletonhelpswithbuoya

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