高級英語Lesson6Book2DisappearingThroughtheSkylight課件PP

高級英語Lesson6Book2DisappearingThroughtheSkylight課件PPTAimsToknowthefeaturesofscientificwriting.Toanalysethestructureofthetext.Tounderstandthedeepermeaningofthetext.Toappreciatethelanguagefeatures

TeachingContents1.Scientificwriting2.Structuralismandthemainideaofthetext.3.Detailedstudyofthetext4.Organizationalpattern5.Languagefeatures6.Exercises

O.B.Hardison,Jr.(1928-1990)O.B.Hardison,Jr.O.B.Hardison,Jr.(1928-1990)BorninSanDiego,Californiain1928.,hereceivedB.A.andM.A.degreesfromtheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHillin1949and1950,respectively,andaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofWisconsinin1956.HetaughtatschoolsthatincludedPrincetonandtheUniversityofNorthCarolina,andhebecameUniversityProfessorofEnglish

atGeorgetownin1984.Hardison,Englishprofessor(Georgetown),Shakespeareanscholar,andamateurphysicist,isalwaysentertainingandoftenthought-provokingAScholarlyWriterMr.Hardisonwrotenumerousbooksandarticles,aswellaspoetryandbookreviews.HisscholarlyconcernsrangedfromRenaissanceliteraturetotechnologyandchangeinmodernsociety.HeistheauthorofLyricsandElegies(1958),TheEnduringMonument(1962),EnglishLiteraryCriticism:TheRenaissance(1964),TowardFreedomandDignity:TheHumanitiesandtheIdeaofHumanity(1973),EnteringtheMaze:IdentityandChangeinModernCulture(1981)andDisappearingThroughtheSkylight(1989/1990).EnteringtheMaze:IdentityandChangeinModernCultureInthisbook,Hardisonbeginstoreviewthewaysinwhichthecentralconceptsinnature,history,language,art,andhumanevolutionshavechangedundertheimpactofmodernscienceandtechnology.C.B.Hardison,Jr.Well-knownforhisprofoundinsightsintothechangeinmodernculturebroughtaboutbymodernscienceandtechnology.Hisprovocativeviewsarestimulatingandinformative.QuestionsHowdoyouthinkofscienceandtechnology?Whatadvantagesdotheyhave?Whatdisadvantagesdotheyhave?Whatisculture?CultureCultureismostcommonlyusedinthreebasicsenses:Excellenceoftasteinthefineartsandhumanities,alsoknownashighculture;Anintegratedpatternofhumanknowledge,belief,andbehaviorthatdependsuponthecapacityforsymbolicthoughtandsociallearning;Thesetofsharedattitudes,values,goals,andpracticesthatcharacterizesaninstitution,organizationorgroup.CultureThesumofattitudes,customs,andbeliefsthatdistinguishesonegroupofpeoplefromanother.Cultureistransmitted,throughlanguage,materialobjects,ritual,institutions,andart,fromonegenerationtothenext.CulturalDictionary,LowcultureHighCultureisusuallyassociatedwiththosethatarerefined,educated,and/orwealthy.Theelite.

LowCultureisassociatedwiththecommonpeople,thoselesseducatedandpoor.Themasses.LowcultureLowculture

isatermforsomeformsofpopularculture.Itsoppositeishighculture.Ithasbeensaidbyculturetheoriststhatbothhighcultureandlowculturearesubcultures.Realitytelevision,popularmusic,escapistfiction,Kitsch,slapstick,camp,toilethumor,yellowjournalism,pornography,andexploitationfilmsareoftencitedexamplesoflowculture.Ithasoftenbeenstatedthatinpostmoderntimes,theboundarybetweenhighcultureandlowculturehasblurred.DisappearingThroughtheSkylight:CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury

DisappearingThroughtheSkylightisnotonlythetitleofthischapterbutalsothetitleofthebook.Thebookhasasub-title,“CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury〞TheBookAsforthecentralthemeofthisbook,thewritersays,“Thisbookisaboutthewaysculturehaschangedinthepastcentury,changingtheidentitiesofallthosebornintoit.Itsmetaphorfortheeffectofchangeoncultureis“disappearance〞.TheBookAsforthe“disappearance〞,Hardisonsays,“Inthenineteenthcentury,sciencepresentednatureasagroupofobjectssetcomfortablyandsolidlyinthemiddledistancebeforetheeyesofthebeholder.IntheworkofD’ArcyThompson,publishedaroundtheturnofthecentury,naturehasdisappeared.Ithasbecomeasetofgeometricandmathematicalrelationsthatlieunderthesurfaceofthevisible….….Today,naturehasslipped,perhapsfinally,beyondourfieldofvision.〞Alogicalconclusioncanbefoundinthefinalparagraphofthiskeychapterthat“Assurelyasnatureisbeingswallowedupbythemind,thebanks,youmightsay,aredisappearingthroughtheirownskylights〞.DisappearingThroughtheSkylight

Themetaphoricalphrase“DisappearingThroughtheSkylight〞isusedtodescribethechangedappearanceofmodernbankswhichseemtobedisappearing.MainviewsinthiskeychapterThewriterputsforwardthecentralthemeof“disappearance〞–naturedisappears,historydisappearsandeventhesolidbanksdisappears.(CentralTheme)Heputsforwardtheideaoftheuniversalizingtendencyofscienceandtechnology.(Theuniversalizingeffectandreflectionisworldstyles.)Mainviewsinthiskeychapter3.Themodernmanisnolongerauniqueindividual,theproductofaspecialenvironmentandculture.Thehomogeneousworldhenowlivesinuniversalizeshim.Hebecomesacosmopolitan,acitizenoftheworld.Mainviewsinthiskeychapter4.Thedisappearanceofhistoryisaformofliberationandthisfeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingsofPicassoandJoanMiroandsoon.

Scientificwriting

(Englishforscienceandtechnology)

1.technicaltermscylinderblock;carburettor;thermodynamics;etc.2.objective:relyingonfacts,notinvolveemotion,seldomusefiguresofspeech,exclamationtheuseofpresenttensetheuseofpassivevoiceScientificwriting3.sentences:a)completenocontractions(dep't--department)b)long1)compoundsentences2)appositions3)parenthesis4)logicalconnectorssuchas:however;but;also;yet;finally;while;as;notonly;justas...so;etc.ScientificwritingGenerallythistechnicalwritingtendstobeveryformal.Yetthecharacteristicsofanykindoflanguagestyleisnotabsolute.Inordertomeettheneedsoftheworkforpopularscience,manyscientificworkerstrytoadoptamorepopularstyle.Thentherecomesapopularscientificandtechnicalwritingstyle.Characteristicslimittheuseoftechnicaltermsexamples---tomakethewritingmorevividandappealingtothereadersCharacteristics3.figuresofspeech--tomakethesentencesfigurativesothatthereaderscaneasilyunderstandand

associatethemwithwhattheyarefamiliarwith4.nounpre-modifiersgametheory;humangrowthgenes;themepark;museumvillages;worldcar;etcRhetoricaldevicesMetaphorAnalogyRhetoricalquestionRepetitionBalancedstructure…Task:Trytofindexamplesofeachrhetoricaldeviceusedinthetext.OrganizationalpatternThechapterisclearlyandlogicallyorganized.Theauthor’sviewsarepresentedatthebeginningofaparagraph:scienceiscommittedtotheuniversalanddevelopedorillustratedintheparagraphitselforbysucceedingparagraphs.

Majorexamples1)automobileindustry(para2—8)2)modernart(para9—13)3)modernculture(para.14-15)4)architectofbanks(16—19)Detailedstudyofthetext

Findandcommentontheuseoftopicsentences.

Thewriter'sviewsaregenerallyclearlyandsuccinctlypresentedasatopicsentenceatthebeginningofeachparagraphandthendevelopedorillustratedintheparagraphitselforbysucceedingparagraphs.Commit:vt.犯(錯誤),干(壞事),把...交托給,提交,容許負(fù)責(zé)1)topromiseorgiveyourloyalty,timeormoneytoaparticularprinciple,personorplanofaction;giveentirelytoaspecificperson,activity,orcause.Thegovernmentmustcommititselftoimprovinghealthcare.Sheisknownchieflyforhercommitmentto

nucleardisarmament.2)todosomethingwrongorillegal

commitcrimes/murder/rape/arson/suicide/adultery/error/offence,etc3)Toconsignforfutureuseorreferenceorforpreservation:commitsomethingtopaper;commitsomethingtomemoryScienceiscommittedto…Scienceisengagedinthetaskofmakingitsbasicconceptsunderstoodandacceptedbyscientistsallovertheworld.Thisconceptofuniversalityanduniformityisoneofthebasicviewsoftheauthor.Universal:relatingto,extendingto,oraffectingtheentireworldorallwithintheworld;worldwide:Assciencebecomessuccessful,moreandmorepeopleacceptitsbasicconcepts.Thisprovestheuniversality.thermodynamics--(sing)熱力學(xué)mutation–change,alternation

achangeinthegeneticstructureofananimalorplantthatmakesitdifferentfromothersofthesamekind(轉(zhuǎn)變;突變;變異)

Aseriesofmutationshasresultedinlargegrainsofwheat.amutationthatcausesmicetobebornblind

technicalachangeinaspeechsound,especiallyavowel,becauseofthesoundoftheonenexttoitFormanyyearsthereweretwoschoolsofgenetics---aWesterngeneticsandaSovietgeneticsputforwardbyLysenko.Lysenkoputforwardthetheorythatenvironmentalstressproducesgeneticchangesandthesearetransmitted.discreditdiscredit:tomakesthstopbelievingthatsthistrue---discreditable:badandunacceptable,causingpeopletoloserespectCf.Creditbelief;trust;confidencetobelieveoradmitthatsomeonehasaquality,orhasdonesomethinggood…creditable:deservingpraiseorapproval

Para2.science:(universalized)universality

technology:universalizingtendency:worldhomogeneous(uniform;same;alike*diversity)world/internationalstyle

diminishmentofidentitiesanddifferencesdisappearanceofhistory.Corollarycorollary:corollaries[countable]

formal

somethingthatisthedirectresultofsomethingelsecorollaryof/toIssocialinequalitytheinevitablecorollaryofeconomicfreedom?Technologynaturallyfollowsseience.Italsodisplaysthetendencytowarduniversalizing.homogeneous

homogeneous:consistingofpeopleorthingsthatareallofthesametype;havingsimilarityinstructurebecauseofcommondescent.=uniform;similaroridenticalTheworkingclassisnotquitesohomogeneousinitspoliticalpreference.Cf.heterogeneous;instantaneousThespreadoftechnologywithitsuniversalizingtendencyiswhatmakesdifferentcountriesandpeoplelookmoresimilaroridentical.Aschildren’sthoughtsandfeelingsareshapedbythissameness,theirsenseofdifferencesamongculturesandpeoplebecomesweak.Diversity:difference;varietyvarietyvariationPara3Theautomobileshowsveryclearlythisuniversalizinginfluenceofscienceandtechnology.Clarity:clearnessofappearance;clearnessofthoughtorstyle;lucidityNB:Thewriterusesfourpara.stodeveloptheideasinthisshorttopicsentence.streamline流線型的1.toformsomethingintoasmoothshape,sothatitmoveseasilythroughtheairorwater.

Allthesenewcarshavebeenstreamlined.effortstostreamlinetheproductionprocess2.tomakesomethingsuchasabusiness,organizationetcworkmoresimplyandeffectively.StreamlinedEconomics:thingsrelatedtotheecnomyofautomobilemanufacturing,suchasproductioncosts,consumerappeal,saleprice,etc.Asset:avaluableordesirablethinginnovation---makingchangeintroducingnewthingstechnicalinnovationsinindustryAtechnologicalbreakthroughlikestreamliningorall-weldedbodyconstructionmaynotbeacceptedatfirstbyallcarmakersbutifitprovesitselftobeimportantinraisingtheefficiencyorimprovingtheeconomicsofthecaritwillreappear,maybeindifferentforms,andwillnotonlybeacceptedbutregardedasavaluablethingbyallcarmanufacturers.Today’sautomobiledonotdisplayanyuniquefeaturestoshowtheyaremanufacturedbyacertaincompanyorcountry.cylinder---汽缸block---mainpartofapetrolengine,consistingofthecylinderandvalves汽缸與閥carburetor---thatpartofaninternalcombustionengineinwhichpetrolandairaremixedtomakeanexplosivemixture(內(nèi)燃機中的)汽化器Para5Thecarmodel,calledFiesta,seemstohavedisappearedcompletely.Metaphor.Thecariscomparedtoship.Aworldcar:becausemanypartsofthecarweremanufacturedbydifferentcountries.Thiscar,however,soondisappearedcompletelyfromthemarket.inevitable---thatcan’tbeavoided,thatissuretohappen

ItwastheautomotiveequivalentoftheInternationalStyle.

Theideaofaworldcarissimilartotheideaofhavingaworldstyleforarchitecture.Or:AsarchitecturewasmovingtowardacommonInternationalStyle,itwasnaturalfortheautomobiletodothesame.equivalent–n.sththathasthesameuse,functionassthelseAgoodquiltcanbetheequivalentofatleastthreeblankets.behardputtoit(todosth)---finditdifficultHewashardputtoexplainwhathadhappened.Para.6:Asin…automakingThisisanellipticalbalancedsentence.Thefullsentencemayread:“Thingsthatarehappeninginautomakingaresimilartothosehappeninginarchitecture.〞

1962LincolnContinentalConvertible1969LincolnContinentalMarkIIICadillac1932VolkswagenBeetleType12VolkswagenBeetleToday,atadistanceof500paces,onefindsitdifficulttoseeanydifferenceinthevariouscarmodelsthatareinthesamepricerange.TellonefromanotherMake:Thestyleormannerinwhichathingismade:制作樣式：生產(chǎn)某事物的風(fēng)格或方式：dislikedthemakeofhercoat.不喜歡她衣服的樣式Traits...history:specialfeaturesinAmericancarsthatclearlydisplayedthespecialinfluenceofAmericanhistoryandcultureVisibleevidence...FerdinandPorshe:theobviousfeaturesinaVolkswagenBeetlecarclearlyshowedhowtheideaofsreamline,firstputforwardbyD’ArcyThompsonandthendevelopedbyCarlBreerandFerdinandPorsche,wasappliedinthemanufactureofautomobile.Para7Ifman….Creator:Thisshortbalancedtopicsentenceintroducesthesecondimportantviewofthewriter.Mancreatesmachinesandthemachinesthenturnaroundandchangethosewhocreatedthem.MancreatestheWorldCarandbydrivingthiskindofcarthemodernmanhimselfbecomesuniversalized.Heisbecomingacosmopolitan.Nolongerquiteanindividual,nolongerquitetheproductofauniquegeographyandculture.

Themodernmannolongerhasverydistinctindividualtraitsshapedbyaspecialenvironmentandculture．Howhasmanbecomecosmopolitan?Hedrivescarsthathavethesamebasicfeatures.Whenhegoesshopping,hefindstheclimateinalltheshopsisthesamebecausetheyareallsimilarlyair-conditioned.Whenhetravelshefindsalltheairportstobefamiliarbecausetheyareallconstructedalongsimilarlinesandthehotelstohavethesameamenities.Inaword,hefindshimselfathomeinallcountriesandplaces.cosmopolitan---oforfromallormanydifferentpartsoftheworldthe~gatheringsattheUnitedNationsAssembly

聯(lián)合國各種世界性集會Theprice…oftheword,thebenefit…limitationsThedisadvantageofbeingacosmopolitanisthathelosesahomeintheoldsenseoftheword.Thebenefitofbeingacosmopolitanisthathebeginstothinktheoldkindofhomeprobablyrestrictshisdevelopmentandactivities.Suspect:tothinkitprobableorlikely;toguess;tosupposePara8Theuniversalizing…irresistible:Thecompellingforceoftechnologytouniversalizecannotberesisted.Imperative:Acommand;anorder.Barring..cultureExceptingagreatdisasterbroughtaboutbyanuclearwar,theuniversalizingpoweroftechnologywillcontinuetoinfluencemoderncultureandtheconsciousnessofpeoplewhoinhabitthatculture.barring:unlessthereshouldbe;exceptingprep.不包括,除非Hisbackisbrokenand,barringamiracle,hewon'twalkagain.Inhabit:Toliveorresidein.居?。鹤』蚓幼≡凇璗obepresentin;fill:在…出現(xiàn)；填滿：Oldchildhoodmemoriesinhabitedtheattic.舊日兒時的記憶充滿了閣樓Para.9Fromthisparagraphonwardsthewriterputsforwardanddevelopsthemainthemeofthischapterandthecentralthemeofhisbook---theinsubstantialityoftheworld,thedisappearanceoftraditionalconcepts,ofthematerialobjectsweusedtoseewithourordinaryeyes.Thisisspeciallyandclearlyreflectedinmodernartandarchitecture.FrancisPicabia(1879-1953)

皮卡比亞FrancisPicabia(1879-1953)

AFrenchpainter,poet,andtypographist,associatedwithboththeDadaandSurrealist

artmovements.FrenchDadaist/SurrealistPainter達達主義是一場興起于一戰(zhàn)時期的蘇黎世，涉及視覺藝術(shù)、文學(xué)〔主要是詩歌〕、戲劇和美術(shù)設(shè)計等領(lǐng)域的文藝運動。達達主義是20世紀(jì)西方文藝開展歷程中的一個重要流派，是第一次世界大戰(zhàn)顛覆、摧毀舊有歐洲社會和文化秩序的產(chǎn)物。達達主義作為一場文藝運動持續(xù)的時間并不長，涉及范圍卻很廣，對20世紀(jì)的一切現(xiàn)代主義文藝流派都產(chǎn)生了影響。MachineTurnQuickly,1916-1918,temperaonpaper,UnitedStatesNationalGalleryofArtTheJoyinBlindness/Bonheurdel'aveuglement.

1947.Oilonwood.Privatecollection.DadaorDadaismManyDadaistsbelievedthatthe'reason'and'logic'ofbourgeoiscapitalistsocietyhadledpeopleintowar.Theyexpressedtheirrejectionofthatideologyinartisticexpressionthatappearedtorejectlogicandembracechaos

andirrationality.Anti-artAnti-art

isaloosely-usedtermappliedtoanarrayofconceptsandattitudesthatrejectpriordefinitionsofartandquestionartingeneral.Anti-arttendstoconductthisquestioningandrejectionfromthevantagepointofart.ThetermisassociatedwiththeDadamovementandisgenerallyacceptedasattributabletoMarcelDuchamppre-WorldWarI,whenhebegantousefoundobjectsasart.Anti-artAnexpressionofanti-artcantaketheformofartornot.Ingeneral,anti-artrejectsonlysomeaspectsofart.Dependingonthecase,"anti-artworks"mayrejectconventionalartisticstandards.MarcelDuchamp

L.H.O.O.Q.1919Surrealism

SurrealismdevelopedoutoftheDadaactivitiesduringWorldWarIandthemostimportantcenterofthemovementwasParis.Fromthe1920sonward,themovementspreadaroundtheglobe,eventuallyaffectingthevisualarts,literature,filmandmusicofmanycountriesandlanguages,aswellaspoliticalthoughtandpractice,philosophyandsocialtheory.SurrealismA20thcenturystyleandmovementinartandliteratureinwhichimagesandeventsthatarenotconnectedareputtogetherinastrangeorimpossibleway,likeadream,totrytoexpresswhatishappeningdeepinthemind.Surrealistworksfeaturetheelementofsurprise,unexpectedjuxtapositionsandnonsequitur(前后不符;不合理的推論).

emphasisoncontentandfreeformSurrealismThemajorSurrealistpainterswereJeanArp;MaxErnst;AndréMasson;RenéMagritte;YvesTanguy;SalvadorDalí;PierreRoy;PaulDelvaux;

JoanMiró.JoanMiróPortraitofJoanMiro,Barcelona1935.

JoanMiróPaintingofRooster(left)

JoanMiroPainting"Daybreak“right)

JoanMiró,TheTilledField,(1923–1924),SolomonR.GuggenheimMuseum.Thisearlypainting,acomplexarrangementofobjectsandfigures,wasMiró'sfirstSurrealistmasterpieceMarcelDuchamp(

1887–1968)

FrenchartistwhoseworkismostoftenassociatedwiththeDadaistandSurrealistmovements.

NudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2(French:Nudescendantunescaliern°2)isa1912paintingbyMarcelDuchamp.TheworkiswidelyregardedasaModernistclassicandhasbecomeoneofthemostfamousofitstime.InitsfirstpresentationattheParisianSalondesIndépendants,itwasrejectedbytheCubistsandcausedahugestirduringitsexhibitionatthe1913ArmoryShowinNewYorkfollowingapresscopyofanabusescandal.TheworkisnowfoundinpermanentexhibitionattheLouisandWalterArensbergCollectionofthePhiladelphiaMuseumofArtinPhiladelphia.NudeDescendingaStaircase,No.2ThepaintingcombineselementsofboththeCubistandFuturistmovements.Inthecomposition,Duchampdepictsmotionbysuccessivesuperimposed(疊加的)images,similartostroboscopic(頻閃觀測的)motionphotography.TheoriginalFountainbyMarcelDuchamp,1917,Fountainisa1917workbyMarcelDuchamp.Itisoneofthepieceswhichhecalledreadymades(alsoknownasfoundart),becausehemadeuseofanalreadyexistingobject—inthiscaseaurinal,whichhetitledFountainandsigned"R.Mutt".TheartshowtowhichDuchampsubmittedthepiecestatedthatallworkswouldbeaccepted,butFountain

wasnotactuallydisplayed,andtheoriginalhasbeenlost.Theworkisregardedbysomeasamajorlandmarkin20thcenturyart.

ReplicascommissionedbyDuchampinthe1960sarenowondisplayinanumberofdifferentmuseums.theEiffelTower,ParistheEiffelTower,Parisanimmensestructureofexposedlatticeworksupportsmadeofpuddleiron,waserectedfortheParisExpositionof1889.theEiffelTower,ParisHowever,thecontroversialtowerelicitedsomestrongreactions,andapetitionof300waspresentedtothecitygovernment,protestingitsconstruction."We,thewriters,painters,sculptors,architectsandloversofthebeautyofParis,doprotestwithallourvigorandallourindignation,inthenameofFrenchtasteandendangeredFrenchartandhistory,againsttheuselessandmonstrousEiffelTower."theEiffelTower,ParisNatureloversthoughtthatitwouldinterferewiththeflightofbirdsoverParis.ButtheEiffelTowerwasadmiredbyRousseau,Utrillo,Chagall,andDelaunay.Itwasalmosttorndownin1909attheexpirationofits20-yearlease,butwassavedbecauseofitsantenna—usedfortelegraphyatthattime.Beginningin1910itbecamepartoftheInternationalTimeService.Frenchradio(since1918),andFrenchtelevision(since1957)havealsomadeuseofitsstature.Inthe1960s,itwasthesubjectofawonderfulstudybysemiologistRolandBarthes.

Machineaesthetics

Architecturethatsuggestedsomethingmachine-made,acknowledgingindustrialization,mass-production,andengineering,orthatusedelementsofmetalstructures(ships,aeroplanes,motorcars,etc.)inaneclecticfashion,moreamatterofarrivingatanappearancethanofactuallybeingwhatitseemed,afactthatcontradicteddemandsforhonestyandtruthinarchitecture,anddeniedthelogicofstructuralprinciples.MachineaestheticsTermappliedtotheconceptofthemachineasasourceofbeauty,aconceptparticularlyimportantinthedevelopmentofartanddesigninEuropeandNorthAmericainthe20thcentury.Itcanbeargued,however,thattheoriginsofthemachineaestheticlieinthe19thcentury,althoughfew19th-centuryarchitects,designersorwriterswerewillingtothinkofmachinesasinthemselvespotentialsourcesofbeauty.機器美學(xué)機器美學(xué):其含義有三方面：其一，建筑應(yīng)象機器一樣符合實際的功用，強調(diào)功能和形式之間的邏輯關(guān)系，反對附加裝飾；其二，建筑象機器那樣可以放置在任何地方，強調(diào)建筑風(fēng)格的普遍適應(yīng)性；其三，建筑應(yīng)象機器那樣高效，強調(diào)建筑和經(jīng)濟之間的關(guān)系?？虏嘉饕摹胺课菔蔷幼〉臋C器〞就是基于這種思想而提出的。機器美學(xué)追求機器造型中的簡潔、秩序和幾何形式以及機器本身所表達出來的理性和邏輯性，以產(chǎn)生一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的、純而又純的模式。其視覺表現(xiàn)一般是以簡單立方體及其變化為根底的，強調(diào)直線、空間、比例、體積等要素，并拋棄一切附加的裝飾。在機器美學(xué)被實際應(yīng)用到機器本身之前，首先在建筑和一些實用藝術(shù)品上得到表達。在這里，對于機器的興趣不如說是對于簡單、抽象形式的興。MachineaestheticsLeCorbusier(1887-1965)

Designsproposition/propose1.Thepropositionissoclearthatitneedsnoexplanation.(statement)2.ImadewhatIhopedwasanattractiveproposition.(suggestion/proposal)3.It'satough/notaneasyproposition.((infml口)mattertobedealtwith;problemortask;apersonormattertobedealtwith)要對付處理的人或事物atough~難對付的人或事物4.technicalsomethingthatmustbeproved,oraquestiontowhichtheanswermustbefound-usedingeometry(命題)

Reminisce~(aboutsth/sb)tothink,talkorwriteaboutahappytimeinyourpast;totalkorthinkaboutpleasanteventsinyourpast.Wespenttheeveningreminiscingaboutouruniversitydays.Heiswritinghisreminiscences.Thenovelcontainsendlessreminiscencesof/abouttheauthor'syouth.Yourreminiscencesaretheexperiencesyourememberfromthepast,oftenwritteninabook.回憶,緬懷往事Aesthetic:theappreciationofbeauty審美論，美學(xué)原那么Thediscovery...in1949:artistsdiscoveredthatmachinescouldalsobebeautifulWheneveryartist...blasphemy:wheneveryartistthoughtitwashisdutytoshowhiscontemptforandobjectiontotheEiffelTowerwhichtheyconsideredanirreverentarchitecturalstructure.blasphemy---contemptuousorirreverenttalkaboutGodandsacredthings

褻瀆神明，對神不敬的話Machines...alltradition:Mposition---apersonormattertobedealtwith要對付處理的人或事物atough~難對付的人或事物Evade:get,keepoutofthewayof~ablow~one’senemies~anattack~payingincometax

Amobile...new:aflexibleandpliablequalitythatwasbeyondhumanpowersandabsolutelynewExtra:outsidethescopeorregionof;beyondmainideaofpara.9WheneveryartistthoughtitwashisdutytoshowhiscontemptforandobjectiontotheEiffeltowerwhichtheyconsideredanirreverentarchitecturalstructure.Machinessoonoriginatednewideasandproblemsthatcouldnotbehandledbytheoldwaysofthinking,whichisaflexibleandpliablequalitythatwasbeyondhumanpowersandabsolutelynew.Inparagraph10rhetoricalquestionsThewriterusesmanyrhetoricalquestions

tointroducehiscentralthemeandtoemphasizehisargumentsontheinsubstantialityoftheworld.insubstantiality---非實在，無實體Artis...world:artcanalsobedefinedasanattempttogiveanametothingsintherealworld.Sciencehasshownthattheworldisnotmadeupofsolidmaterialobjectsthatweseewithoureyes.Thisisthebasisofthewriter’scentralthemeofdisappearance.

Ithasthusunderminedanarticleoffaith:thethinglinessofthings.

Peopleusedtofirmlybelievethatthethingstheysawaroundthemwererealsolidsubstancesbutthishasnowbeenthrownintodoubtbyscience.這就動搖了人們認(rèn)為世界的物質(zhì)是客觀實在的信念。undermine---weakengradually逐漸削弱或損壞Hishealthwas~dbysmoking.Ithasproduced...ofthings:Sciencehasproducedimagesofmanyclassesorcategoriesofrealitythatlieundertheobjectiveimageofthingsweseewithoureyes.Order:category,classScience...artifacts:Sciencehasalsoproducedimagesofanartificialcharacter,imagesofthingsthatdonotexistliketheimageofself-squareddragons.Artifact: