專四語法精講

一、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)

時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：

1.表達(dá)將來時(shí)的形式：

(1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的

類型，如：

riltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來電話。(賓語從

比較：PHtellhimwhenyouringagain,你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語從句)

⑵在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在

時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，如：

Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn'tknowthe

answertolasttime.

(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)

2.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語：

(l)by/between/upto/till+過去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情

況的從句,主句用過去完成時(shí)。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanold

mancametothedoor.

Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswere

portrayedhadbeenproduced.

(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)

(2)by+將來時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將

來完成時(shí)。如：

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.

Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.

(3)bynow、since+過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/ovei7thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)

字)years/days/months,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這

一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：

Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswould

haveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsatthe

turnofthe19thcentury.

ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.

(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完

成時(shí)。如：

Itisn'tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassing

situation.

⑸在nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely.?.when…句型中,主句常用過去完成

時(shí)。

3.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothing

hashappened.

時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：

⑴先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗

示的時(shí)間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；

⑵根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞與句子主語或非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主

動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

二、不定式

1.不定式做主語

⑴引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人

的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時(shí)，不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：

absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,

stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy^^nerous,horh^i,

modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrongoiflr

Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontlstayhealth^

Ifscleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.I

(2)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語：\

掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采

用相應(yīng)形式。如：

besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.

2.不定式做賓語

掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞：

afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,

endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture?如：

Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceived

whentheycameintotheroom.

3.不定式做定語

(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next,last,only,nota,the,very等

限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon

第一個(gè)登上月球的女性

⑵如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：

tendencytodo—>tendtodo,decisiontodo-decidetodo

ThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.

(3)如果其形容詞形式要求按不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。

如：

ambitiontodo”干...的雄心”—beambitioustodo”有雄心干....”

curiositytodo”對(duì)....的好奇心”-becurioustodo”對(duì)....好奇”

abilitytodo”做...的能力”—abletodo“有能力做...”

AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies9abilitytosurvive

arenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.

(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：

way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,

right,movement,drive(運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort等。如：Iworkedsolateintheofficelast

nightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.

Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontothe

existingproblem.

(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：

Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstilimuchtobeimproved.

4.不定式做狀語

不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。

(l)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：

(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too.??to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語o如：

Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmall

childrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.

ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmerican

Englisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.

(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果,有時(shí)用only

加強(qiáng)語氣。

常見的不定式動(dòng)詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：

Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofindit

locked.

(4)not/nevertoo...to,too...notto,but/onlytoo...to,tooready/eager/apt/inclined

to表示肯定意義。如：

Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。

三、動(dòng)名詞

1.必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞

牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞：

acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,

delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,

justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,

tolerateo如：

Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.

2.動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語

考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：

objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,be

committedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,be

opposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,get

downto,giveoneselfupto,prefer...to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,with

regardto,withaviewto,onthewaytoo如：

四、分詞

分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應(yīng)清楚：

?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。

?過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。

1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別.—

分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握/

⑴現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：I

It,seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaq^ofmodernlifeandon

thevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasing當(dāng)于thechange^

whichtakeplace...)

TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIread

recentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic?(相

當(dāng)于whichgave...)

Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbe

interestedinthediscussion?

(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)

⑵過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：

Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureof

theportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)

T...recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced...)

Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedto

thesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogram

thatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于...eachnewphonewhichisaddedto...)

Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationof

nature.

(相當(dāng)于...descriptionwhichwasbasedon...)

(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：

deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,

risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome?如：

anescapedprisoner一個(gè)逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人

afadedcurtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個(gè)新來的學(xué)生

2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式

(1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語動(dòng)詞，要

用完成式。如：

Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start

之前發(fā)生)

(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。

如：

Hewasn'taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsidered

insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.

Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropical

forest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.

(3)表示伴隨、方式，量于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：

Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnit

soon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutside

world.

(4)表示結(jié)果,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisis

situationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbuses

brokedown,themunusable.

(5)表示補(bǔ)充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensand

closeswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointin

contrastwiththeother.

Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.

3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分

詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分。如：

Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotake

thetrain.

Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.

五、非謂語動(dòng)詞

1.接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法

meantodo想要（做某事）proposetodo打算（做

某事）

meandoing意味（做某事）proposedoing建議（做

某事）

forgettodo忘記（要做的事）remembertodo記得（要做

某事）

forgetdoing忘記（已做的事）rememberdoing記得（已做

過的事）

goontodo繼而（做另一件事）stoptodo停下來去做另一

件事

goondoing繼續(xù)（做原來的事）stopdoingfi也正出幽出事

regrettodo（對(duì)將要做的事）遺憾regret的ng（對(duì)已做過的事）后

悔

2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法

句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo

cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo

havenochoice/alternativebuttodo

上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、"不禁做"、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、

“只能做”。如：

Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythe

sciencefiction.

WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethat

thepublicwillappreciatehisgift.

3.動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法

句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.have

difficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.

It'snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderful

timedoingsth.

spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisno

point/sense/harm/usedoingsth.

cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisno

doingsth.

Iknowitisn'timportantbutIcan'thelpthinkingaboutit.

Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyof

them.

Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.

4.therebe非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法

⑴做賓語時(shí)取決于謂語動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如：

Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinal

exams.（expect要求接不定式做賓語）

⑵做目的狀語或程度狀語時(shí)用fortheretobe,做其他狀語用therebeing。如：

Fortheretobesuccessfulcoinmunication,theremustb<:entivenessa?

involvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent./（forthereta

be…在句中做目的狀語）

Itisn'tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIanleave

quitesafely.

（fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語）

Therebeingnofurtherquestions,weHIstopheretoday.（therebeing???做原

因狀語）

（3）引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobeo如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomers

today.

（4）做除for外的介詞賓語，用therebeingo如：

Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinner

thought.六、虛擬語氣

L主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

⑴掌握主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配：

主句從句

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式+dowere（不分人稱）/did

與過去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式+havedonehaddone

與將來事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式+doshoulddo/weretodo

如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebe

asuddenloudnoise.

⑵區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：

主從句謂語動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情

況來調(diào)整。如：

Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompany

wouldnotbesothrivingasitis.

（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反）

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairman

now.

（主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反）

⑶識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句:

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexamination

hadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前

半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI

wasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部

分是事實(shí))

2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式

名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動(dòng)詞

需用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：

(1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí)，that賓語從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：

desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,

require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote?如：

Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.

Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.

⑵下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補(bǔ)語時(shí)，that主語從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：

advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,

crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,

proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,

proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested?如：

Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.

Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.

(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時(shí)，從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：

insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,

requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,

understandingo如：

JohnWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyof/yro-Americanpoetry

ishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswel/asworldly,frameof

reference.I

TheykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrlpresentativwFsentto

theconferenceonschedule.\

3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式

含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌?/p>

應(yīng)熟悉：

(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。

如：

Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.

Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.

Victorobviouslydoesn'tknowwhafshappened;otherwisehewouldn'thave

madesuchastupidremark.

(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件,常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorable

conditions等。如：

ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.

(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完成式或had

intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished

+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwas

busyatthattime.

(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairline

reservation,butIdidn't.

4.常用虛擬形式的句型

⑴從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：

wouldratherwouldassoonasthough

suppose...

hadratherwouldsoonerasif

supposing...

Ifonly...Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過去式)

如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn'ttalkaboutthematteranymore.

rdratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginan

airplaneinsuchbadweather.

IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmy

handsforacry.

Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.

(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實(shí)相反)相當(dāng)于butfor。如：

Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.

(3)Ifonly…調(diào)語動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如?/p>

Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectas

soonaspossible.

(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形。如：

Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.

(5)whether…or…有時(shí)謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采

用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,

Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquite

smoothly.

七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：

1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況

⑴musthave+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定…

如：

MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthe

firstmanImetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright?”

(2)can5t/couldn5thave+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)

一定沒……如：

Marycouldn'thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbefore

now.

(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯性很小

測，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：AtFloridower'sCrystalRiver

plant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivefvaterma

unknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.

2.表示虛擬語氣

(l)iieedifthave+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事,譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……l如：

Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn'thavedressedupso

formally.

⑵should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)

該做但實(shí)際上做了，譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該...如：Iregrethavingleftthework

unfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.

(3)oughttohave+過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為

“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：

Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthe

stock,whichwentupinsmoke.

(4)couklhave+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……

如：

Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.

(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許

會(huì)...如：

Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosof

equipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomation

managers.

3.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?/p>

(l)may/might(just)aswell"不妨,最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：

Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.

(2)cannot/can?t...too...“越...越好,怎么也不過分注意這個(gè)句型的變體

cannot...over...o如:

Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.

ThefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddeveWpment.Thissubjecr

cannotbeoveremphasized./

(3)usedn't或didn'tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。(

(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握人竟然”的意思。如：

Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、副詞及

較級(jí)

1.形容詞的句法功能

形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：

⑴以"a”開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語，可做

表語或后置定語。

(2)某些以副詞詞綴u-ly^^結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。

(3)下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語：

remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,

appear,looko

2.考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握

⑴形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較

及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetter

thananactualperformance.

Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthan

arethosewithlittleambition.

⑵比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：

Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'smarathonwashalfthatof

lastyear's.

Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexciting

thanThackeray's.

(3)比較級(jí)的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,

還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+於…as…，或修飾語

+more...than...o如:

Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeople

eachyearthanautomobileaccidents.

“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwould

gladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”

(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,majorJunior,preferable,

differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthano

如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.

3.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題

比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：

anyother+單數(shù)名詞

theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞

theothers

anyone/anythingelse

上述詞是用來將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)

造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)

的不同。

4.有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型

(l)notsomuch…as…與其說...不如說...

Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesasa

fallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.

(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不...Theheartisnomoreintelligent

thanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.

Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethan

theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.

(3)no/notanyless.?.than??.兩者一樣都...Sheisnolessbeautifulthanher

sister.

(4)justas…so….正如...,....也....(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartof

theearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)

1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

Itisbettertodieonone'sfeetthantoliveonone'sknees.

Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputto

decreasingit.

2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。

(l)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同

的成分。如：

Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstylerather

thaninapersonalstyle.

Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,new

economicpolicieswillberequired.

⑵如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)

介詞不要省略。如：

Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazine

advertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞

1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致

如:Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygeta

seriousdiseasefromitseffect.

Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwriters

HemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.

2.that的指代作用

that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those),后面通常跟有修飾

語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatofo如：Conversationcallsforawillingnessto

alternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional

“digestivepauses”byboth.

Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.

3.one的指代作用

one指代不確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為onesotheone指代確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名

詞。如：

Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.十

一、主謂一致問題

1.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主

語。如：

Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityof

theproducts.

2.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：

Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleofthe

insectthatarenotfullyunderstood.

Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,but

whichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.

3.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthataperson

likesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.

Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeen

giventhusfar.

4.主語帶有(togethei7ak)ng)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,

ratherthan等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響。如：

Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferencefor

thepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.

5,表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語

時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語的數(shù)：

agreatmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

manya+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)

anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

themajorityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

each/every+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)

neither/eitherof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

morethanone+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)

oneandahalf+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)

thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/the

restof

謂語的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致。十二、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

L下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要

部分倒裝

never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,

nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,inno

way,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,

stilllesso如：

Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhat

sociologistsfocuson.

Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbut

harmtheinterestsofthestate.

2.以only修飾狀語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion

3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosucha

point,manyatime。如：

Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummer

computercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.

4.以下列副詞開頭的句子，句子的主謂要全部倒裝

(1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out,down,in,up,away,ono如：

Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshouted

athim.

(2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：

Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.

5.讓步從句的倒裝

(Das引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主調(diào)倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)

的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,

whateverthejob.

(2)出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他,comewhatmay中。如：

Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge-beit

scientificorartistic.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquite

smoothly.

Comewhatmay,Filbeonyourside.

6.比較從句的倒裝

as,than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)（不

倒裝也可以）。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：

Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.

Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.十三、復(fù)合句----形容詞性(定

語）從句

1.尤其要注意whose的用法

whose在從句中做定語，修飾名詞。所以，如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞，且

關(guān)系代詞又不在從句中做主語或賓語，那么，這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。

2.介詞+which的用法

如果從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語，而狀語

通常用介詞短語充當(dāng)，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給的選

項(xiàng)，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：

Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworknrnvides^H^Qsvcholo

satisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandlife.

3.as與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別

(l)as與thesame,such,so,as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。如：Asth

animallife.

（2）as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，但as在句木的亞置比較靈活

出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在旬末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)句

子時(shí)。如：

Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.

Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmooth

developmentofproduction.

常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascan

beimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthese

figures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,

asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。

4.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別

⑴如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略；

(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything,nothing,little,all,everything時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用

that;

(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next,last,only,very修飾時(shí)，用

that；

(4)非限定性定語從句只能用which引導(dǎo)；

(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用whicho

5.but做關(guān)系代詞,用于否定句,相當(dāng)于who…not,that…not

這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：