研究生英語閱讀教程(基礎(chǔ)級第三版)1-12課后習題答案翻譯

Lesson1II.VocabularyA.Choosethebestwordfromthefourchoicestocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.Therehasbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups, fromthefarmingcommunity.A.straightforwardlyB.notablyC.virtuallyD.exceptionallyThe viewinBritainandotherWesterncountriesassociatesagingwithdecline,dependency,isolation,andoftenpoverty.A.predominantB.credulousC.inclusiveD.sustainableButgiftssuchasthesecannotbeawardedtoeverybody,eitherbyjudgesorbythemost ofgovernments./reward—rewardingA.toughB.demandingC.diverseD.benignTheforemanreadthe ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.A.prejudiceB.verificationC.verdictD.punishmentTheyfearitcouldhavea(n) effectonglobalfinancialmarkets.A.sizeableB.adverse(negative)C.beneficialD.consequentialTheUNthreatenedto economicsanctionsiftheUdkswerebrokenoff.A.engageB.pursueC.abandon/abundantD.invokeThereareatleastfourcrucialdifferencesbetweenthenew andtheoldgovernment.A.regimeB.hegemonyC.complexD.federation/fedal<->federal,confederate)Thesequestions achallengetoestablishedattitudeofsuperioritytowardtheoutsideworld.A.evolveB.Constitute形成C.tolerateD.arousedBecauseofthis,astrongadministrative wasneededtoplantheuseofscarceresources,organizeproductionandregulatedistribution.A.apparatusB.constitutionC.insistenceD.promotionIlearntthattherearenogenuinely animalsinthisarea,alltheanimalswerebroughtherefromotherplaces.C.indigenousD.extinctA.endangeredB.domesticatedC.indigenousD.extinctB.ChoosethehestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachHonkUseeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.pointupbyandlargetakeindescentforgoodorillleaveasidecrystalcleardieoutendangerlay...atthedoorofpointupbyandlargetakeindescentforgoodorillleaveasidecrystalcleardieoutendangerlay...atthedoorofThebookconcludeswithareviewofthepossibleimpact(influence)ofmoreintimatecomputersforgoodorill,invariousareasofhumanlife.Moreover,ithadbecomeclearfromtheopinionpollsthattheunpopularityofthenewtaxwasbeinglaidalthedoorofthegovernmentwhichhadintroducedit,ratherthanthelocalauthoritieswhowereresponsibleforlevyingandcollectingit.Thiscasegavetheexampleofbreakingsomeone'sarm:thatisareallyseriousinjury,butonewhichisunlikelytoendangerthevictim'slife.ManyofthosewhoholditliveinpoorareasandsomeareColored,thatis(i.e./namely),ofmixedEuropeanandAfricandescent.Thisdebateisimportantbecauseitpoinisup(stress/emphasize)that"thefacts"arenotnecessarilyassimpleandstraightforwardastheymightatfirstsightseem.Inthebeginning,themeaningoflifemightbedebated,butoncepastthefirstperiod,manyoftheconversationsfollowawell-wornroutefromonetopicto(henextandbackagain,takinginmostofhumanlife.Butsinceagricultureformsthebasis(base)ofourindusiry,itwas.byandlarge(onthewhole),alsoanintensiGcationofthecrisisinthenationaleconomyingeneral.Letusleaveasideotherrelevantfactorssuchaseducation,careerstructure,payandconditionsofserviceandconcentrateon(focuson)manpowermanagement,(relateAtoB)Itistruethattheexactnatureofthisissueisuncertain.However,onethingiscrystalclear:itwillnotendangertheplanetanditsinhabitants.Butifanimalpopulationsaretoosmall,thentheysimplydieout.III.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenforeachblank,[criteria:(1)semantic/(2)grammalic]AsimplifiedformoftheEnglishlanguagebasedon850keywordswasdevelopedinthelate1920sbytheEnglishpsychologistCharlesKayOgdenand_1_bytheEnglisheducatorI.A.Richards.KnownasBasicEnglish,itwasusedmainlytoteachEnglishtonon-English-speakingpersonsand_2 asaninternationallanguage.ThecomplexitiesofEnglishspellingandgrammar,however,weremajor3totheadoptionofBasicEnglishasasecondlanguage.ThefundamentalprincipleofBasicEnglishwasthatanyidea,_4 complex,maybereducedtosimpleunitsofthoughtandexpressedclearlybyalimitednumberofeverydaywords.The850-wordprimaryvocabularywas5600nouns(representingthingsorevents),150adjectives(forqualitiesand6),and100general"operational"words,mainlyverbsandprepositions.Almostallthewordswerein_J_useinEnglish-speakingcountries.Morethan60percentofthemwereone-syllablewords.Thebasicvocabularywascreated8byeliminating_9 theuseof18"basic"verbs,suchasmake,get,do,have,andbe.Numerouswordswhichhavethesameorsimilarmeaningsandbyverbs,suchasmake,gel,do,have,andbe.Theseverbsweregenerallycombinedwithprepositions,suchasup,among,under,in,andforward.Forexample,aBasicEnglishstudentwouldusetheexpression"goup"10"ascend".(Semantic/grammaticalcriterion)1.A.createdB.publicizedC.inventedD.operated2.A.provedB.providedC.projectedD.promoted3.A.advantagesB.objections C.obstacles D.facileties4.A.howeverB.whateverC.whereverD.whenever5.A.comprisedofB.madeofC.composedofD.constitutedof6.A.personalitiesB.propertiesC.preferencesD.perceptions/perceive)7.A.commonB.ordinaryC.averageD.nonprofessional8.A.inallB.attimesC.forgoodD.inpart/partially)9.A.experiencingB.exchangingC.excludingD.extending10.A.inspiteof=despite B.infavorofC.insteadofD.incaseofII.TranslationPutthefollowingpassagesintoChinese.ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...(hattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.因為英語是個殺手。正是英語造成了康瑞克、康況施、諾恩、曼科斯等語言的消亡。在其中一部分島上還有相當多的人使用在英語到來之前就已存在的語言。然而，英語在日常生活中無處不在。所有的人或幾乎所有的人都懂英語。英語對現(xiàn)存的凱爾特語——愛爾蘭語、蘇格蘭蓋爾語及威爾士語的威脅是如此之大，它們的未來岌岌可危。Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguisticism(aconditionparalleltoracismandsexism).AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white"English-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.同時，他認為這些政策和他稱之為語言歧視(和種族歧視、性別歧視的情況類似)的偏見密切相關(guān)。在菲利普森看來，在以白人英語為主導的世界，最重要的機構(gòu)和個人(有意或無意地)鼓勵或者至少是容忍了(肯定沒有反對)英語細權(quán)主義式的傳播。這種傳播始于三個世紀之前的經(jīng)濟及殖民擴張。Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.總的來說，我們現(xiàn)在或多或少地把這些語言看作有利的語言。在談到與之相關(guān)的文化及其為世界所做的頁獻時，我們常懷有崇敬與贊賞，而且這樣做也沒有太大的風險，因為這些語言現(xiàn)在已不會構(gòu)成什么威脅。YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.然而，許多人把英語看成是一件幸事。在此，我暫且不談任何世界語言所具有的明顯優(yōu)勢，例如廣泛的通信網(wǎng)，強大的文化傳媒體系，及強有力的文化教育機構(gòu)。English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.講英語的南非英國后裔并不強烈反對種族隔離政權(quán)，而黑人反對力量，其成員講多種語言，在初期軟弱無力且缺乏組織。Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.這一象征表明這種世界通用語的使用者應(yīng)充分發(fā)掘這一幸事為我們帶來的好處,同時盡能避免招來災(zāi)難。VOCABULARYITEMS1.sizable:adj.fairlylarge相當大的virtually:adv.almostbutnotquite;nearly兒乎，差不多；virtureconstitute:v.toamountto;equal形成，等同于aggrandis(z)ment:n.increaseinpowerorimportance擴張，増力口，expansionpredominantly:adv.mostlyormainly卓越地，支配地，主要地president,dominate(v)default:n.failuretodosth.疏忽,defaultvalue.hegemonic:adj.ofthepredominantinfluenceofonenationoverothers霸權(quán)的benign:adj.tendingtoexertabeneficialinfluence;favorable有利的dispassionately:adv.calmly;reasonably平心靜氣地，不帶偏見地verdict:n.decisionoropiniongivenaftertestingorexamining判斷，裁決,verifystraightforward:adj.plain;clear明確的，清清楚楚的，aboriginal:adj.ofracesofpeoplebelongingtoaregionfromtheearliesttimes土著的，amanofhumbleoriginadversely:adv.unfavorably不利地indigenous:adj.native;originatinginanarea本土的，土生土長endanger:v.tocausetobeinadangeroussituation危害endangered:adj.indangerofbeingdamagedordestroyed瀕于滅絕的apparatus:n.structureormethodofoperation組織，機構(gòu)descent:n.hereditaryderivation血統(tǒng)，遺傳,ascend<->descend(v)apartheid:adj.racialseparateness種族隔離regime:n.systemofgovernmentorrule政權(quán)vernacular:adj.native;commonlyspokenbythemembersofacountryorregion本國語的，方言的invoke:v.tomakeaparticularidea,image,orfeelingappearinpeople'sminds弓I起，造成；pointupto:emphasize強調(diào)，stress;pointouttakein:ioinclude包括forgoodor(for)ill:whethertheeffectofasituationisgoodorharmful無論好壞byandlarge:onthewhole,generally總的來說，大體上；(be)atlarge.dieout:tobecomeextinct死光，絕種lay(put)sthatthedoorof...:toblame(sb.orsth.)forsth歸咎于...leaveaside:putaside,tomakenodiscussionofasubject不談?wù)摚言掝}擱置一邊，putawaycrystalclear:absolutelyclear非常清楚的，顯而易見的,obvious,apparentLesson2VocabularyA.Choosethebestwordfromthefourchoicesgiventocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences."Itwasa(n) task,"Sybilierecalled,"becauseitwasreallythefirstbigpartyLaurahadgiveninherlife."A.ridiculousB.rigorousC.accountable D.Mammoth巨大的Aboutone-thirdoftheadulthomelessare mentallyill,andabouthalfarealcoholicorabusedrugs.A.chronicallyB.sparsely C.adequatelyD.individuallyWespentawonderfuldayatherhome,andalltheguestswerewell .A.implementedB.acknowledgedC.contendedD.accommodatedComparedtovoterparticipationratesofcitizensinotherdemocracies,participationinAmericanelectionsislow;slightlymorethan50percentofthose participateinnationalpresidentialelections.A.feasible/practicable B.available C.eligible D.accessibleIcanonlyreducethepainfuluncertaintyand ofthosefirstfewdaysbylearningrelevantinformationquickly.A.swamp B.bewildermentC.chronicle D.publicityThe inthe1960sandearly1970sweremarkedbyprotestandviolenceoncollegecampusesoverUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnamA.exodus B.option C.Turmoil騷動暴亂D.squeezeNon-nuclearWeaponsAgreementssignedin1972restrictedoreliminatedtheproductionanduseofbiologicalandchemicalweapons.Italso destructionofexistingstocksofweaponsbytheyear2005.

A.mandated/orderedB.advocatedA.mandated/orderedB.advocatedC.seizedD.bannedNoramIsuggestingthatblackchildrenaresomehowlinguistically ,orunabletoseparatestandardEnglish.A.deficient B.demandingC.lagged D.acceleratedWhentwelvewomenwho tobevirginswerefound,onlytwowouldswearanoathtothateffect,buttheexecutorsdecidedtotakethewomen'swordfbrit.A.deemed B.tutoredC.professed D.donatedPessimismhasprevailedforsometime,andnowtheeconomicoptimismisback ontheroad.chart B.core C.statute D.Bandwagon流行Choosethebestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachblank.Useeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.letalonewindupdrawlotsvow weighinarowbailouthopon loftybriefOnlyIdon'tknowhowIshouldsetaboutfindingahome,leialoneonethatshewouldbehappyin.Theplayersalternatebetweenthewhiteandblackpiecesanddrawlotstodeterminewhoplayswhiteintoday'sfirstgame.Threenegativereportsinarowwouldbeastrongindicationthatthediseasehadbeenarrested.Butitwasnowthreeo'clockinthemorningandthedebatewasquicklywoundudwiththemoneybeingvotedforthesiteandfoundations.ItarguesthateventhoughtheItalianauthoritiesmaynolongerbailout(舀出.跳傘)anyoldbankthatgetsintotrouble,thelikelihoodofgovernmentsupportforbigbankshasnotchangedenoughtoaffectitsratings.Averylazywaylospendadayinthesun,istobuyadayticketandhoDonandofftheboatsandinandoutofthemanycafesandrestaurantsdottedaroundthelake.Theywon'tquit.Theyvowtofightthesystemincourt,ifnecessary.Ybuhavetobecarefulandweightheadvantagesoftheirappearanceagainstthedisadvantagesoftheirpotentialtodistractfromthemessage.Buiwhiletheirleadersconsideredtheseloftygoals,theparty'sbureaucratshadmoreimmediateproblemsontheirhands—theprospectofunemployment.I'mwellbriefedonthesubject,thisisn'tmyownknowledge.III.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosetherightwordorphrasefromthelistgivenbelowforeachoftheblanks.C/umgethefonnifnecessary.inresponselolivewi【hreassure niauer given(ifconsideraiionisgiveniosih.)prediclorrank bycontrast/comparewith allbut(except) generationWhenourdaughterwenttopublicschool,shecamehometalkingaboutthesubjectsshewastaughtatschoolandwelearnedto1livewithhercourses.Butthen,oneeveningwhenshewasineighthgrade,Isawherusingacalculatortocomputetenpercentof470.Iaskedher,"Aretheotherkidsthis(so)dumb(dull)"Mystraight-Achild2reassureme:"Oh,theyaremuchdumber."ThatnightIbeganresearchingmatheducationandtheeducationalreform.3GivenwhatIlearned,itdidn'tsurprisemethattheUnitedStates4rankedonly28thamong41nationssurveyedintheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy.Withnewanduntestedtheoryof(heeducationalreform,today'sU.S. matheducatorshaveallbut5eliminatednumbers.Theyarecreatinga_6generationofmathematicalfools.Theproblemisthetextbooks.Ithoughtmydaughter'smathbookwashersocial-sciencetext.Ithascolorphotos,essaysonAfricantribesandquestionssuchas"Whatroleshouldzoosplayintcxlay'ssociety?"Bycontrast7theJapanese,whorankedthirdintheinternationalsurvey,havetextsallaboutmath.Mydaughter'stextbookandotherslikeitwerecreated8inresponsetostandardsdevelopedbytheNationalCouncilofTeachersofMathematics.Theideabehindthestandardsisthata"conceptualunderstanding"ofmath,notproblemsandpractice,iswhatniaiters9.Thesestandardstailtorecognizethatthememorizationofbasicmathfactsisanimportantskilland10predictoroffuturesuccess.IV.TranslationPutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.Early2002,PresidentBushsignedthemammothNoChildLeftBehindAct,vowing:ofree"childrentrappedinschoolsthatwillnotchangeandwillnotteach".Now,studentsin8.652chronicallyLow-performingschoolsannouncedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEducationJuly1.2002mustweighwhethertojumpshipinthenextfewdays—whileschooldistrictsscrambletoaccommodatethousandsofstudentseligibletoseizethatoption.2002年初布什總統(tǒng)簽署了一項《不讓一個孩子落后》的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教學質(zhì)量不佳又不進行改革的學校里的孩子”解救出來02002年7月1日美國教育部宣布有8,652所學校被列為“長期教學質(zhì)量低下''的學校，現(xiàn)在這些學校中的學生必須在今后的幾天內(nèi)考慮決定他們是否要轉(zhuǎn)學，同時各個學區(qū)也在忙著為符合轉(zhuǎn)學條件的學生提供幫助和服務(wù)以抓住選擇的機會。Buttheimmediateimpactformanyprincipals,teachers,andstudentsstrugglingintheeducationaltrenchesisbewilderment一andturmoil.Thelaw.theycontend,setsloftystandardswithouttellingschooldistrictshowtoreachthem.對于那些在教學改革旋渦中掙孔的學校的校長、老師和學生來說，這一法案的直接后果則是迷惑與混亂。他們認為該法案制訂的教學改革標準太高而又沒有說明各學區(qū)如何達到這些標準。Weneedtobeaccountabletoourpublic,butweneedtolookatallthemeasurements.“我們要對公眾負責，但是我們也需要看看該法案提出的方法是否切實可行。"Schoolsaredeemeddeficientiftheyfailtoshow"adequateyearlyimprovement"onstateproficiencytestsfortwoyearsinarow.Butthere'snofederalmasterlistofpoorperformersthatparentscanconsult.Instead,thegovernmentrequiresstatestoidentifyindividuallaggardsandbreakoutscoresbyraceandincome.Fewhavestampededtopublishuser-friendlyrosters,somethingthenewlawalsomandates.一所學校連續(xù)兩年在州水平考試中沒有表現(xiàn)出“足夠的年度改進"就會被認為是不合格的學校，但是聯(lián)邦教育部并沒有提供一個具有權(quán)威性的不合格學校的名單讓學生家長作為參考，而是要求各州各自確定不合格學校的名單，并且要求他們把學生的考試成績按照學生的種族和家庭收入進行分類。新法案還規(guī)定各州要公布便于學生和家長査找的不合格學校的名單，但是沒有幾個州能很快拿出來。"Implementationisgoingtobemessy,"acknowledgesUnderSecretaryofEducationEugeneHickok,theformerPennsylvaniaschoolchief,addingthatstatesshouldn'tprofesssurprise.EducationSecretaryRodPaigehasbriefedsuperintendentsandspokennationwideaboutthereforms.Andevenifthere'snot"awholelotofroomforawholelotofchoice"yetincitieslikeNewYorkorChicago,saysHickok,"thelaw'sthelaw."教育部次長，前賓夕法尼亞州學?？偙O(jiān)EugeneHickok也承認“該法案的實施可能會引起一些混亂”，但是他又說各州也不應(yīng)為此而大驚小怪。教育部長RodPaige己經(jīng)向各學區(qū)主管人士就有關(guān)改革事宜做了扼要指示并通報了全國。他說，即使在如紐約和芝加哥這樣的大城市“接收擇校生比較困難”，但“法律就是法律"It'seasytobailoutandhoponsomeoneelse'sbandwagon."saysWooten."Butwehavethepotentialtobegreat,justlikeeveryoneelseinthisnation.Whydon'twecreateourownbandwagon?"Woolen說："人很容易放棄自我，而去趕別人的潮流，但正如其他的美國人一樣，我們都有成功的機會。我們?yōu)槭裁床婚_創(chuàng)自己的潮流呢？"Lesson3VocabularyReadthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.Traditionallyitisapeacefulevent,withoutconfrontationbetweenpoliceandwhattheydescribeasthehippyconvoy.A.connectionB.exchange C.fight D.interactionTomLandryisoneofthemostsuccessfulfootballcoachesinNationalFootballLeaguehistory,andhewasknownforhisunruffledmannerandfiercecompetitiveness.A.calm B.brave C.polite D.mildAttheauction,heofferedridiculouslylowbidsandintimidatedotherwould-bebuyerssothathecouldbuybackthefarmatanextremelylowprice.A.betrayed B.frightenedC.gatheredD.cheatedAfterthebossannouncedthathewouldmovethecompanytoLosAngeles,alltheemployeesbegrudginglyacceptedtheplanastheywereafraidoflosingthejob.A.presently B.reasonablyC.willinglyD.Reluctantly不情愿的PeoplewithADHDhavedifficultykeepingtheirmindsononething;theymayrunintothestreetwithoutlookingblurtoutinappropriatecommentsinclass,andinterruptconversations.A.utter B.conduct C.make D.crushAnattendantLaborpressofficermumbled:"We'reshamelessaren'twe?"A.claimed B.acknowledged C.proposed D.mutteredDuringthecongressionalelectionsof1866,JohnsoncampaignedforhisReconstructionProgram,buthiseffortshurthiscausemorethantheyhelped.Thisexasperaied激怒h(huán)imintoheatedandundignifiedarguments.A.hit B.beat C.angeredD.stirredOneprimaryinterventionthereforewasformetoliaiseregularlywiththewardsothatMrs.Allenwasfullyinformedaboutthesituation.A.negotiate B.contact C.imposeD.stimulateDifficultmarketconditionswereexacerbatedwhenKoreantannersenteredtheUKandNewZealandrawmaterialmarkets,drivingupprices.A.deterioratedB.changed C.relievedD.solvedThusallmaterialtobeshownwillhavebeenconwiledintheknowledgethati(wouldbemadeavailable.verified B.sorted C.extractedD.composedChoosethebestwordorexpressionfromthelistgivenforeachblankeachwordorexpressiononlyonceandmakeproperchangeswherenecessary.takeatollon endupporeover slap bullyloseone'scoolbeup comeinhandy strategypromptlyHuman-madestructuresalsolakeatollonmigrants.Skyscrapersandradiotowershavecausedthedeathsofhundredsofthousandsofmigratingbirds.Amandastayedcalmatthemomentanddidn'tlosehercool.Webothlikedrivingitsomuchthatweendupusingitallthetime.WeshouldrememberfromMayhew'saccountthatthebootsalsocomeinhandyforkickingpolicemenandothertraditionalfoesofthecosters.InhislunchbreaksDoisneauporedoverbooksonphotography,andatweekendshesetoffalonewithaheavywcxxlencameraandtripodtocapturethefirstofthe"personal"photographsthatwouldbethebasisofhislife'swork.Lastnightthewoman,whodidnotwishtobenamed,said:"I'mreallyfurious.I'djustlovetoslaphimonhisnastyface."7.1couldtellbythelookonhisfacethatsomethingwasup.Essentialinformationontheprogressoftheprojectisconveyedthroughoutitsdurationandanyenforcedchangesarenotifiedpromptly.Thisuseofaseriesofreleasers,oneaftertheother,isastrategyfrequentlyemployedinccmmunication.Hewasn't,infact,averyniceboy,abullyandratherstupid.ClozeTherearetenblanksinthefollowingpassage.Readthepassagecandidlyandchoosethehesianswerfromthefourchoicesgiven.foreachblank.NewYorkCityhasahighlycentralizedmunicipalgovernment.Themayor,chosenbyacitywideelectorateforaIbur-yearterm,haswideIpowers.Themayorhasaleadershiproleinbudget-making,authoritytoorganizeandreorganizeadministrativeagenciesandto2andremovetheirheads,astrongveto（否決權(quán)），andallpowersnotspecificallyotherwisegranted.Thecomptroller（審計官），electedonacitywidebasisforafour-yearterm,recommendsfinancialpoliciesandadvisesthemayorandthecitycouncilinthepreparationofthe.Thereareninemajoradministrativeagencies,calledadministrations.Thepoliceandfiredepartmentsarenotasadministrations,butarealsoprincipalagencies.Certainimportantcityagenciesincludetheboardofeducation,theboardofhighereducation,thehealthandhospitalscorporation,andthehousingauihority._5_twomajoragenciesarebi-stateorregionalincharacter:thePortAuthorityofNewYorkandNewJersey,whichcontrolsairportsandinterstatebuses,andtheTransportationAuthority,whichcontrolssubwayandbusoperationsinthecityandrailroadserviceinNewYorkandConnecticut.Legislativeauthorityis_6_bythecitycouncil,madeupof51members,whoareelectedfrom7_districtsforfour-yearterms.The8officeristhepublicadvocate,chosenforafour-yeartermbyacitywideelectorate.Theadvocatecanvoteonlyto_9_.Themostpowerfulmemberofthecouncilisthespeaker,whoischosenbya10ofthemembersandappointstheheadsofthevariouscouncilcommittees.Thecounciintroducesandlegislatesalllawsandapprovesthebudget;itcanoverrideamayoralvetobyavoteoftwo-thirdsofallthemembers.1.A.productiveB.manipulativeC.speculativeD.executive2.A.appointB.fireC.arrangeD.offer3.A.economyB.budget C.revenueD.expense4.A.includedB.undertaken C.classifiedD.called5.A.AtlastB.AsusualC.InadditionD.Afterall6.A.grabbedB.guardedCgradedD.Granted準予7.A.personalB.individualC.privateD.single8.A.presidentialB.practicingC.presidingD.present9.A.breakatieB.makeadecisionC.drawaconclusionD.giveasummary10.A.minimumB.maximumC.minorityD.majorityIV.TranslationPutthefollowingpartsintoChinese.Theonewhostaysunruffledhasagreatadvantageinbeingable（ohelpothers,tocontrolthesituation,tofixit.Thefighterwholoseshiscoolthefirsttimehe'shitwillendupflatonhisbackonthecanvas.能夠保持冷靜的人占據(jù)很大優(yōu)勢。他們能夠幫助別人；能夠控制局勢，并能使情況轉(zhuǎn)危為安。如果一個拳擊手挨了第一下就失去了冷靜的話，那他最終一定會被打倒在拳臺上。Standinguptobulliesmightsoundlikeaglibcalltobemacho,butthetruthisittakesatollonyou.Oneofthebestreasonstoletbulliesknowyouwon'tbackdownfromafightissothatitdoesn'tgettothatpointoften.勇敢地面對強者聽上去像是很輕松地叫你去作個男子漢大丈夫，但實際做起來是要付出代價的。在一場拳擊中要讓恃強凌弱的對手知道你不會倒下的最佳理由之一就是你不輕易倒下。TheuppermanagementofTWAincompetentlyhandledthenotificationprocessforthefamilies.Thatcontinuestobeexacerbatedbytheirnottellingthetruthaboutwhathappened.環(huán)球航空公司的上層管理人員沒能及時、準確地向遇難者家屬通報，更嚴重的是他們隱瞞了事實的真相。Threemonthslater,Ericksonresigned.Butthatwasn'tthepoint.InacitythesizeofNewYork,disastersareinevitable.Iwantedleadersofcompaniesinvolvedinanyfuturedisastertounderstandjustwhatwasexpectedofthem—clear,honest,timelycommunication.ByrefusingtokeepquietaboutTWA'sbehavior.Imadesuretheconsequencesofputtingcorporateneedsaheadofhumansufferingwereunderstood.三個月后Erickson辭職了，但這不是最重要的。在紐約這樣的大城市中災(zāi)難在所難免，我只是希望今后任何公司遇到災(zāi)難時，公司的領(lǐng)導應(yīng)該明白在災(zāi)難發(fā)生時，公眾希望他們能清楚、誠實并及時地告知事實的真相。在環(huán)球航空公司的事件中我沒有保持沉默就是想要明確地告訴他們，如果他們把公司的需求放在人民生命損失之上會有什么樣的結(jié)果。VOCABULARYITEMSwhup：v.（chieflyusedinSouthernU.S.）todefeat,e.g.bywhipping,strikingorbeating（whip的變體）（美俚）大勝unruffled：adj.calm;notupsetoragitated平靜,鎮(zhèn)定canvas：n.thefloorofaboxingring拳擊場的地板nasty：adj.dirty;u叩leasanl骯臟的，令人不快的intimidate：odoingsth.脅迫in-house：adj.originatingwithinanorganization,company,etc.內(nèi)部的jab：n.suddenroughbloworthrust猛擊，猛刺slob：n.impleasantlydirtyandrudeperson骯臟粗魯?shù)娜薭ully：apersonwhouseshisstrengthorpowertofrightenorhurtthosewhoareweaker恃強凌弱者boom：n.deephollowsound低沉的聲音shinner：n.blackeye（跌,打傷的）黑眼圈slap：v.tohitsb.withtheflatpartofone'shand摑:拍mumble：v.tospeakindistinctly嘟噌begrudgingly：adv.showingunwillingnessordissatis不情愿的darn：adj.usedtoemphasizehowbad,stupid,unfair,etc.sb.orsth.is;damnit該死的licking：n.beating打，鞭打blurt：v.totellsth.e.g.asecretthoughtlessly脫口說出某事glib:adj.readyandsmoothbutnotsincere圓滑的，口齒流利的macho：n.havingthecharacteristicsofman男子漢，大丈夫confrontation：n.anargument,fight,orbattle沖突，對抗manifest：n.adetailedlist詳細名單compile：v.tocollectandputtogethermanypiecesofinformation搜集，編制liaise：v.toestablishlinkorconnection建立聯(lián)系contactexasperate：v.toirritate;makeangerworse激怒，加深憤怒runaround:n.anindecisiveorevasiveresponse借口；躲閃；拖延exacerbate：v.tomakepain,diseaseorsituationworse加重，使惡化comeinhandy：toprovetobeuseful發(fā)現(xiàn)后來有用poreover：tostudywithcloseattention仔細研究takeatollonsb.：tobringheavylossesto使遭受損傷beup：tobegoingon發(fā)生了什么事Lesson4II.VocabularyAReadthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichofthefourchoicesbeloweachsentenceisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword.Astheyearprogressed,thewarinVietnamunderminednationalunity,compellingthepresidentandhisadviserstospendmuchoftheirtimeexplainingU.S.policyinAsia.A.weakenedB.stressedC.broke D.splitThepicturewasdifferentfromalltheothers.Itconsistedofalotofdiscret