科技英語(2)學(xué)習(xí)

第一章概論一、科技英語翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確規(guī)范，通順易懂,簡潔明晰。準(zhǔn)確規(guī)范Samples1Weshallmentionheretwotemperaturescales,namely,theFahrenheitscaleandtheCentigradescale.Oilandgaswillcontinuetobeourchiefsourceoffuel.ThreeofArchimedes’sextantworksaredevotedtoplanegeometry.Translatebyyourself1:1．Thepowerplantistheheartofaship.發(fā)電設(shè)備是船只的核心。2．Thepowerunitfordrivingthemachinesisa50-hpinductionmotor.驅(qū)動這些機(jī)器的動力裝置是一個50馬力的發(fā)動機(jī)。3．Thelargestandmostexpensiveproductscannot,becauseoftheirsize,betestableinthefactory.這個大型又昂貴的產(chǎn)品由于它的型號問題不能在這間工廠里測試，通順易懂Samples2Amorecommonwayofjoiningthesemetalpiecestogetheristoweldthem.Moltensaltsrangefromideallyionicfluidstomolecularmeltsandliquid.Thesecompressorshaveprovedthemselvesusefulinavarietyofwaysininstallationswherelargevolumesofairorothergasesarecompressed.Translatebyyourself2:1．Semiconductordevices,calledtransistors,arereplacingtubesinmanyapplications.被稱為晶體管的半導(dǎo)體裝置正在許多應(yīng)用中取代電子管。2．Crampedconditionsmeanthatpassengers’legscannotmovearoundfreely.狹窄的情況下乘客無法自由走動。3．Allbodiesareknowntopossessweightandoccupyspace.所有的身體都有重量，占據(jù)空間。簡潔明晰Samples3Itisforbiddentodismantleitwithoutpermissionsoastoavoidanydamagetoitsparts.Itshouldberealizedthatmagneticforcesandelectricforcesarenotthesame.Alllivingthingsmust,byreasonofphysiologicallimitations,die.Translatebyyourself3：1．Theremovalofmineralsfromwateriscalledsoftening.去除礦物的水被稱為軟水。2．Thesmeltingreductionprocesscanbeappliedfortheproductionofironaswellasferroalloys.未經(jīng)熔煉的鐵也被稱為鐵合金。二、翻譯的一般方法1、直譯與意譯2、合譯與分譯3、增譯與省譯4、順譯與倒譯直譯與意譯Samples4Readabookonanewsubjectandchangeyourdailynewspaper.Thecombustionoftenproduceshotcondensedparticles.Wecangetmorecurrentfromcellsconnectedinparallel.Iftherateoftheback-wardreactionbecomessignificant,theratelawsbecomemorecomplex.Thelawofreflectionholdsgoodforallsurfaces.Translatebyyourself4:1．Bothpumpshaveexcellentmeteringperformanceandhighvacuumlift.泵都有好的計量性和高真空高度。2．Einstein’srelativitytheoryistheonlyonewhichcanexplainsuchphenomena.愛因斯坦的相對論是唯一能解釋如此現(xiàn)象的理論。3．Allfourouterplanetsprobablyhavecoresofmetals,silicates,andwater.這四個外部行星都可能含有金屬芯，硅酸鹽和水。4．Partadjustmentandrepairmustbeperformedonaregularbasisifanacceptableprintedproductistobetheendproduct.產(chǎn)品的部分調(diào)整和要求必須按合格的原則履行，即使一件合意的印刷品即將完成。合譯與分譯Samples5Leavesaretotheplants，whatlungsaretotheanimals.Themostimportantofthefactorsaffectingplantgrowthisthatitrequiresthesupplyofwater.Withthesamenumberofprotons,allnucleiofagivenelementmayhavedifferentnumbersofneutrons.AninfectedmothercanpassAIDSontoherchildduringpregnancyorchildbirthTranslatebyyourself5:1．Therearesomemetalswhichpossessthepowertoconductelectricityandabilitytobemagnetized.有些金屬擁有導(dǎo)電的和磁化的能力。2.Thedoctoranalyzedthebloodsampleforanemia.醫(yī)生化驗了貧血癥患者的血液樣品。3.Theapparentchangeinsizeofthesuniscausedbydustintheairnearthehorizon.太陽大小的明顯變化是由接近地平線處空氣中的灰塵導(dǎo)致的。4.Thesefragmentsofrockandironrangefromathousandkilometersindiametertolessthanone.這些巖石和鋼鐵的碎片的半徑從幾千公里到一公里不等。增譯與省譯Samples6Adrilledholecanbemadeaccurateandsmoothbyareamer.Theamountofcellrespirationdependsuponthedegreeofactivityoftheorganism.Manyprocesseshavealreadybeenproposed,andonepossiblefutureprocessisasmeltingreductionThepurposeofthischapteristodescribethevariousfastenersortabulateavailablesizes.Thechipswedgedbetweentheholderandtheworkpiece.Insolidstheforceofattractionbetweenthemoleculesissogreatthatthearrangementofthemoleculesbecomesrigid.Littleinformationisgivenabouttheoriginoflife.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherweuseballbearingsorplainbearing.Theinnerandouterringsaregradedandstoredaccordingtosizes.Translatebyyourself6:1．BreedingofhummingbirdstakesplaceinMayandJune.蜂鳥的繁殖在每年的五月和六月。2．Cartographyisthescienceofmakingmaps.制圖學(xué)是制作地圖的一門技術(shù)。3．Manyelementsinnaturearefoundtobemixturesofdifferentisotopes.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自然界中的許多元素是不同同位素的混合物。4．Theaveragecurrentservesasausefulcriterionindeterminingtheenergytransfer.平均電流在電能傳輸?shù)倪^程中作為有效的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。5．Thebestsolutionistocontinuetoreduceallsourcesofpollutionaffectingouratmosphere.改善環(huán)境最好的辦法是繼續(xù)減少所有污染源的排放。6．Thatlikechargesrepelbutoppositechargesattractisoneofthefundamentallawofelectricity.像“流向相同的電流互斥，流向不同的電流相吸”是電的一個基本原理。順譯與倒譯Samples7Thenylonnutmustnotprotrudeabovethemetalsurface.Thesodiumsilicatemakesthecorksticktothemoldsurface.Spaceprogramsdemandtremendousquantitiesofliquidhydrogenandoxygenasrocketfuel.Thusthebendingstressisveryeasilycomputed.Attachmentsareusuallynotincludedwithastandardmachine.Eitherorbothwindingsmaybeexcitedbyalternatingordirectcurrents.Translatebyyourself7:1．Thecorneaisapartoftheeyethathelpsfocuslighttocreateanimageontheretina.有助于（眼睛）聚光在視網(wǎng)膜上成像的眼角膜是眼睛的一部分。2．Almostanyinsulatedbodypossessestosomeextenttheabilitytoretainforatimeanelectriccharge.幾乎所有的絕緣體都有一定程度的短時間儲存電荷的能力。3．Theangular-contactbearingprovidesagreaterthrustcapacity.這種角接觸式滾珠軸承可以提供很好的軸向負(fù)荷支撐能力。4．Singularityfunctionsdonotoccurinphysicalsystems.物理系統(tǒng)中不會出現(xiàn)異常的功能。5．Thepropertiesoftheweldcanbealteredbyvaryingthegrainorientation.通過改變晶粒取向可以改變焊接點的性質(zhì)。6．PartoftheimmunereactionagainstAIDSoranyvirusisthatthelymphnodesenlarge.淋巴結(jié)腫大是免疫系統(tǒng)抵抗AIDS和其他病毒的免疫反應(yīng)的一部分。第二章詞的翻譯第一節(jié)詞義的選擇一、根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義Thethicknessofatoothmeasuredalongthepitchcircleisonehalfthecircularpitch.Theearthquakemeasured6.5ontheRichterscale.Wemustreflectwhatmeasurestotakeincaseofanyaccidentalcollapseofabed.Ductilityisalsoimportantbecauseitisameasureofthatpropertyofamaterialwhichpermitsittobecold-worked.Translatethefollowingsentenceswiththeword“round”byyourself8:1．Thespindlerotatessimultaneouslyroundtwoaxesatrightanglestoeachother.錠子同時繞兩個相互垂直的軸轉(zhuǎn)動。2．Theearthisn’tcompletelyround;itisslightlyflattenedatthepoles.地球不是一個規(guī)整的圓，在兩極略微扁平。3．Ineachroundofoperationtheparticlepicksupenergyfromtheoscillatingelectricfield.粒子在振蕩電場中轉(zhuǎn)動一周會吸收能量。4．Anelectronisanextremelysmallcorpusclewithnegativechargewhichroundsaboutthenucleusofanatom.電子是圍繞原子核轉(zhuǎn)動的帶負(fù)電荷的非常小的粒子。5．Herwaistmeasuresfortyinchesround她的腰圍有40英寸。二、根據(jù)上下文選擇詞義以develop這一動詞為例：Packagedsoftwareisdevelopedtoservethespecificneedsofoneuser.Noisesmaydevelopinawornengine.Shortsfrequentlydevelopwheninsulationisworn.Sureenough,80percentoftheplantsdevelopedthedisease.Todevelopbettermechanicalpropertiesisthepurposeofmanymetalworkingprocesses.Otherisolationmethodsarebeingdeveloped.Indevelopingthedesign,wemustconsiderthefeasibilityofprocessing.Afterthewarmuchofthisknowledgewaspouredintothedevelopingofthecomputers.

TheycitedcasesofidenticaltwinsrearedindifferenthomeswhodevelopedverydifferentcharacteristicsdespiteidenticalheredityTranslatebyyourself9:1.Amathematicalorlogicaloperationmustmeetacertaincondition.數(shù)學(xué)或邏輯的應(yīng)用必須對應(yīng)具體的情形。2.Interactiveprogrammingconditionsarenowavailableforsomecommercialprogramminglanguages.適用于一些商業(yè)的程序語言是交互程序設(shè)計的現(xiàn)狀。3.Theresultsofabiopsyindicateararenonmalignantcondition.活組織檢查的結(jié)果表明這是一個罕見的良性疾病。4.Doctorslearnthathesuffersfromablooddisorderandhesitatetotreathimwithanantivenin,whichtheybelievemightmakehisconditionworse.醫(yī)生知道到他得了血液病并且是否用抗毒素對他進(jìn)行中治療是猶豫不決的，因為他覺得這樣可能會加重病情。5.Thefrequencywithwhichthefiltershouldberemoved,inspected,andcleanedwillbedeterminedprimarilybyaircraftoperatingconditions.過濾器的拆卸，檢查，維護(hù)和清潔主要取決于飛機(jī)的運(yùn)行情況。三、根據(jù)詞的搭配來選擇詞義以idle為例：idlecapacity備用容量

idlecoil閑圈idlecurrent無功電流

idlefrequency閑頻中心頻率idlemotion空轉(zhuǎn)

idleroll傳動軋輥idlewheel(gear)惰輪

idlecontact

間隔接點idlespace有害空間

idlestroke慢行程再以large為例：largecurrent強(qiáng)電流

largepressure高電壓alargeamountofelectricpower大量的電力

largeloads重載large-screenreceiver

寬屏電視接收機(jī)

largecapacity高容量largegrowing生長快的Translatebyyourself10:FindtheTranslationinColumnBwhichmatchesthephraseinColumnA.1．lowa)下半軸瓦b)弱阻尼c)下限d)低強(qiáng)度電流e)仰視拍攝f)低音調(diào)鍵g)慢速存取h)低位i)低速制動器[b]1)lowdamping

[i]2)lowbrake

[c

]3)lowlimit

[e]4)lowshot

[d]5)lowcurrent

[h]6)loworder

[g]7)lowaccess

[f]8)lowkey

[a]9)lowbrass

四、根據(jù)學(xué)科和專業(yè)選擇詞義以英語名詞carrier為例：郵政業(yè)：“郵遞員”軍事：“航空母艦”，運(yùn)輸業(yè)：“搬運(yùn)工”化學(xué)：“載體”醫(yī)藥學(xué)：“帶菌者，媒介物”車輛制造：“底盤”無線電：“載波”機(jī)械行業(yè)：“托架，傳導(dǎo)管”Translatebyyourself11:FindtheTranslationinColumnBwhichmatchesthespecialtyorfieldinColumnA.Apronc)船頭護(hù)船木b)停機(jī)坪a)護(hù)床e)（炮的）口罩，偽裝天幕d)（皮帶）運(yùn)輸機(jī)f)冰川前的沙礫層g)護(hù)墻，擋板[

a]1)機(jī)械行業(yè)：

[c]2)造船業(yè)：[

g]3)建筑業(yè)：

[

f]4)地質(zhì)：[

d]5)運(yùn)輸業(yè)：

[

b]6)航空業(yè)：[e]7)軍事：第二節(jié)詞義的引申一、技術(shù)性引申Afterthespringhasbeenclosedtoitssolidheight,thecompressiveforceisremoved.Theadjustmentscrewhasstopsatbothsides.Theuseofseallegsforfeedinganddischargingsolidseliminatestheneedforcomplexlockhoppers.Translatebyyourself12:1．Thecauseofrollingresistanceisthedeformationofmatingsurfacesoftherollingelementandtheracewayonwhichitrolls.滾動摩擦力產(chǎn)生的原因是滾動的物體和滾道接觸面的形變2．Traditionally,NCprogramminghasbeenperformedoff-linewiththemachinecommandsbeingcontainedonapunchedtape.通常指令和穿孔帶連接的NC程序是脫機(jī)完成的。二、修辭性引申Handpickshavebeenreplacedbypneumaticpicksandelectricdrills.Computerscomeinawidevarietyofsizesandcapabilities.Theantiveninwillnothelp;butabloodtransfusionwill.Thetreatmentworks.Translatebyyourself13:1.Theoccurrenceoflargematsoffloatingalgaemayresultinthedeathofmanyfishfromlackofoxygen.大片浮動水藻的出現(xiàn)可能會導(dǎo)致大量魚類由于缺氧而死亡。3．Thebestsolutionthatscienceandmedicinehavecomeupwithsofaristhesleepingpill,whichisanothermixedblessing.科學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)早已提出的最佳的解決方案是安眠藥，但這也是既有利又有弊。三、具體化引申把原有的語句中含義較概括、抽象、籠統(tǒng)的詞引申為意思較為具體的詞，尤其是將不定代詞進(jìn)行具體化引申，避免造成譯文概念不清或不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。如：Whilethisrestrictiononthesizeofthecircuitholds,thelawisvalid.Thissuggeststhatmattercanbeconvertedintoenergy,andviceversa.Translatebyyourself14:1.Manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,whichcontainsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.許多具有健康意識的女性由于拒絕吃的紅肉從而增加了拒絕吸收包含大量容易吸收的鐵元素的風(fēng)險。2.Thedatatypesarraysandrecordsarenativetomanyprogramminglanguages.數(shù)組和記錄在大多數(shù)程序語言中都是固有數(shù)據(jù)類型。四、抽象化引申有些詞在英語中比較具體、形象，如果在上下文中不強(qiáng)調(diào)它的具體名稱或具體說明，漢譯時，則可以把它抽象化或概括化，用比較抽象的或概括的語言來表達(dá)。如：Quantumchemistryisstillinitsinfancy.Chemicalcontrolwilldomostofthingsinpestcontrol.Translatebyyourself15:1．Obviously,thereismuchroomfortheimprovementinthestructure.顯而易見，在結(jié)構(gòu)上有很大的提升空間。2．Atpresentcoalisthemostcommonfoodofasteamplant.目前為止煤炭依舊是熱電廠的主要能源。第三節(jié)詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換在翻譯時，常須進(jìn)行詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換，即英語中的某一詞類，并不一定譯成漢語中的相應(yīng)的詞類，而要作適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換。如：在Properselectionofbearingmaterialsisanimportantdesignconsideration.（選擇適當(dāng)?shù)妮S承材料是設(shè)計中要考慮的一個重要問題。）中，名詞selection轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞“選擇”。又如：Concreteslabpavingwillbeprovidedthroughouttheenclosedboilerarea.（鍋爐封閉部分全部采用混凝土平板地面。）中，介詞throughout轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞“全部”。詞類轉(zhuǎn)換主要有以下四種情況：一、轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞英語中的名詞、形容詞、副詞、動名詞和介詞在翻譯時均可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的動詞。Theadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlydownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.TheinductivecouplingpermitstheuseofEMsysteminaircraft.Ifextremelylow-costpowerwereevertobecomeavailablefromlargenuclearpowerplants,electrolytichydrogenwouldbecomecompetitive.Thecircuitsareconnectedinparallelintheinterestofasmallresistance.Ifonegeneratorisoutoforder,theotherwillproduceelectricityinstead.Inanymachine,inputworkequalsoutputworkplusworkdoneagainstfriction.Translatebyyourself16:1.Thedesignchoiceshingeuponconsiderationsofgain,noisefigure,andsoforth.設(shè)計選擇的關(guān)鍵在于考慮增益，噪音系數(shù)等。2.Adherenceoftheparticletothecellmembraneisthefirststepintheprocess.粒子附在細(xì)胞膜上是這個過程的第一步。3.Ana.c.motorissimilarinconstructiontoad.c.motor.直流電動機(jī)在結(jié)構(gòu)上類似于交流電動機(jī)。4.Thisinalargemeasureisresponsibleforthehighaccuracyobtainablefromsuchsystems.

它主要負(fù)責(zé)在這樣的系統(tǒng)中獲得高精度5.Suchservicewillcertainlygofarinextendingthelifecycleofolderequipment.這種服務(wù)將肯定會延長舊設(shè)備的使用周期。6.Thistypeoffilmdevelopsintwentyminutes.這種膠卷沖洗要20分鐘。二、轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞英語中的動詞、代詞和形容詞等也可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞。Genescannowbepatented.Theapplicationofsurfactantsaimstosimplifyworkprocesses.Thismeansthepermittivityofoilisgreaterthanthatofair.Themosteffectivemeasuresfordeterringgenepiracywillbethosethatpreventitaltogether.Televisionisdifferentfromradiointhatitsendsandreceivesapicture.Hummingbirdsaretypicallyloners,bondingwiththeoppositesexforonlythefewsecondsittakestomate.Whatamotordoesistochangeelectricalenergyintomechanicaldrivingpower.Translatebyyourself17:1.Momentumisdefinedastheproductofthevelocityandaquantitycalledthemassofthebody.動力可以定義為2.Theradioactivityofthenewelementisseveralmilliontimesstrongerthanthatofuranium.這種新物質(zhì)的放射性是鈾放射性的幾百倍。3.Abodythatrecoverscompletelyandresumesitsoriginaldimensionsissaidtobeperfectlyelastic.體積可以完全恢復(fù)和復(fù)原成原來的大小就說它具有良好的彈性。4.Allmetalstendtobeductile.任何金屬都具備延展性。6.Smokedetectorslocatedineachelevatorlobbyovertheelevatorcallbutton.煙霧檢測器每個電梯門口升降按鈕的上方。三、轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞英語中的名詞、副詞等也可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的形容詞。Thechiefdrawbackisthelengthofthecuringcycleathightemperatures.Thisexperimentisanabsolutenecessityindeterminingthesolubility.Theinductionofacircuitisofgreatimportanceonlywherethecurrentischanging.Quiteapparentisthefactthatmostlaserbeamsareexceedinglydirected,orhighlycollimated.Earthquakesarecloselyrelatedtofaulting.Lightwavesdifferinfrequencyjustassoundwavesdo.Thegroupingofmoleculesaroundagivenmoleculechangescontinually.Translatebyyourself18:1.Itispossibletodifferentiatethesereactionsowingtotheirdifferenceinintensity.2.Itisas