自然崩落法全英文六

CavingSubsidenceContentsCavingtheorySubsidenceprocessSubsidencezonesSubsidencepredictionDamagecriterionProcess3partcavingprocessDevelopareabigenoughtocaveCaveinitiationCavepropagationInitiationPropagationPropagationRemovalofsupportforthecavingblockMassmobilizationoforecolumnShearingofmajorstructuresin/aroundorecolumnFallsofgroundaroundcavefootprintChimneycavingonweakzonesandstructuresSurfacecrackingSubsidenceasdrawingcommencesPerimeterde-stressingExcavationcollapseduetolossofconfinementPropagationconditions&rates10%oforecolumnmustberemoved8-12%rangefortheabove.25%maximum(Hendersonmine)Majorstructurespresent8-9%Veryfast/notcontrolbydrawafter10%Majorstructures90minweek1m/day(Bartlett1997?)VoiddiffusionnotswellSubsidenceprocess1.Propagatethecavetosurface2.Centresubsidence3.breakbackStage1(PHOTOSCOURTSEYNEWCREST)Stage2Stage3progressionSubsidencezonesMarcodeformations(subsidence&cracking)Microdeformations(Groundtilts&strains)SubsidencezonesMACROMICROGloryholeMacroSubsidencedefinition(kazulavic1999)ImportantdefinitionsAlpha=angleofbreaktosurfacefracturezoneBeta=angleofcavetotheedgeofgloryholeTc=FracturezonearoundthegloryholeTi=undergroundfracturezoneH=muckpileheightAs=finalwidthofgloryholeRulesofsubsidenceWhat'sabovethefootprintisdestroyedWhatinthecrackedareaisdestroyed(angleofbreakzone)Groundtiltsandstrainwilldestroystructuresbeforemacrogroundmovements.Whatneedstobeknownis: -largestfootprintoutlineprojecttosurface

-Angleofbreak -Microdeformationalzone -criticaltilts&strainsofstructures/excavationsMacro/angleofbreak/cavedefinition

AngleofcaveisaFunctionof -Rockmassstrength -Muckpilesupport(H) -Depthofore\body -Majorstructures -Rockmass\shearstrength -HoopstressesAngleofbreak=angleofcave+perimeterfracturezone(Tc)AngleofcaveHastheirbeenanopencutOpencutassumeAngleofbreakNoopencutCavebelowopencutSlopedesign=c=0CavebreakangleCavebreakanglemethodsonlyAngleofbreakopencutHainesandTerbruuge1991slopeangledesign

RockmassstrengthadjustedforcohesionlossduetocavingAng誼le茅of峽bre啦ak/械ca用vin扭gEx鼓pe定ri防en毛ti伍al并(Sc叮op枯e)-45授deg聯(lián)ree烏so懂r7規(guī)0d帽egr菌ees印an雅gle犬of鋸br慎eakEm物pi只ri造ca嗎l衣(De嘉fi惠ne)-L鋒aub填sch遮er傲19牢90,規(guī)19友97-K永avu漫lar設(shè)vic扇19海99Str爬uct芳ura避l(adj域ust動(dòng)men練t)-mo辣di駱fi銜es翁g北lo落ry扒h獻(xiàn)ol叔e(cuò)-果Enl攪arg廳es斤glo痰ry頁hol粘es-辣Str氧uct獵ura愚ls刪urv縣ey-D亭ete障rmi綱nis植tic革an貢aly葬sis適(S奶tac芝ey汁&S瓶war清t2勉001達(dá))La允ub掠sc司he鼠r貢(e趟mp遠(yuǎn)ir嬌ic暴al梯-1絹99披3)ConditionDepth(m)AdjustedMRMR9070503010Nolateralrestraint10080706050405007060504030Lateralrestraintfromcavedmaterial10090807060505008070605040Lau蝦bsc倡her走(e淋mpi忌ric舞al宏-19誕97)Kav宇ula例rvi堆c-盾199渣7St咐ru償ct售ur荷al漆a藝dj便us鄙tm黎en悟t泳(S懶ta顛ce鼓y扎&獲Sw壟ar腎t享20遙01壤)MI點(diǎn)CR液O/眠Nu鏡me勉ri央ca準(zhǔn)lMAP擾3D,幟FL此AC籠2&夢3D墨,U五DEC息,3嚷DECCon峽fir斥mg挖lor寧yh鉗ole道po滑sit輛ionMod楊el釣str貞ess磨ef渣fec耐tsFr悲ac世tu吹re竊z助on準(zhǔn)eGro上und澇ti間lts噴&菌str蒙ain殊sa呈rou施nd仰hol壩eInf論lue噸nce資of水st宰ruc喉tur滋es-救FL僑ACStr錢uct倆ure史sr秋edu柱ce她gro艷und窗st湯rai陜nsEx蹄ca顯va罵ti艇on奸s坦tr耽es坑s掉ch矩an韻ge婚(春10攻Mp假a譯??床??桐?)De社fo誓rm民at駕io龜ns艘(湊St鑄ac卻ey端&歌S衣wa執(zhí)rt迷2沙00進(jìn)0)Nu銀me惜ri肺ca救l仙(K離ay揚(yáng)e礎(chǔ)t籠al踢1倒99孟1)Mic懂ro旦zon勺ed裕ama毒ge些cri駐ter裁ionSha光fts艘-S鑰out姜hA慰fri撿can群c憑rit累eri構(gòu)onBui鬧ldi積ngs軍-U懼KS縱ubs弟ide里nce帳en盟gin總eer刷sh而and梯bo竹ok狠197稼5Mec捎han造ics梳an合dc件onc剛ret閑ew課ork稼fa芽il廚fir僚stFa材n輔fo論un休da突ti勾on得sRe訪in忙fo局rc究ed豎c罷ol肢la沙rs罷c譽(yù)an煩s像us診ta致in象m偏aj層or著d凈am字ag丈eFou療nda孟tio某ns透str麻ong邁to像wi輕ths貼tan滅dt孤ilt妨s&寺st航rai把nsFou奶nda軋tio家ns合fle增xib銅le藏to林wit裂hst這and誦gr霜oun勁dm隙ove譽(yù)men臘ts.Sh脆af械t睛da超ma貪ge括c牛ri傷te技ri娃onTa裹bl坡e潛22孔D賭am凍ag遼e慎cr欄it抄er憶ia曲f副or幟s守ha敬ft料s串(m江od過if抽ie枯d拜fr泉om仍M眠cK余in逃no斥n,老1灰98私9)TypeofdamageCriterionReferenceUnspecifieddamagezi<17MPaWilson(1971)Unspecifieddamage,criterionnotbasedonbackanalysiszi<1x10-3Salamon(1974)zi<1x10-3Wagner(1985)zi<1x10-3Daemen(1972)ti<1x10-3Wagner(1985)Steelworkdamageandincreasedshaftmaintenancezi<0,2x10-3Wilson(1971)zi<-0,4x10-3VanEmmenisandMoreO’Ferrall(1971)zi<0,4x10-3Esterhuizen(1980)Tensilefractureofconcreteliningzi<-0,51x10-3to-0,3x10-3Kratzsch(1983)zi<-0,2x10-3Budavari(1986)Compressivefractureofconcreteliningzi<0,7x10-3JagerandRyder(1999)ST床AN許D-父OF泡F樹RU糞LE房誠SSh且af大ts演>狂2丹00興m開fr振om股h葵ol壺eVen晴tp狐ass艇es伍>70當(dāng)mf巾rom灶gl京ory滾ho專leSur屋fac牌eb薄uil始din祖gs睬>10鋸0m疊fro攝m