楊克西醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作課件

醫(yī)學(xué)英語寫作昆明醫(yī)科大外語部一、研究論文（researchpaper）Title標(biāo)題Authorship作者AbstractandKeyWords摘要和關(guān)鍵詞Introduction引言MaterialsandMethods材料和方法Results結(jié)果Discussion討論References參考文獻Acknowledgement致謝BodyThemostwidelyusedformatstylesbybiomedicaljournals:URMformat:theUniformrequirementsforManuscriptsSubmittedtoBiomedicalJournalsforTheLancet,NewEnglandJournalofMedicineandSurgery生物醫(yī)學(xué)期刊投稿統(tǒng)一要求AMAformat:journalsoftheAmericanMedicalAssociation美國醫(yī)學(xué)會雜志投稿要求APAformat:journalsoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation美國心理學(xué)協(xié)會雜志投稿要求

名詞短語名詞+介詞Blindness

afterTreatmentforMalignantHypertension惡性高血壓治療后的視覺缺失名詞+分詞UnilateralNeurogenicPruritusFollowingStroke中風(fēng)后單側(cè)神經(jīng)性瘙癢名詞+不定式SuggestiontoAbolishIcterusIndexDetermination

whereQuantitativeBilirubinAssay

isAvailable建議能做膽紅素定量的化驗室不再做黃疸指數(shù)測定

名詞+同位語Gentamicine,aSelectiveAgentfortheIsolationofBetahemolyticStreptoccoci慶大霉素是分離β-溶血性鏈球菌的選擇性藥物名詞+從句EvidencethattheV-sisGeneProductTransformsbyInteractionwiththeReceptorforPlatelet-derivedGrowthFactor.V-sis基因產(chǎn)物由血小板生長因子受體相互作用而轉(zhuǎn)化的依據(jù)

動名詞短語PreventingStrokeinPatientswithAtrialFibrillation心房纖顫患者中風(fēng)預(yù)防DetectingAcuteMyocardialInfarction

byRadio-immunoassayforCreativeKinase

用放射免疫法測定心肌酸激酶診斷急性心肌梗死

介詞短語OnControllingRectalCancer

有關(guān)直腸癌的控制

副標(biāo)題(Subtitle)

主要用來突出病例數(shù)目、研究重點或研究方法1）數(shù)目：EndoluminalStent-graft

forAorticAneurysms:

Areportof6cases帶支架腔內(nèi)搭橋治療動脈瘤的六例報告2）重點:Aorto-arteritis:ChestX-rayAppearanceandItsClinicalSignificance大動脈炎胸部X光片表現(xiàn)及臨床意義3）方法：GallstoneIleus:ARetrospectiveStudy

有關(guān)膽結(jié)石梗阻的回顧性研究

4)作用：CarcinoembryonicAntigeninBreast-cancerTissue:AUsefulPrognosticIndicator乳腺癌組織中癌胚抗：

一種有用的預(yù)后指標(biāo)5)疑問：Unresolved—DoDrinkersHavelessCoronaryHeartDisease?飲酒者確實少患冠心病嗎？一個有待解答的問題6)連載順序：PhysicalandChemicalStudiesofHumanBloodSerum:II.AStudyofMiscellaneousDiseaseConditions

人類血清的物理及化學(xué)研究：II.多種病例的研究

7)時間：ACollaborativeStudyofBurnNursinginChina:1995-1999

1995年至1999年間中國燒傷護理的綜合研究

4.體會經(jīng)驗類：Experiencein/with；Reflectionon

例：RecentExperiencewithBacillemia

DuetoGram-negativeOrganisms

治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌血癥的新體會

5.總結(jié)綜述類：Summaryof/Experienceof;Reviewof

例：TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases35例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)

6.問題類：Problemof;SomeAspectson

例：CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentof

Hyperparathyroidism

甲狀旁腺機能亢進手術(shù)治療的幾個問題

7.探究類：

Studyof/on/in;Probeinto;Explorationof

例：PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease

心臟病患者血小板功能的研究

8.報告類：Reportof/on

例：AReportofRosai-Dorfman

腮腺腫塊病報告

9.藥物治療和非藥物治療：

…intheTreatmentof…;Managementof…;Treatment..with..;Useof…inthetreatmentof…Therapyof/for…by…

例：UseofSteroid

intheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock皮質(zhì)激素治療敗血癥休克

TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis血液透析治療牛皮癬

10.診斷：…inthediagnosisof…;Detectionof…in…Diagnosisof…by/with…Detectionof…by…Applicationof…totheDiagnosisof…

例：UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones膽石癥超聲波診斷

標(biāo)題的常見錯誤

詞不達意Clinicalresearchofcervicalcanceronpreoperativeinterventionalchemotherapy改譯:Clinicalresearchofpreoperativeinterventionalchemotherapyforcervicalcancer宮頸癌術(shù)前介入化療的臨床研究

誤譯漏譯Diagnosticvalueofhighfrequencyultrasonographyandmammographyforbreastmalignanttumor改譯:Diagnosticvalueofhighfrequencyultrasonographyandmammographyforbreastmalignanttumorandanalysisonmisseddiagnosisandmisdiagnosis高頻彩超X線鉬靶診斷乳腺惡性腫瘤的價值比較及漏診原因分析不夠醒目Obstructivesleepapneasyndrometreatedbycontinuouspositiveairwaypressure改譯：Continuouspositiveairewaypressureforobstructivesleepapneasyndrome持續(xù)正壓通氣治療阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合癥II.在下列英文標(biāo)題中識別關(guān)鍵詞、分析結(jié)構(gòu)并翻譯。Suddencardiacdeath：Clinicpathologicinvestigationof51cases心臟性猝死51例臨床病理探討

ParanthyroidectomyinChronicRenalFailure:Surveyof38Cases慢性腎功能衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法38例調(diào)查RecentExperiencewithBacillemiaduetoGram-negativeOrganisms.治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌血癥的新體會TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases35例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentofHyperparathyroidism.甲狀旁腺機能亢進手術(shù)治療的幾個問題PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease心臟病患者血小板功能的研究AReportofRosai-Dorfman

腮腺腫塊病報告UseofSteroidintheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock

皮質(zhì)激素治療敗血癥休克TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis

血液透析治療牛皮癬UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones.

膽石癥超聲波診斷

4.Highuricacidservesasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease改為：Highuricacidasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease5.Prostaglandins

serveasmediatorsofinflammation改為：ProstaglandinsasmediatorsofinflammationIV.漢譯英翻譯練習(xí)：1青藤堿sinomenine.依賴性的實驗研究2血管內(nèi)超聲評價直接管狀動脈內(nèi)支架置入術(shù)stentimplantation的臨床研究3轉(zhuǎn)基因transgenic番茄口服液研究中卡那霉素kanamycin篩選方案的探討4完全閉塞與非閉塞occludedversusnonoccluded冠狀動脈病變支架植入術(shù)比較5燈盞花素breviscapine注射液治療視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞后血流動力學(xué)的研究6.血液透析hemodynamic對尿毒癥uremic患者外周樹狀dendritic細胞的影響7.老年人創(chuàng)傷geriatrictrauma的臨床分析8.心肌細胞的分離培養(yǎng)和細胞形態(tài)學(xué)觀察9.青光眼Glaucoma持續(xù)高眼壓手術(shù)治療第二組：單用嗎啡與聯(lián)合用藥治療轉(zhuǎn)移metastatic骨腫瘤疼痛的療效比較體內(nèi)外環(huán)境vivoandinvitro對骨髓間細胞mesenchymal向神經(jīng)細胞分化的影響集束電極射頻治療electrodeRF肝惡性腫瘤療效合并發(fā)癥的CT評價中國中老年人向心性肥胖centralobesitytocardiovascular和心血管病危險因素及其聚集性clustering第一組：1.Astudyonthedependenceofsinomenine.2.Directcoronarystentimplantationbyintrovascularultrasoundguidance3.Aprotocolofscreeningbykanamycininstudiesoftransgenictomatooralvaccine4.Comparisonofclinicalandangiographic血管造影術(shù)outcomesofstentingfortotallyoccludedversusnonoccludedcoronaryarterylesions5.Astudyonhemodynamicchangeaftertreatmentofcentralretinalveinocclusionwithbreviscapineinjection6.Theinfluenceofhemodialysisondendriticcellinperipheralbloodinuremicpatients7.Theclinicalanalysisofgeriatrictrauma8.Primarycultureofmyocardialcellsandtheirmorphologicalfeatures9.Surgicaltreatmentofglaucomapatientswithpersistentintraocularhypertension第二組：Comparisonoftherapeuticeffectsbetweensinglemorphineanddrugcombinationforpaininmetastaticbonetumor2.Effectsofenvironmentinvivoandinvitroonthedifferentiationofmesenchymalstemcellsofboneintoneuralcells2.作者的書寫（Authorship

）

aChinesenamewritteninpinyin:Surname+givenname(姓全大寫，名大寫首字母)WANGPengjuGivenname+surname(姓和名都只大寫首字母)PengjuWangSurname+capitalinitialsofgivenname(姓大寫首字母，名大寫首字母縮略)WangPJ關(guān)鍵詞和引言Introduction關(guān)鍵詞即核心詞，標(biāo)題所涉及的主題概念，重點要論述的問題，目的、對象、研究手段、結(jié)論等。一般用名詞或名詞詞組，不用動詞或形容詞?？蓞⒁姟夺t(yī)學(xué)文獻索引》或者Medline(聯(lián)機醫(yī)學(xué)文獻分析和檢索系統(tǒng))中的查找主題詞的翻譯，選用符合國際慣例的主題詞。如：淋巴癌Lymphoma，而不是Lymphcancer/tumor.引言要簡要介紹背景和理由；內(nèi)容和目的。背景包括研究現(xiàn)狀，進展、尚待解決的問題；相關(guān)的資料來源，收集方法；研究方法，預(yù)期結(jié)果，價值和意義；本人先前的一些研究介紹。例如：

第一段課題的研究概況（背景和理由）HelicobacterPylori(pairo:rai)Hp幽門桿菌isconsideredtobethemainaetiologicalagent發(fā)病原因ofthemostcommonformofchronicgastritisintheadultpopulation.TypeBgastritisislocalizedintheantrum竇,腔,房andpylorus幽門,whereastypeAgastritis,theclassicautoimmunegastritis,mainlyoccursinthefundus底部.Hpyloripositivechronicgastritisoftheantrumhasbeenfoundtobecloselyrelatedtoduodenal十二指腸ulcerandcanleadtogastricatrophy萎縮,aprecursorof gastric cancer.

第二段和第三段內(nèi)容和方法Environmentalfactors,suchassocioeconomicandeducationalstate,seemtoaffecttheprevalenceofHpyloriinfection.InfectionisconsistentlyhigherinHispanicandblackpeoplethaninwhitepeopleandisinverselyrelatedtoeducationallevel.Theprevalence程度ofHpyloriinfectionishigherinclosecommunities密集人口andinmembersoffamilygroupsthaninthegeneralpopulation.Thismaybeduetorelapsesorreinfectionsbetweenmembersofthesamefamily.Furthermore,therouteoftransmissionofHpyloriremainsunknown.Undernaturalcircumstancestransmissioncouldbebytheoro-oralorfaecal-oral(糞-口)routes,butnostrongevidenceexiststosupporteitherrouteastheprimaryone,andbothmayberelevantdependingonotherfactors.第四段理由和意義

MoststudiesoftransmissionofHpyloriinfectionwithinfamilieshavebeenconductedonparentsandsiblingsofchildrenreferredfor針對…研究symptomsandnotonthegeneralpopulation.Toavoidthispotentialselectionbias,westudiedpartofthepopulationofthecohortstudy群組研究toassesswhetherchildrenofHpyloriinfectedparentshadhigherinfectionratethanthosefamilieswithuninfectedparents.引言部分的時態(tài)和句型介紹背景、現(xiàn)狀、善待解決的問題，報告病案或概括原始文獻的觀點和結(jié)論常用一般現(xiàn)在是或者是現(xiàn)在完成時。多用被動語態(tài)。例：Sinceitsinitialdescription40yearsago,HCM（HypertrophicCardiomyopathy肥厚型心肌病）

hasbeenlargelyregardedtobeassociatedwithsubstantialdisabilityandprematuredeath,andannualmortalityratesashighas3%to6%hadbeenreported.自40年前首次報道以來，人們一直認為HCM與嚴重活動能力受限和過早死亡有關(guān)。據(jù)報道每年死亡-Studieshaveshownthatpatientswithchronicrenalfailurehaveahighfrequencyofcardiovascularatheromatous動脈粥樣化的disease.-Stethoscopediaphragms聽診器薄膜havebeenshowntoharbor隱藏potentiallypathogenicbacteria.2.在有關(guān)“內(nèi)容、目的和方法等”的句子中，描述過去的研究活動可用過去時或者過去完成時。-Ina22-year-oldmale,whohadbeenirradiated16yearspreviouslyforHodgkin’sdisease,aradiation-inducedthyroidcarcinoma.16年前因患霍金病接受放射治療的22歲男子患有放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌。-Patientswithmyocardialinfarction心肌梗塞,cardiomyopathy心肌癥,andcongenitalheartdiseaseswereexcluded-Theanalysisshowedthatthisdiseasewasassociatedwithage,systolicbloodpressure收縮壓,bodymassindex.人體質(zhì)量指數(shù)常用句型或結(jié)構(gòu)的使用-Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal(ofthepresentstudy)is/wasto…-Thepresentstudyis/wasdesigned/devised/intendedto…-Thestudywasperformed/conducted/carriedout/undertakento…-Weaimed/soughtto/attemptedto…-Inanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assess-inaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudy-Anattemptwasmadeto;-Thispaperexamines/(isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe);-Thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…相關(guān)課題的研究成果和現(xiàn)狀的常用句型已有過的研究S/b.etal.tested(developed,reported,conducted,used)…theyfound…;S/th.Wereconducted(performed,made)bys/b;Reportsweremadeby…;earlystudiesin…werereportedby…;thepaperby…is…;anothermethodof…h(huán)asbeenusedby…;…adoptedaslightlydifferentapproachto…;……describedatechniquefor…;Thewaysthatresearchershaveputforwardmaybeconcludedintwosorts:oneis…another…;Thesetheoryfallintotwocategories…;themethodsbasedon…canbedividedinto…;Severalresearchershavetheoreticallyinvestigated…;S/bproposedthat;thepreviousworkon..indicatedthat..Recentexperimentshavesuggestedthat…Thehistoryoftheuseof…candatebackto….未得到充分研究hasnotyetbeenthoroughlyinvestigated;Littleworkhasbeencarriedoutfor…However,nopriorworkexistsontheproblemof…;Nofurtherstudyonthe..hasbeenreported;Greatprogresshasbeenmade,but…Thereisnotheoryconcerning…;Thereisnotenoughconvincingevidenceshowingthat…;nosuchfindingcouldbeavailablein…;thedatafailedtoprovethat…;thecharacterofthe…isnotyetwellknown;fromliteraturesurvey.文獻回顧itappearsthatnoneofthepreviousinvestigatorsisconcernedwith…;Thelimitationof…h(huán)avelongbeenrecognized;Therearesomeshortcomingsintheuseof…;anotherdisadvantageofthisapproachisthat..;Thetheorycannotapplytoothercasesof…;thestudygiverisetosomedifficulties;themaindrawbackofthis…引起關(guān)注S/thhasreceivedgreat(significant,considerable)attention;hasforalongtimebeenofinteresttoinvestigators;increasedattentionhasbeenpaidinrecentyearstotheuseof…;hasbeenanactiveareaofresearchrecently;hasundergonearemarkableininterestandattentioninrecentyears;inviewofthe…considerateeffortisbeingexpandedinto…不同觀點Studieshavedifferedintheirconclusionon/about/regarding,therehavebeendifferent/conflictingreportsregarding/on…;thediscrepanciesmaybearesultof;studiesby…producedconverseprofessionaldebateon/about…文獻資料來源：

…found/reported/described/mentioned/showedthat;…wasfound;Ithasbeenreported/demonstratedobservedthat尚待解決的問題Littleresearchhasbeendoneon;Relativelylittleknowledgeisavailablerelatedto;Littleattentionhasbeengivento;remainscontroversial;unexplored/unclear重要性haspracticalsignificance/implicationfor;hasbeenthesubjectofintensivefor;hasbeenthesubjectofintensiveresearch;hasbeenthefocusofmuchinterestanddebate內(nèi)容和目的

thepurpose/object/aimofthisstudy;thisresearchaimsto/wasdesignedto/wasundertakentoInanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assess;inaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudy,anattemptwasmadeto;thispaperexamines/(isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe);thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…練習(xí)：請把以下表示目的的句子翻譯成英文。1）目的：對臨終前改變護理而采取的臨床干預(yù)進行回顧性研究。Objective:Toreviewclinicalinterventionsdesignedtochangecareattheendoflife.2）目的：研究CMV(cytomegalovirus巨細胞病毒)對一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。Objective:TostudytheeffectofCMVon1-yearmortalityratesinorthotropic支架橋面合一的livertransplantrecipients.3）本文提出了一種確定HIV低流行人群中HIV危險性(risk)的方法。ThisarticleproposesamethodforestimatingHIVriskinlow-HlV-prevalentpopulations.4）本研究的目的是確定由拆換導(dǎo)尿管而引起的菌血癥發(fā)病率和臨床處理。Thepurposeofourstudywastodeterminetheincidenceandclinicalrelevanceofbacteremiainducedbyurinarycatheterreplacements.5）本研究的目的是調(diào)查硝酸甘油劑量對心肌缺血性損害的影響。

Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofthedoseofnitroglycerinonmyocardialischemicinjury.6）目的：確定輸注人體白蛋白能否改善病人的預(yù)后Todeterminewhetherreplacementofhumanalbumin/bju/willimproveapatient'sprognosis.練習(xí)：翻譯句子，注意劃線部分的表達。-Heartsfrommenwhodiedofsuddencoronarydeathwerestudiedinaprospectivefashion.Theseheartswereseeninconsultation（會診）withmedicalexaminerinthestateofMarylandbetweenJanuary1997.Coronaryarteryfixation,cardiacdissection,andtissuesamplingwereperformedaspreviouslydescribed.本項目對冠心病猝死的男性心臟進行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月馬里蘭州的醫(yī)學(xué)人員對這些心臟進行過研究。冠狀動脈固定術(shù)、心臟解剖以及組織標(biāo)本制作情況如前所述。-B.P.(bloodpressure)wasmeasuredtwicebytrainedobserversusingastandardmercurysphygmomanometerafterthesubjecthadbeenseatedforatleast5minutes.受試者就座至少五分鐘后，由訓(xùn)練有素的觀察者用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水銀血壓計測量兩次血壓。-Sevenofthe12childrenwerelessthan6yearsofageatthetimeofcholecystectomy,andtheyoungestwasa9-month-oldboywhohadbeenreceivingtotalparenteralnutrition（TPN）（全胃腸外營養(yǎng)）sinceshortlyafterbirthafterduodenaltrauma.12名患者中有7例在進行膽囊切除時年齡不足6歲。最小的是九個月。他出生后不久便因十二指腸創(chuàng)傷一直接受全胃腸外管養(yǎng)。-Allsampleshavebeenfrozenat-20℃untiltestedbyconventionalELISA（酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法）.所有標(biāo)本在-20℃下冷凍，用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法測定。觀察以下結(jié)構(gòu)在引言中表示什么1.圖表的表述

…isshowed/presentedinTable…;thefigureshows/indicates/demonstrate/illustratethat;wasstronglyassociatedwith…;wasinverselycorrelatedwith…wasindirectproportionto…;wasincreasedto/by;wasdecreasedto/reduced/dropped/lowered/declinedto;wasinverselyproportionalto;wascomparedwith;2)表達數(shù)值范圍或具有…….意義Rangefrom…to…;rangebetween…and…;varyfrom…to…varybetween…and…;witharangeof…to…;from…to…theratioof….;vs;therateof…;results(data)demonstrate/confirm/suggest/indicate/reveal/that…;theexperiments/results/findings/investigation/facts/supplyabasisfor…;theobservationresultsareconsistent/inaccord/withthetheory/idea/proposal/hypothesis/previousstudiesthat…;issimilartothatreported/described/documented(證明)by…;resultsarecontrastedwith/differentfrom…;mayhavebeencausedby…mayleadto...resultin…accountfor…;isrelated/due/attributedto…Although/evenif;onedifferentinterpretationofthisdifferencebetween…and…is…;onthebasisofbasedonthesepremises…;wethinkbelieve/propose/hypothesize/recommendthat…;canspeculateon…;whether…remains/isyettobedetermined;furtheranalysisexperimentswillbenecessary/neededtoconfirm…;Weconcludethat…;Haveimplicationsto(對…有意義)；thereareseverallimitationsto…;Given…考慮到…；whentakingthispointintoconsideration…Amajorfindingofthisstudyisthat…

3)概述研究內(nèi)容Amodelfor…wasdeveloped;providesadescriptionof…;wehaveprovidedanewapproachto…;wehavepresentedempirical實證studiesof…；wehaveexploredtherelationshipbetween…;theexperimentconfirmedthat…;Theresultsupportourclaimthat..證實我們的想法；theresultshowsreasonablygoodagreementwithother….Asignificantdifferencewasfound(observed)in…;4）理論價值Themaincontributionofthis...is;thiswillhavewiderapplicationtosuchareasof…;Twointerestingfutureresearchlinesareasfollows…;Itisbelievedthatfurtherresearchinto...willimprovetheperformanceof…Theresultsinthispaperwillgiveinsightto啟發(fā)；willhaveconsiderablepotentialfor…;Thereareseveralissuesdeservingfurtherstudy;Amongpossibletopicsforthefuture,wemention…

得到支持或贊助Thisstudywassupportedby..;otherinvestigatorswhocontributedtothisstudywere…;Tothanfor….Tobethankfulto…for…/begratefulto…for/beindebted…for…toacknowledge…;toexpress…thanksto…for…toappreciate…toexpress…appreciationto…for…

注：六名以上用etal

未發(fā)表用inpress表示練習(xí)：翻譯句子,注意劃線部分的表達。1.本研究的目的通過詳細的心臟解剖檢查，研究急性斑塊破裂與用力導(dǎo)致冠狀動脈猝死間的聯(lián)系Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheassociationbetweenacuteplaquerupture急性斑塊破裂

andexertion-relatedsuddencoronarydeathinaseriesofcarefullystudiedautopsyhearts通過詳細的心臟解剖檢查.2.隨著人們對甲狀腺球蛋白水平與臨床的相關(guān)認識提高，測定甲狀腺球蛋白的必要性也在提高。Asgreaterclinicalcorrelationisobtained,theusefulnessofthyroglobulin

甲狀腺球蛋白determinationwillincrease.Sinceitsinitialdescription40yearsago,HCMHypertrophicCardiomyopathy）肥厚型心肌病hasbeenlargelyregardedtobeassociatedwithsubstantialdisabilityandprematuredeath,andannualmortalityratesashighas3%to6%hadbeenreported.自40年前首次報道以來，人們一直認為HCM與嚴重活動能力受限和過早死亡有關(guān)。據(jù)報道每年死亡率高達3%到6%。Ina22-year-oldmale,whohadbeenirradiated16yearspreviouslyforHodgkin’sDisease,aradiation-inducedthyroidcarcinomadeveloped(放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌.)16年前因患何杰金病接受放射治療的22歲男子患有放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌選擇受試者材料、觀察、試驗、調(diào)查表達方式舉例1）Entrycriteria入圍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)consistedof…./inclusionshould/exclusioncriteriaincluded/selectionwasbasedon…/…wereexcludedfromthestudy/enrollmentiftheyhadanyofthefollowing…/wereconsideredineligiblefor不合適../wereenteredintothestudy/wererecruitedfrom…/wereselect