語(yǔ)言719基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)科目模擬試題二

語(yǔ)言大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)及應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)專719基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)科目模擬試題（二Section1.MultipleThewriterwasnotusedtospeakinginpublic,butwhentheopportunitypresenteditself,herosetothe A. B. C.occasionD.Mostoftheauthor'searlierworkswerepublishedunderA. B. C.nicknameD.Theblackboysandgirlsneednothavefelt fortheirdarkskininthesummercamp.A.self-effacing B.self-consciousC.self-centered D.self-Ifyoukeeponworkingtoohard,yourhealth A. B. C.deteriorateD.Severaloftheadvertisinghoardingshadbeen byanti-racistA. B. C.mutilatedD.Beforetheconferencebegins,let'stakean ofthepresentA. B. C. D.Thedreadfulscenesofthemajorskirmish thechildrenofftheirdinner.A. B. C. D.Thepurposeofthesurveywasto theparentswiththechangesevisionhasmadeinfamilylife.A. B. C.acquaintD.Theyhadnotcleanedthehouseforweeksandthehealthinspectorfoundthemlivingintheutmost A. B.pollutionC.decayD.WemustbringhimtoourpointofviewonthatA.out B.forward C.around D.AboutSection2.Readingcomprehensions.PassageOneofmyfavoriteposters1says,“Lifeisatest.Itisonlyatest.Hadthisbeenareallifeyouwouldhavebeeninstructedwheretogoandwhattodo.”WheneverIthinkofthishumorousbitofwisdom2,itremindsmetonottakemylifesoseriously.Whenyoulookatlifeanditsmanychallengesasatest,orseriesoftests,youbegintoseeeachissueyoufaceasanopportunitytogrow,achancetodiscovermoreaboutlife.Whetheryou'rebeingbombarded（；質(zhì)問(wèn)）withproblems,responsibilities,eveninsurmountable（不能克服的，越的）difficulties,whenlookedatasatest,youalwayshaveatosucceed,inthesenseofrisingabovethatwhichischallengingyou.If,ontheotherhand,youseeeachnewissueyoufaceasaseriousbattlethatmustbewoninordertosurvive,you'reprobablyinforaveryrocky6journey.Theonlytimeyou'relikelytobehappyiswheneverythingisworkingoutjustright.Andweallknowhowoftenthathappens.Asanexperiment,seeifyoucanapplythisideatosomethingyouare dtodealwith.Perhapsyouhavemuchpressurefromyourparentsoryouhaveademanding7boss.Seeifyoucanredefinetheissueyoufacefrombeinga“problem”tobeingatest.Ratherthan8strugglingwithyourissue,seeifthereissomethingyoucanlearnfromit.Askyourself,“Whyisthisanissueinmylife?Whatwoulditmeanandwhatwouldbeinvolvedtoriseaboveit?CouldIpossiblylookatthisissueanydifferently?CanIseeitasatestofsomekind?”Ifyougivethisstrategyatryyoumaybesurprisedatyourchangedresponses.Ithas farmoreacceptabletometoacceptthingsastheyare.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsHetakeshislifeHeconsiderslifeasHeknowswheretogoandwhattodo.B.Hethinkslifeisfullofhumorouswisdom.Whenyoubegintoconsiderlifeasatest,youwillfind youarebombardedwithproblemsandtheresultofthetestissogoodthatyouareyouhavemanyopportunitiestoyouhavetogotoschooltotaketestsWhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUEaccordingtotheWhenyoulookatlifeasatest,youhaveachance eproblemsyouWhenyoutakelifeseriously,youaremorelikelytosucceed eWhenyouseeeachproblemasaseriousbattle,youhavemorechancetoWheneverythingisworkingoutjustright,youcanknowhowoftenitItisimpliedfromthepassagethatyou'dbetterlookatlifeasatest youtrytogetthemeaningoftheyourparentsgiveyoumuchyouarecarryingoutanyouareinarockyWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleoftheMyFavoriteTakeLifeFaceChallengeofLifeD.LifeIsOnlyATestPassageThemodenworldonlyrecentlyreachedtheYanomano,anativepeopleoftheAmazonbasin.Shelteredbythickrain ,theYanomanolivedaself-containedexistenceuntilgoldwasdiscoveredintheirjunglehomeland.Minersflockedintothe s,cuttingdowntreesandbringingdiseaseandshotthoseYanomanowhowouldnotgetoutoftheway.Injustsevenyearsfromtheearly1980s,thepopulationfell20percent.HandsAroundtheWorld,anativeAmericanculturalassociation,saystheYanomanoarebelievedtobethemostculturallyintactpeopleintheworld.Theywearloinclothsusefiresticksanddecoratetheirbodieswithdyefromaredberry(槳果Theydon’tusethewheelandtheonlymetaltheyuseiswhathasbeentradedtothembyoutsiders.WhenaYanomanodies,thebodyisburnedandtheremainingbonescrushedintoapowderandturnedintoadrinkthatislaterconsumedbymournersinmemoryofthedead.AHandsAroundtheWorldreportsaysthatinSouthAmericanotonlyaretheculturesandtraditionsindangerofdisappearing,butsometribesareindangerofextinction.“TheYanomanoisawell-knowntribethatisrapidlylosingitsmembersthroughthedestructionofWesterndisease,”thereportsays.Beforeillegalgoldminersenteredtheirrain ,theYanomanowereisolatedfrommodernsociety.TheyoccupydensejunglenorthoftheAmazonRiverbetweenVenezuelaandBrazilandarecataloguedbyanthropologists(人類學(xué)家)asneo- nswithculturalcharacteristicsthatdatebackmorethan8,000years.Eachcommunitylivesinacircularcommunalhouse,someofwhichsleepupto400,builtaroundacentralsquare.ThoughmanyYanomanomenaremonogamous,itisnotunusualforthemtohavetwoormorewives.AnthropologistsfromtheUniversityofWisconsinsaypolygamyisawaytoincreaseone’swealthbecausehavingalargefamilyincreaseshelpwithhuntingandcultivatingtheland.Thesemarriagesresultinashortageofwomenforothermentomarry,whichhasledtointer-tribalwars.EachYanomanomanisresponsibleforclearinghislandforgardeningusingslash-and-humfarmingmethods.Theygrowntains,atypeofbananaeatencooked,andhuntgameanimals,fishandanaconda(南美熱帶蟒蛇)usingbowsandarrows.Minersflockedinto andshotthoseYanomanowho shelteredinthickwouldnotleavetheirjunglelivedaself-containedwouldstandintheirTheorganizationcalledHandsAroundtheWorldbelievesthatculturally,theYanomanoistheworld’s mostprimitivemostbackwardmostadvancedoldestWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoanAmericanculturalassociationInSouthAmerica,theculturesareonthevergeofInSouthAmerica,thetraditionsareonthevergeofInSouthAmerica,theYanomanocansurviveInSouthAmerica,sometribesareonthevergeof causedtheYanomanotohaveinter-tribalTheshortageofwomenresultingfromThedifferenceinwealthresultingfromTheshortageofwomenresultingfromThedifferenceinwealthresultingfromWecaninferfromthepassagethatitisimperativeforustoprotecttheYanomano itisaclturallymostintactitisaprimitivepeopledeepinitisanativepeopleoftheAmazonitisprimitivepeopleindangerofPassageTheBritishpsycho ystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive“atta ent”periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild's alityandpredisposetoemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby'sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitentails，andmanypeopledobelievethis.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainstsuchastrongconclusion.Firstly，anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Forexample，wesawearlierthatamongtheNgonithefatherandmotherofachilddidnotreartheirinfantalone——farfromit.Secondly，commonsense lsusthatdaycarewouldnotsowidespreadtodayifparents，caretakersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout，andeveniftheywere，theresultswouldbecertaintobecomplicatedandcontroversial.Thirdly，inthelastdecade，therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare，andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatdaycarehadaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren'sdevelopment.Butteststhathavehadtobeusedtomeasurethisdevelopmentarenotwidelyenoughacceptedtosettletheissue.ButBowlby'sysisraisesthepossibilitythatearlydaycarehasdelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto，say，morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlybeexploredbytheuseofstatistics.Whateverthelong-termeffects，parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy，andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter，then，isfarfromclear-cut，thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.Thispassageprimarilyarguesthat infantsundertheageofthreeshouldnotbesenttonurserywhetherchildrenundertheageofthreeshouldbesenttonurserythereisnotnegativelong-termeffectoninfantswhoaresenttoschoolbeforetheyarethereissomenegativeeffectonchildrenwhentheyaresenttoschoolaftertheageofThephrase“predisposeto”（Para.1，line3）mostprobablymeans leaddisposegettendtoAccordingto ysis，itisquitepossiblethat alitieswillbechangedtosomeextentthroughseparationfromtheirearlydaycarecandelaytheoccurrenceofmentalillnessinchildrenwillbeexposedtomanynegativeeffectsfromearlydaycarelatersomelong-termeffectscanhardlybereducedfromchildren'sItisimpliedbutnotstatedinthesecondparagraphthat A.traditionalsocietiesseparatethechildfromtheparentatanearlyage.B.ChildreninmodernsocietiescausemoretroublesthanthoseintraditionalC.AchilddidnotlivetogetherwithhisparentsamongtheD.ChildreninsomesocietiesdidnothaveemotionalproblemswhenseparatedfromtheThewriterconcludesthat itisdifficulttomakeclearwhatistherightagefornurseryItisnotsettlednowwhetherearlycareisreasonableforItisnotbeneficialforchildrentobesenttonurseryItisreasonabletosubjectachildabovethreetonurseryPassageStudentsofUnitedStateshistory,seekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedtheemergenceoffeministmovements,havethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenth-centuryAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorians,however,haveyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.Furthermore,theideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbecause,evenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStates,theyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement-utopiansocialism--whichwasalreadypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFalls.NewYork,in1848.Thus,acompleteunderstandingoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofnineteenth-centuryfeminismintheUnitedStatesrequiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudyalreadymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism.TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhas,however,beenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherents’energy;hence,byignoringitsfeminism.EuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.Moreover,sincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-Simonianism,Europeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited.Saint-Simon’sfollowers,manyofwhomwerewomen,basedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyrecingbrutewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamale,torepresentreflection,andafemale,torepresentsentiment.Thiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthat,whiletheSaint-Simoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,theyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforboth esintheirUtopia.OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionof ualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofboth eswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacter,andtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthought,however,wasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthat ualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthosehistorianswhodescribeearlyfeministsintheUnrated:Statesas"solitary"tobeAinsufficientlyfamiliarwiththeinternationaloriginsofnineteenth-centuryAmericanfeministthoughtBoverlyconcernedwiththeregionaldiversityoffeministideasintheperiodbefore1848Cnotfocusednarrowlyenoughintheirgeo-graphicalDinsufficientlyawareoftheideologicalconsequencesoftheSenecaAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheFallsconferenceonwomen’sAItwasprimarilyaproductofnineteenth-centurySaint-SimonianfeministBItwastheworkofAmericanactivistswhowereindependentoffeministsCItwastheculminatingachievementoftheUtopiansocialistDItwasamanifestationofaninternationalmovementforsocialchangeandTheauthor’sattitudetowardmostEuropeanhistorianswhohavetheSaint-SimoniansisprimarilyoneAapprovalofthespecificfocusoftheirBdisapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontotheissuethatabsorbedmostoftheSaint-Simonians’energyafter1832CapprovaloftheirgeneralfocusonsocialDdisapprovaloftheirlackofattentiontolinksbetweentheSaint-SimoniansandtheirAmericancounterpartsItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelievesthatstudyofSaint-SimonianismisnecessaryforhistoriansofAmericanfeminismbecausesuchstudyAwouldclarifytheideologicaloriginsofthosefeministideasthatinfluencedAmericanfeminismBwouldincreaseunderstandingofamovementthatdeeplyinfluencedtheUtopiansocialismofearlyAmericanfeministsCwouldfocusattentiononthemostimportantaspectofSaint-Simonianthoughtbefore1832DpromisestoofferinsightintoamovementthatwasadirectoutgrowthoftheSenecaFallsconferenceof1848Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostaccuratedescriptionofthesocietyenvisionedbymostSaint-Simonians?AAsocietyinwhichwomenwerehighlyregardedfortheirextensiveBAsocietyinwhichthetwogendersyedcomplementaryrolesandhadequalstatusCAsocietyinwhichwomendidnotenterpublicDAsocialorderinwhichabodyofmenandwomenwouldruletogetheronthebasisoftheirspiritualpowerPassagePassageJoyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcan lwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversesignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinapeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.AllgroupsincludingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodis yedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialexpressionsreflectemotionalstates.Infact,variousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrain.Thefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsandfacialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles("feedback")aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoa ’sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethat ’semotionalstate.ConsiderDarwin’swords:"The expressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions."Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningtoanger?Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthefacial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstos ,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.Whatarethepossiblelinksbetweenfacialexpressionsandemotion?Onelinkisarousal,whichisthelevelofactivityorpreparednessforactivityinanorganism.Intensecontractionoffacialmuscles,suchasthoseusedinsignifyingfear,heightensarousal.Self-perceptionofheightenedarousalthenleadstoheightenedemotionalactivity.Otherlinksmayinvolvechangesinbraintemperatureandthereleaseofneurotransmitters(substancesthattransmitnerveimpulses.)Thecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencestheinternalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennes ,whichischaracterizedby"crow’sfeet"wrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskinabovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.Ekman’sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression"keepastiffupperlip"asa mendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethata"stiff"lipsuppressesemotionalresponse-aslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.TheworddespondentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningATheauthormentions"Baringtheteethinahostileway"inorderAdifferentiateonepossiblemeaningofaparticularfacialexpressionfromothermeaningsofitupportDarwin’stheoryofprovideanexampleofafacialexpressionwhosemeaningiswidelycontrastafacialexpressionthatiseasilyunderstoodwithotherfacialThewordconcurinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAAccordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheForepeopleofNewGuinea?ATheydidnotwanttobeshownTheywerefamousfortheir lingTheyknewverylittleabout Theydidnotencouragetheexpression Accordingtothepassage,whatdidDarwinbelievewouldhappentohumanemotionsthatwerenotexpressed?AThey elessTheywouldlastlongerthanTheywouldcauseproblemsThey emoreSection3(1)英譯 Insomesocietiespeoplewantchildrenforwhatmightbecalledfam