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干酪和酸乳制造原理第1頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一2Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第2頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一3Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第3頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一4????MilkComposition牛奶成分?Proteins蛋白質(zhì)?Caseins(majorprotein)酪蛋白(主要蛋白)?Wheyproteins乳清蛋白?Peptides&Aminoacids多肽和氨基酸?Fat脂肪?Carbohydrates(Lactose)碳水化合物(乳糖)?Other其他Minerals礦物質(zhì)Vitamins維生素endogenousmilkenzymes牛奶內(nèi)源酶citrates,urea,......檸檬酸鹽,脲,等DSMFoodSpecialties第4頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一5MilkComposition牛奶成分Protein%蛋白質(zhì)Fat%脂肪Lactose%乳糖TotalSolids%總固形物Cow奶牛

Holstein黑白花牛

Jersey娟姍牛

Ewe母羊Goat山羊12.215.016.312.0DSMFoodSpecialties第5頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一6MilkComposition牛奶成分?MilkproteinsandMilkfatare“organised”?牛奶蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪是“有機(jī)物”?Milkproteinsformthecaseinmicelle?牛奶的蛋白質(zhì)由酪蛋白膠束形成?Milkfatformsfatglobules?牛奶的脂肪由脂肪球構(gòu)成?Milkisatthesametime:?同時(shí):?anoil-in-wateremulsion(fat)水包油體乳狀液體系(脂肪)?acolloidsuspension(proteins)膠體懸浮體系(蛋白)?anaqueoussolution(wheyproteins,lactose,minerals,vitamins,etc)水溶液體系(乳清蛋白,乳糖,礦物質(zhì),維生素等)DSMFoodSpecialties第6頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一7?????MilkComponents–Proteins牛奶成分—蛋白質(zhì)?Caseins酪蛋白?Wheyproteins乳清蛋白???s1,s2?-Lactoglobulin(majorWP)乳球蛋白?-Lactalbumin乳清蛋白?Immunoglobulines免疫球蛋白 (antibodies)(抗體)Phosphorylated磷酸化IsoelectricpointpH4.6等電點(diǎn)pH4.6Relativethermostability相對(duì)熱穩(wěn)定性Micellarorganisation膠束組織EnzymaticCoagulation(proteases)凝固酶(蛋白酶)

?Lactoferrin(Fefixingprotein)乳鐵蛋白

?RichinCystein富含半胱氨酸

?Heatdenaturation加熱變性

?Coldgelationinpresenceof salts鹽溶液中冷凝膠?Peptides&Aminoacids多肽和氨基酸

?proteoses–peptones蛋白胨(- caseinpeptides酪蛋白肽

?freeaminoacids游離氨基酸

?...DSMFoodSpecialties第7頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一8MilkComponents–Proteins牛奶成分—蛋白質(zhì)DSMFoodSpecialties酪蛋白膠束酪蛋白遜膠束疏水核團(tuán)簇第8頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一9MilkComponents-Fat牛奶成分—脂肪?Milkfatisessentiallyamixoftriglycerides(98%offat);牛奶脂肪實(shí)質(zhì)是一種甘油三酯混合體(98%脂肪);severalfattyacids(uptoC19);seasonaletcvariations一些脂肪酸(大于19個(gè)碳);季節(jié)性等的變化?Fatglobules–phospholipid/proteinmembrane–variousSize脂肪球—磷脂/蛋白質(zhì)膜—各種大小DSMFoodSpecialties第9頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一10?Milkcomponents–Lactose牛奶成分—乳糖?Lactoseisthesolemilkcarbohydrate乳糖是牛奶中唯一的一種糖-galactoside半乳糖苷?Hydrolysedby-galactosidases(lactases)半乳糖苷酶水解(乳糖酶)DSMFoodSpecialties第10頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一11MilkComponents–Endogenousenzymes內(nèi)源酶?Plasmin(alkaline,thermostable,seasonalvariations)纖溶酶(堿性,耐熱性,季節(jié)性變化)?LipoproteinLipase(LPL;inactivatedbypasteurisation)脂蛋白脂酶(LPL;巴氏殺菌法滅活)?Phosphatases(acid&alkaline)磷酸酶(酸&堿)?AcidProtease酸性蛋白酶?...DSMFoodSpecialties第11頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一12?????MilkComponents–Other牛奶成分—其他?Minerals礦物質(zhì)

Calcium鈣 Phosphorus磷

Magnesium鎂?...Vitamins(A,D,E,K,B1,B2,B6,B12)維生素Citrates檸檬酸鹽??Urea脲...DSMFoodSpecialties第12頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一13Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?

酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第13頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一14?????FMPManufacturing–TheProducts酸乳制造的產(chǎn)品

Yoghurt酸乳 Ayran/Laban/Lebneh/... Yoghurt-likefermentedmilks(e.g.yoghurt+probiotics) Buttermilk/karnemelk/filmj?lk白脫牛奶?Vilii

Kefir/koumis?SourCream酸奶油?...DSMFoodSpecialties第14頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一15FMPManufacturing–Principles酸奶制造的原則?Whenacidisaddedintomilk,thepHdrops當(dāng)酸加到牛奶中時(shí),pH降低?WhenthepHdropsundertheisoelectricpointfor caseins,i.e.4.6,acidprecipitationofcaseinsoccursanda gelisformed當(dāng)pH降到酪蛋白等電點(diǎn)4.6以下時(shí),酪蛋白沉淀并形成凝膠?InFMPproduction,acidisproducedbyLacticAcid Bacteria在FMP產(chǎn)品中,酸是有乳酸菌產(chǎn)生?Heatingofmilkathightemperaturedenaturationofthe

wheyproteins(WP) caseingel高溫加熱牛奶乳清蛋白變性乳清蛋白納入到酪蛋白凝膠體系DSMFoodSpecialtiesincorporationofWPintothe第15頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一16Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?

酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第16頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一17FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝DSMFoodSpecialties第17頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一18FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝PreparationofthemilkbaseDSMFoodSpecialties第18頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一19FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝

Milkbaseformulation牛奶基本配方

Standardisationproteins/fat(cream,k,milk蛋白/脂肪標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化(奶油,濃縮奶,奶粉,

powder,wheypowder,caseinates,etc)乳清粉,酪蛋白酸鹽等) Sugar,artif.sweeteners,glucose/fructosesyrups,...白砂糖,人工合成甜味劑,果葡糖漿等 Stabilisers(starch,hydrocolloids,...)穩(wěn)定劑(淀粉,親水膠體等)Rawmilk原料奶

Mixing混料Legislation!法規(guī)

Pasteurization殺菌 (72°C/30s)DSMFoodSpecialties

Rehydration定容Homogeneisation均質(zhì)Pasteurisation殺菌

(90-95°C/2-5min)第19頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一20FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝

Homogenisation均質(zhì)?Highpressure/hightemperaturetreatment高壓/高溫處理?Aim:toreducefatglobulesizereducenatural

“creaming”(creamlayerontopoflow-fatmilklayer)目的:減小脂肪球體積減少天然“乳狀液分層”(奶油層在低脂乳層頂部)DSMFoodSpecialties第20頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一21FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝End-product終產(chǎn)物Characteristics特性StarterInoculation接種Legislation!法規(guī)DSMFoodSpecialties第21頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一22FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝CodexAlimentarius–CODEXSTAN243-2003食品法典委員會(huì)-法典243-20032.DESCRIPTION說(shuō)明2.1FERMENTEDMILK發(fā)酵乳FermentedMilkisamilkproductobtainedbyfermentationofmilk,whichmilkmayhavebeenmanufacturedfromproductsobtainedfrommilkwithorwithoutcompositionalmodificationaslimitedbytheprovisioninSection3.3,bytheactionofsuitablemicroorganismsandresultinginreductionofpHwithorwithoutcoagulation(iso-electricprecipitation).Thesestartermicroorganismsshallbeviable,activeandabundantintheproducttothedateofminimumdurability.Iftheproductisheat-treatedafterfermentationtherequirementforviablemicroorganismsdoesnotapply.CertainFermentedMilksarecharacterizedbyspecificstarterculture(s)usedforfermentationasfollows:Yoghurt:SymbioticculturesofStreptococcusthermophilusandLactobacillusdelbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricus.DSMFoodSpecialties第22頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一23FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝DSMFoodSpecialties第23頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一24FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝DSMFoodSpecialties第24頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一25FMPManufacturing–Process酸乳制造工藝

Fermentation發(fā)酵

Typically42-43°C;一般42-43度 alsoat37-39°C/downto30°C也有37-39度/低于30度Greatimpactontexture offinalproduct對(duì)終產(chǎn)品質(zhì)構(gòu)影響較大Impacton(post)acidification影響酸度StarterinocStirring&Cooling(15-25°C)攪拌&冷卻

FruitPrepetc addition加入水果等FermentationFilling灌裝 冷卻Cooling(4°C)DSMFoodSpecialties第25頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一26Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?

酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第26頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一27Cheesemanufacturing–Principle1干酪制造原理1?Aproteasehydrolysesthehydrophilic-casein”hair” onthesurfaceofthecaseinmicelles(glucomacropeptide)蛋白酶水解酪蛋白膠束表面的親水性基團(tuán)?Acidfromstarterenhancesrennetaction發(fā)酵劑產(chǎn)酸增強(qiáng)凝乳作用DSMFoodSpecialties第27頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一28Cheesemanufacturing–Principle2干酪制造原理2?Thechargeofthemicelleismodifiedandthemicelles膠束電荷改性aggregateformingfirststringsthenagel且膠束聚集一串后凝膠?Fat&startercellsaretrappedinthegel脂肪和發(fā)酵劑細(xì)胞被圈在凝膠體系中?Wheyproteinsandlactoseremainsolubleinthewaterphase乳清蛋白和乳糖在水體系中保持溶解DSMFoodSpecialties第28頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一29O-H+Cheesemanufacturing–Principle3干酪制造原理3FreshMilkhasaNetNegativeCharge ontheCaseinsThecaseinsareheldtogetherwith calcium-phosphatebridges—

—————O-+Ca+-O———

TheIsoelectricPoint (PI),wherethenet chargeiszero,isapproximatelypH4.7O-+Ca+-O

Acidsolubilizescalciumandneutralizes negativechargesonthecaseins O-+Ca+-O

H+-ODSMFoodSpecialtiesNeutralizingchargesallowtheproteins tocometogetherandfuse

H+-O O-+H H+-O O-+H第29頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一30Cheesemanufacturing–Principle4干酪制造原理4?Acontrolledamountofwateristhenremovedfromthe gelinacontrolledwaybyacidification,cutting,stirring, heating,etc水控制量通過(guò)酸化,切割,攪拌,加熱等方式除去?A“ripening”or“ageing”phasemightfollow,i.e.enzymatic orchemicaltransformationofitscomponentstoformthe finalcheese成熟或老化階段:酶或化學(xué)反式使其成分改變最終形成奶酪DSMFoodSpecialties第30頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一310.7)2.5)3.2Cheesemanufacturing–Principle5原理5

MilkComposition牛奶成分

(Holstein)Component Water Fat LactoseApprox.%

87.6

3.6 4.9Proteins

(Caseins[78%]= (Whey[22%]=Minerals0.7RecoveryofMilkSolids inCheese(Cheddar)cheddar奶酪中乳固體還原成分

%RecoveredDSMFoodSpecialtiesConstituentWaterFatCaseinLactoseWheyProtein/SaltsinCheese

4.5

92.5

96.0 4.0 29.0第31頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一32Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?

酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第32頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一33Cheesemanufacturing–Process干酪加工工藝RawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties原料奶巴殺大桶灌裝凝固攪拌乳清分離乳清標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化混凝劑發(fā)酵劑氯化鈣,色素等凝乳模具成熟鹽漬壓制第33頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一34Cheesemanufacturing–Process干酪加工工藝RawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第34頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一35Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessRawmilkPasteurisationTypically72-74°C/10-20s一般采用72-74度/10-20sKillspotentialpathogensinthemilk可殺死乳中潛在病原菌

Doesn’tkillallorganisms;survivingmicroflora willaffectflavour不能殺死所有生物體;幸存的微生物會(huì)影響風(fēng)味Milkpreparation

Standardisation Protein/fatratiostandardisation蛋白/脂肪比例標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 Concentration(ultrafiltration,microfiltration,...)濃縮 Bactofugation離心除菌 lowtemperatureheattreatment低溫?zé)崽幚? Hightemperatureheattreatment高溫?zé)崽幚? Additionofmilksolids乳固體 coldmaturationwithstarters,...發(fā)酵劑冷成熟DSMFoodSpecialtiesExcessiveheatingcauses-lactoglobulintobind to-caseinacrossthechymosin-sensitivebond

105-106

PHE-MET

GMP

-lactoglobulin第35頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一36Cheesemanufacturing–Process干酪加工工藝RawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第36頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一37Cheesemanufacturing–Process

Vatfilling

Coagulant StartersExcessivefoamingcan:過(guò)多的泡沫可以:slowacidproductionbystarter發(fā)酵劑產(chǎn)生低酸causeunevencoagulantdistribution導(dǎo)致混凝劑分布不均causeunevencolourdistribution導(dǎo)致顏色不均Colours,e.g.anatto

±CaCl2,colours,...Coagulants混凝劑Animalrennet動(dòng)物凝乳Chymosin凝乳酶Microbialproteases微生物蛋白酶Plantproteases植物蛋白酶Starters發(fā)酵劑-Acidifythemilk酸化牛奶-Contributetosensorypropertiesofcheesebytheactionoftheirenzymes&metabolites(ripening)通過(guò)酶和代謝產(chǎn)物(成熟)作用可提高奶酪的感官性能

chlorophyll,etc色素如胭脂樹橙,葉綠素等

CalciumChroride(CaCl2) Promotesioniccross-bridgingofcaseins促進(jìn)離子交聯(lián)酪蛋白 Givesastrongercoagulumwiththesame amountofchymosin相同凝乳酶條件下使其有更強(qiáng)的凝固性DSMFoodSpecialties第37頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一38Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessRawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第38頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一39Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessCoagulation凝固Distributetheenzymeasevenlyaspossibleinthe vat使酶盡可能均勻的分布在桶中Chymosin(acidprotease)becomesmoreactiveas thepHofthemilkdecreases隨乳液pH的降低凝乳酶(蛋白酶)更活躍Maximumtemperatureforchymosinisca.42°C;凝乳酶最高溫度42度 activitybeginstodropoffabovethistemperature高于42度活性下降Enzymeactivityincreasesapproximately3%per degreebetween20°Cand38°C20-38度之間酶活性每度約降低3%

Cuttingincreasesthesurface areaandenhancessyneresis Acidityimmediatelydrops (lowerbuffercapacityofwhey k) Curdparticlesimmediatelybegin toexpelwheyandshrink攪拌可增加表面積和增強(qiáng)收縮能力,酸度下降(相對(duì)牛奶,乳清緩沖能力低),排出乳清,收縮,凝乳顆粒形成DSMFoodSpecialties

CoagulationCutting/Stirring第39頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一40Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessRawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第40頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一41Cheesemanufacturing–Process干酪加工工藝FreshlycutcurdisveryfragileandshatterseasilyifstirredvigorouslyCuttingknivesmustbesharptoavoidfatandproteinlosses Curdstillhasarelativelyopenstructureandreadilyexpelswhey Healingallowsthecurdtoshrinkandfirmup,tobetterwithstandagitationduringcook新形成的凝乳如果大力攪拌很容易破碎,切割刀必須鋒利以防脂肪和蛋白損失;凝乳結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)開放,容易排出乳清;凝乳收縮堅(jiān)硬,更能承受攪拌

Equilibriumwhey/curdmixture乳清/凝乳混合平衡Cutting/StirringLactose乳糖

WheyseparationpHAcid酸

Ca/P鈣/磷

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第41頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一42Cheesemanufacturing–Process干酪加工工藝

AcidHeat RennetAgitation TimeCurdparticleafter shorthealperiod

Syneresiscausesthecurdparticletoshrink

andcondense

Cutting/StirringHighertemperatureenhancessyneresis高溫促進(jìn)脫水收縮

Temperatureincreaseaffectsstartergrowth溫度升高影響發(fā)酵劑生長(zhǎng)

Stirringpromotessyneresis攪拌促進(jìn)脫水收縮 Curdparticlescontinuetoshrinkandfirmup凝乳顆粒繼續(xù)收縮堅(jiān)硬 Longerstir-outtimecansignificantlyreduce moisturelevelsinthecheese長(zhǎng)時(shí)間攪拌可減少干酪中的水分DSMFoodSpecialtiesWheyseparation

Whey第42頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一43

Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessWashing(optional,e.g.Goudatypes)清洗(可選,例荷蘭產(chǎn)高德干酪)Removeslactoseandlacticacidfromcurd從凝乳中去除乳糖和乳酸WashingresultsinhigherfinalcheesepH(limitslactose)清洗可獲得較高pH的干酪(限制乳糖)Syneresisdirectlyaffectedbywatertemperature(low-slows,high-enhances)水溫直接影響脫水收縮作用(低-慢,高-強(qiáng))Longwashtimesremovemorelactoseandlacticacidfromthecurd清洗時(shí)間長(zhǎng),可排除更多的乳糖和乳酸Coolwashwaterreducescurdtemperatureandallowstemperature-sensitivestrainstoreturnfromstationarytologphase冷水清洗減少愈合溫度且允許溫度敏感株從穩(wěn)定期到對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期

Cutting/Stirring

Equilibriumwhey/curdmixture乳清/凝乳混合平衡Lactose乳糖WheyseparationpHAcid酸DSMFoodSpecialtiesCa/P鈣/磷Whey第43頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一44Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessRawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第44頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一45Cheesemanufacturing–Process

Pressing壓榨

Givescheeseitsfinalshape賦予干酪最后的形狀 Eliminatesopeningsbetweencurdparticles清除凝乳顆粒間的縫隙 Promotescurdfusionbybringingcurd促進(jìn)融合,使顆粒緊密接觸 particlesintoclosecontact Pressesmorefreewheyfromthecurd(small quantity)壓出更多的乳清(小數(shù)量) Alllactoseremaininginthecurdshouldbe fermentedby24hours凝乳中的所有乳糖發(fā)酵24hDSMFoodSpecialtiesMoulds PressingCurd第45頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一46Cheesemanufacturing–Process

Cheddaring堆釀

Aspecialprocess,specifictoCheddarcheesetypes這是切達(dá)干酪的特殊工藝 Curdislettosetfewminutes凝乳放置幾分鐘 “Loaves”ofcurdarecut,turnedandstack再被分割成相同大小的幾塊,翻轉(zhuǎn)堆疊 Aftercompletingtheturning,thecurdismilled,然后切成小塊, thendrysaltedandplacedintomoulds干腌,放入模具中DSMFoodSpecialtiesMoulds PressingCurd第46頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一47Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessRawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第47頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一48?????Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessSaltenhancesflavour鹽增強(qiáng)風(fēng)味Extractsmorewheyfromcurd凝乳中提取更多乳清Saltabsorptionisrapid,butsalt鹽吸收迅速,但equilibriumincurdveryslow在凝乳中均勻較慢(severaldaysorweeks)(需幾天或幾星期)Saltslowsorstopsgrowthofsaltsensitivestarterstrains(whendirectPhoto:F.KosikowskiinScientificAmericanDrysaltingsalting)鹽減緩或阻止鹽敏感菌株生長(zhǎng)(直接鹽腌時(shí))SalthelpsavoidinggrowthofButyricAcidBacteria(lateblowing)鹽可抑制丁酸菌生長(zhǎng)(后期產(chǎn)氣)

Moulds

Brinebath

SaltingDSMFoodSpecialtiesPressing第48頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一49Cheesemanufacturing–ProcessRawmilkPasteurisationVatfillingCoagulationCoagulantMilkpreparationStandardisation

Starters±CaCl2,colours,...Cutting/Stirring±Ripening

MouldsSalting PressingCurdWheyseparation

WheyDSMFoodSpecialties第49頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一50Cheesemanufacturing–Process

RipeningorMaturationorAgeing成熟

Acomplexbiochemicalprocessinvolving該過(guò)程是一個(gè)包含大量 alargenumberofenzymatic&chemica的酶和化學(xué)反應(yīng)的復(fù)雜 reactions,whichtransformthecurd生化過(guò)程,它可轉(zhuǎn)化凝乳的成 componentsandchangethecurdinto分并且把凝乳變成具體的奶酪 specificcheeses

Packaging/Coating包裝

Preventscheesedehydrationand surfaceoxidation防止干酪脫水和表面氧化

±RipeningDSMFoodSpecialtiesSealsoutairtopreventmould growth密封阻止霉菌生長(zhǎng)第50頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一51Contents目錄?TheMilk?

牛奶?FermentedMilkProducts(FMP)?

酸乳產(chǎn)品?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?Cheese?干酪?ManufacturingPrinciples制造原理?ManufacturingProcess制造工藝?CheeseRipening干酪成熟DSMFoodSpecialties第51頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一52CheeseRipening干酪成熟

Ripeningisacomplexbiochemicalprocess

involvingalargenumberofenzymatic& chemicalreactions干酪的成熟是一個(gè)包含大量酶和化學(xué)反應(yīng)復(fù)雜的生化過(guò)程

CURD

DSMFoodSpecialtiesCHEESE凝乳干酪第52頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一53CheeseRipening干酪成熟Duringtheripening,成熟過(guò)程中theComposition成分theStructure/Texture質(zhì)構(gòu)theFlavour風(fēng)味theAppearance/Colour顏色ofthecurdwillchangeintothespecificcharacteristicsofeachcheesetype凝乳將變成每種干酪類型的具體特性DSMFoodSpecialties第53頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一54CheeseRipening干酪成熟Cheeseisalivingsystem干酪是一個(gè)活的體系TheRipeningstartsintheFarm…始于農(nóng)場(chǎng)…andendsintheConsumer’sPlate止于餐桌DSMFoodSpecialties第54頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一55CheeseRipening干酪成熟

?Thecow&thecowfeed牛&飼料

?Rawmilklacticmicroflora原料奶乳酸菌群

?Rawmilkcontaminating microflora(e.g. psychrotrophs)原料奶污染微生物(如耐冷菌)

?Milkendogenousenzymes牛奶內(nèi)源酶

?Milkhandlingconditions牛奶處理?xiàng)l件DSMFoodSpecialties?Heattreatmentofthemilk牛奶熱處理?Coagulant凝乳?Coagulationconditions凝乳條件?Lacticstarters&Adjuncts乳酸發(fā)酵劑及其附屬第55頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一56CheeseRipening干酪成熟

?Heattreatmentofthemilk牛奶熱處理

?Differentialinactivationofmilk microflora(e.g.Leuconostoc)乳菌群滅活?Cheesemakingprocess parameters干酪制造工藝參數(shù)

?Temperatureprofile溫度

?Time時(shí)間

?Acidificationprofile酸度?Specialhandlings,e.g. cheddaring,stretching, washing,…特殊處理,例切達(dá),拉伸,清洗等?Salting(dry,brining,…)鹽腌(干法,鹽浸作用)

?Differentialinactivationofmilk& microbialenzymes牛奶&微生物酶滅活

?Denaturationofwheyproteins乳清蛋白變性?Temperature/timeprofile溫度/時(shí)間

?Growthofstarters發(fā)酵劑生長(zhǎng)

?Curdcharacteristics凝乳特性?Specialheattreatments特殊熱處理

?Growthorinactivationofthe starters發(fā)酵劑生長(zhǎng)或滅活

?Possibledeactivationofthe

enzymespresent酶可能失活DSMFoodSpecialties第56頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一57CheeseRipening干酪成熟

?Acidificationprofile酸度

?Activityoftheenzymes酶活性

?Curdcharacteristics(moisture,?Cheesemakingprocess parameters

?Temperatureprofile

?Time

?Acidificationprofile?Specialhandlings,e.g. cheddaring,stretching, washing,…?Salting(dry,brining,…)DSMFoodSpecialties

pH,…)凝乳特性(水分,pH等)?Washingsteps清洗

?Availabilityofsugars&nutrients forthestarters發(fā)酵劑用的糖&營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)可利用性

?Lossofenzymes酶損失?Saltingsystem鹽漬

?Activityoftheenzymes酶活性

?Propertiesofthecurd凝乳特性 (dehydration,aw,…)(脫水等)第57頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一58?????CheeseRipening?Curdenvironment凝乳環(huán)境

?Moisture/aw水分

?pH?Curdenvironment凝乳環(huán)境

?Moisture/aw:水分

?pH

?NaCl,…?NaCllevels,…氯化鈉水平

Allparametersaffect:所有影響參數(shù)?Ripeningconditions成熟條件

Temperature–Time溫度-時(shí)間 Addedenzymes加酶 Coatings,foilripening,…涂層,箔成熟 Handlings,e.g.surfacetreatment處理,例表面處理?Microflora:Starters,NSLAB,…微生物:發(fā)酵劑等

DSMFoodSpecialties?enzymaticactivities酶活性?microbialgrowthandlysis微生物生長(zhǎng)和衰退第58頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一59????CheeseRipening干酪成熟

?Ripeningconditions成熟條件

?Temperature–time:溫度-時(shí)間?Curdenvironment

?Moisture/aw

?pH

?NaCllevels,…

?Enzymaticactivities,酶活性 microbialgrowthandlysis微生物生長(zhǎng)和衰退?Handlings(e.g.surfacetreatment, maceration,…)處理(例表面處理,浸軟)?Growth&enzymatic

activitiesofripeningflora成熟菌群生長(zhǎng)&?Ripeningconditions酶活性

Temperature-Time Addedenzymes Coatings,foilripening,… Handlings,e.g.surfacetreatment?Microflora:Starters,NSLAB,…

DSMFoodSpecialties?Coatings,foilripening,涂層,箔成熟…

?Waterloss/moisture水分

?Atmospherecomposition–空氣成分 surfaceripeningflora表面成熟第59頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一60????CheeseRipening干酪成熟CheeseMicroflora干酪微生物?LacticStartercultures&Adjuncts乳酸發(fā)酵劑及其附屬?Eachcellisacompleteenzymaticconversionfactory每個(gè)細(xì)胞都是一個(gè)完整的酶轉(zhuǎn)化廠?Species-&strain-specificenzymaticsystems種&株特異酶系統(tǒng)?Intracellularenzymescanbereleasedthroughcelllysis細(xì)胞內(nèi)的酶可通過(guò)細(xì)胞分裂釋放?Adjuncts:Strainsspecificallyselectedfortheircontributiontocheeseflavour&texture輔料:株因其對(duì)干酪風(fēng)味和質(zhì)構(gòu)的作用而選定?SpecialRipeningcultures特殊成熟菌種Yeasts:openness,alkalinisationofthecurd,flavour酵母:氣孔,堿化,風(fēng)味Moulds:blueveins,surfacedevelopment,highflavouringproperties霉菌:藍(lán)紋,曲面展開,高風(fēng)味特性Brevibacteriumlinens:redcolour,specificsurfacesmear,strongsmell亞麻短桿菌:紅色,特殊表面涂層,強(qiáng)烈氣味Micrococci,Corynebacteria,etc:surfaceripening,colour&flavour微球菌,棒狀桿菌等:表面成熟,顏色和風(fēng)味DSMFoodSpecialties第60頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一61CheeseRipening干酪成熟NSLAB(NonStarterLacticAcidBacteria)非乳酸菌發(fā)酵劑?Milkmicroflorasurvivingpasteurisation&cheesemanufacture;growon residualsugarsbutalsoonothercurdcompounds,e.g.aminoacids經(jīng)巴殺和干酪制造存活的乳菌群,依靠剩余的糖盒其他凝乳成分如氨基酸生長(zhǎng)?Mostfrequentspecies:mesophiliclactobacilli(casei,paracasei, plantarum,rhamnosus,curvatus,etc),pediococci,enterococci最常見菌種:嗜溫乳桿菌(干酪乳桿菌,類干酪,植物乳桿菌等),片球菌,腸球菌?Lownumbersatthebeginningofripening,thentheirnumbersincreaseupto107-108cfu/gdependingonthecheesetype成熟初級(jí)階段數(shù)量很少,而后依據(jù)干酪類型數(shù)量增至107-108cfu/g?Significantcontributiontoflavourdevelopmentinseveralcheesetypes風(fēng)味對(duì)幾種奶酪類型影響重大?Possiblenegativeeffectsoncheesequality:off-flavours,texturaldefects(splits),crystals,…對(duì)干酪品質(zhì)可能產(chǎn)生負(fù)面作用的因素:異味,質(zhì)構(gòu)缺陷,晶體等?Uncontrollableflora不可控菌群ElSodaetal(2000)JDairySci,83,609-619DSMFoodSpecialties第61頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一62CheeseRipening–CheeseFlavour干酪風(fēng)味

CheeseFlavouristheresultofacomplexsystem

ofenzymatic(mostly)andchemicalreactions干酪的風(fēng)味是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的酶(主要)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)的結(jié)果 Inmostcases,cascadesofreactionstransform thecurdcomponentsintocheeseflavour compounds大多數(shù)情況下,級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成奶酪風(fēng)味成分

TastelessCurd沒(méi)味道的凝乳DSMFoodSpecialtiesFlavourfulCheese味濃的奶酪第62頁(yè),共75頁(yè),2023年,2月20日,星期一63CheeseRipening–CheeseFlavour干酪風(fēng)味CitrateLactoseProteinsFatLAB

PABPropionate丙酸 Acetate醋酸纖維素

Lactate乳酸Acetate醋酸纖維素Diacetyl雙乙酰

Peptides肽Aminoacids氨基酸

Ketones酮 Lactones內(nèi)酯Aldehydes醛Acetaldehyde乙醛 Ethanol乙醇VolatileCompounds揮發(fā)性化合物FattyAcids脂肪酸DSMFoodSpecialties

Alcohols,醇Aldehydes醛,Amines胺, Acids酸,E

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