跨文化交際第六章

（優(yōu)選）跨文化交際第六章現(xiàn)在是1頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Thosewhoknowdonottalk.Thosewhotalkdonotknow.Keepyourmouthclosed.Guardyoursenses.Temperyoursharpness.Simplifyyourproblems.Maskyourbrightness.BeatonewiththedustoftheEarth.Thisisprimalunion.HewhohasachievedthisstateIsunconcernedwithfriendsandenemies,Withgoodandharm,withhonoranddisgrace.Thisthereforeisthehigheststateofman.現(xiàn)在是2頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日AnidiomThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlip,nay,herfootspeaks.—Shakespeare現(xiàn)在是3頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Learningobjectives:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.tounderstandthesignificanceofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication2.toperceivethedefinitionofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication3.todescribethefunctionsofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication4.tosummarizethecategoriesofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication

現(xiàn)在是4頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日

ChapterOutlineChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationNonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Significance

Definition&FunctionsCategoriesOtherCategories

RepeatingRegulatingContradictingComplementingParalanguageSilenceProxemicsChronemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttire現(xiàn)在是5頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日lead-incase

WhatIsWrongwiththeInteraction?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationPleasereadCaseandthendiscussthequestionsinpairs.現(xiàn)在是6頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Nonverbalbehaviorisasignificantareaofcommunicationstudyforatleastthreereasons.Nonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwegetfromconversations.Nonverbalbehaviorspontaneouslyreflectsthesubconsciousness.Wecannotavoidcommunicatingthroughnonverbalsignals.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTextA

SignificanceofNonverbalCommunication現(xiàn)在是7頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Besides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.現(xiàn)在是8頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日DefinitionofNonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTextB

DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication現(xiàn)在是9頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication

Themessagessentwithoutusingwordsarecallednonverbalcommunication.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是10頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日TheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

a.RepeatingPeopleusenonverbalcommunicationtorepeat,clarify,andempasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassaying"yes".b.Complementing

Nonverbalcommunicationcuescanaddtoorcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead.

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是11頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationc.SubstitutingNonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.

Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.d.RegulatingNonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractionsbyregulatingthem,suchasturn-takingsignals(handraised)inconversationse.ContradictingCertainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.現(xiàn)在是12頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日1.paralanguage(副語言)2.

silence

(沉默

)Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

TextC

ParalanguageandSilence現(xiàn)在是13頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日1.Paralanguage

a.voicesetthecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking:

thesituationgendermoodageperson’scultureb.voicequalities

volumepitchtemporhythmarticulationresonancenasalityaccentc.vocalization:

characterizersqualifiers

segregates

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是14頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.Silence

Silenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeinterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy(冷漠),awe(敬畏),confusion,contemplation(沉思),disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberofmeanings.Case-analysis:

AQuarrel

WhatisthebasicbarrierinthecommunicationbetweenSmithandLiHua?

現(xiàn)在是15頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日1.chronemics(時間行為)2.

proxemics[prɑ:k'si:mi:ks](空間行為)Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTextD

TimeandSpace現(xiàn)在是16頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日1.Chronemics

ThesenseoftimeMonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime

Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是17頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日a.

Timeiscyclical(循環(huán)的)b.

Timeislinear(線性的)

Westernculturesthinktimeislinear—aflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.

Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Thesenseoftime

現(xiàn)在是18頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日a.Monochronictime

b.Polychronictime

Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Monochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime

現(xiàn)在是19頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Activity:

Recallyourownexperienceaboutwaitingforsomeonewhoislateforanappointment,orwhenyouarelateforanappointment.Describeyourfeelingsundersuchcircumstances.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是20頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日2.proxemics

a.Fixedfeaturesofspace

b.Semifixedfeaturesofspacec.PersonalspaceProxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspaceChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是21頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日a.FixedfeaturesofspaceArchitectureandspacingofbuildingsbelongtothisaspectofspace.Forexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.Interculturalcommunicatorsneedtorealizethatcultureshavealternativeapproachestospaceandwaysofusingit.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是22頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日b.Semifixedfeaturesofspace

Semifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是23頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Furniturearrangement

French

spaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜),fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.現(xiàn)在是24頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationSeating

IntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.TheChineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.

現(xiàn)在是25頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日c.PersonalspaceIntheUnitedStatesHallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.InIndiaInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcaste

mayapproachothercastes.3.InArab

ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是26頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日

Case-analysis:

Don’tPutYourHandonMyArm

Whatcanbelearnedfromthecaseabove?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是27頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Don’tPutYourHandonMyArm

ItwashardforSamtoconcentrateonwhatMartinwassaying.MartinwasvisitingfromChileandEnglishwasnothisnativelanguage,butthatwasnottheproblem.SamwasalltoawareofMartin’shandrestingonhisarm.Hetriedtoignoreit,buthefeltlikepeoplepassingbywerestaringatthem.Hedidn’twantpeoplegettingthewrongimpression.Theywouldn’tknow現(xiàn)在是28頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日MartinwasfromChileand,eveniftheydid,itwasonethingtogivesomeoneafriendlypatbutquiteanothertojuststandthereholdingtheotherguy’sarm,occasionallyrubbingit.Itjustwasn’tsonatural.HetriedtodisengagefromMartinthroughsomepurposefulgesturesandsteppingbackslightly,butMartinpersistedandSamalwaysendedupwithMartin’shandonhimagain.現(xiàn)在是29頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日SamhadbeenaskedbyhissuperiortohelpwithtransportationforMartinduringhisstayintheUnitedStates,andhedidn’twanttooffendMartin.現(xiàn)在是30頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.oculesics

(目光語)2.

olfactics

(嗅覺)3.

haptics

(觸覺行為)4.kinesics

(身勢語行為)5.chromatics

(色彩學)6.attire

(服飾）TextE

OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunication現(xiàn)在是31頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日

Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.AprolongedgazeorstareintheUnitedStatesisconsideredrude.InotherculturessuchasJapan,Korea,andThailand,staringisalsoconsideredrude.Inmostcultures,mendonotstareatwomen.InFranceandItaly,however,mencanstareatwomeninpublic.IntheUnitedStates,staringatapersonisconsideredasignofinterestandmayevenbeinterpretedassexuallysuggestive.

1.oculesics

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是32頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日2.olfactics

ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics.

Aperson’ssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.

Activity:

Discussion

Haveyouhadtheexperienceofbeingpuzzledandannoyedbyadirecteyecontactfrompeopleofothercultures?Ifyes,trytothinkaboutthereasonwhy.Discussitwithyourgroupmembers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是33頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日3.haptics

Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintance(熟人)totouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachild’sspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworker’schairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Discussion:p186Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是34頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日4.kinesics

Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是35頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日a.

Gestures

amovementofpartofyourbody,especiallyyourhandsorhead,toshowwhatyoumeanorhowyoufeel.b.

PosturePosture,thewaysomeonestands,sits,orwalks,cansendpositiveornegativenonverbalmessages.Posturecansignalagreementordisagreement.Appropriatepostureisrelatedtoaperson’sstatusinsociety.Forexample,themanagermaystanderectwhentalkingtosubordinates,butthesubordinatesmaydroptheirshoulderswhentalkingtothemanager.

c.

FacialexpressionsChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是36頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日

Gesturescanbeemblemsororregulators(one’sfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.symbols(the“ok”gesture),illustrators(policeofficer’shandhelduptostoptraffic),Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是37頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日5.chromatics

Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’smood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是38頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日

BlackisthecolorofmourningtomanyEuropeansandU.S.Americans,butwhiteisworntofuneralsinJapanandmanyothernations.

IntheUnitedStates,whiteistypicallywornbybrideswhileinIndia,redoryellowisworn.Purpleissometimesassociatedwithroyalty,butitisthecolorofdeathinmanyLatinAmericancountries.Red(especiallyredroses)isassociatedwithromanceinsomeculturesincludingtheUnitedStates.RedisnotanappropriatecolorforwrappinggiftsinJapan.DarkredisthecolorofmourningalongtheIvoryCoast.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication現(xiàn)在是39頁\一共有48頁\編輯于星期日

GreenisnotusedforwrappingpackagesinEgyptsincegreenisthenationalistcolor(asred,whiteandbluearethenationalistcolorsintheUnitedStates).MenshouldavoidwearingagreenhatinChinaasthissignifiesthattheirwifeorsisterisaprostitute.Inmanycountriesoftheworld,blueisconsideredamasculinecolor,buttopeopleofFranceandtheUnitedKingdom,redismoremasculine.Blue,inIran,isanundesirablecolor.WhilepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconsiderpinktobethemostfemininecolor,personsinmostothercountriesthinkofyellowasthemostfemininecolor.

Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6