產業(yè)經濟學（雙語）知到章節(jié)答案智慧樹2023年山東財經大學

產業(yè)經濟學（雙語）知到章節(jié)測試答案智慧樹2023年最新山東財經大學第一章測試()referstheproductionofaneconomicgoodorservicewithinaneconomy.

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Industry()refersthewayandstructureinwhichthefirmsinonesectorarearranged.

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Industrialorganization()denotesanation’sdeclared,official,totalstrategicefforttoinfluencesectoraldevelopment

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IndustrialPolicyThecoreissuesofindustrialorganizationare(

)and(

).

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monopoly;competitionDemandconditionsareaffectedby().

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Priceelasticity;Substitutes;Marketgrowth;TypeofgoodProductioninonesectorhaslowsubstitutability.

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錯Allfirmsseekhighermarketsharesinordertogainhigherprofits.

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對Ifoneorseveralfirmshavemarketpowerandcometodominate,competitionisusuallyeffective

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錯ChicagoSchooleconomistsarguedthatincreasedefficiencyledtoincreasedmarketpowerandincreasedprofits.

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對TheSCPparadigmwasdevelopedbyEdwardMasonandJoeBaininthe1940sand1950s.

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對ChicagoSchooleconomistsquestionedmanyofthemajorempiricalconclusionsreachedbyfollowersoftheSCPapproach.

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對HarvardSchooleconomistsarguedthatincreasedefficiencyledtoincreasedmarketpowerandincreasedprofits.

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錯TheSCPparadigmarguesthatbasicmarketconditionsdeterminemarketstructure;marketstructuredeterminesconduct;andconductdeterminesperformance.

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對thereisagrowingconsensusinrecentdevelopmenttheorythatstateinterventionsareoftenunnecessarywhenmarketfailuresprevail.

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錯Thefieldofindustrialorganizationdevelopedasanoffshootofmicroeconomictheory.

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對第二章測試Assetspecificityreferstothedegreetowhichsomeassetsareofvalueprimarilytoonefirm.（）

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對Animportantadvantageofacorporationisthatitsownershaveunlimitedliability（）.

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錯Intheshortrunsomeinputsarefixed;thefirmhastodothebestitcanwithagivencapitalstockandplantsize.（）

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對MESshowsthebestsizeforproduction().

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對BelowtheMESlevel,theremaybediseconomiesofscale.（）

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錯Specializationletsworkerslearntodotheirspecifictasksmuchmorerapidlyandprecisely.（）

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對Learningcurvesshowadeclineinthecurrentaveragecostofproductionastotalproductionmounts.（）

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對Animportanttypeofsharedinputisanintangibleassetsuchasresearchknowledgeorbusinessknow-howaboutproduction.（）

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對Eachfirmisassumedtomaximize（）.

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profitsThecostsofusingthemarkettoconductbusinessarecalled.（）。

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transactioncostsThecostsavingsthatresultfromproducingjointproductsiscalledas(

)

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economiesofscopeWilliamsonpointsoutthreeproductioncostadvantagesofusingthemarket,theyare（）。

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economiesofscale;economiesofscope;productioncostsThereareseveralpossiblebenefits(orso-calledsynergies)fromdiversification.（）。

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Reducingrisk;Allocatingcapital;TransferoftechnologyThemorefrequentafirm’sneedforaninput,themorethefirmcansaveontransactioncostsbyinternalproduction.()

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對thehigherthedegreeofuncertainty,thehigherarethetransactioncosts.（）

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對第三章測試Theelasticityofdemand,isameasureofhowsensitivequantitydemandedistoachangein().

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price（）isthedifferencebetweenthemaximumamountconsumersarewillingtopayforagoodandtheamounttheyactuallypay。

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consumersurplusIfafirmcouldhavetheabilitytosetpriceabove(),thenwecansayithasmarketpower.

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marginalcostInaperfectlycompetitivemarket,transactioncostsarezerofor(

)

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sellers;buyersInaperfectlycompetitivemarket,transactioncostsarezeroforbothbuyersandsellers.

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對Theprofit-maximizingruletellsafirmtoproducethatquantityofoutputforwhichmarginalrevenueequalsmarginalcost.

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對Economistsoftenevaluatethewelfareeffectsofchangesinmarketstructureorofgovernmentpoliciesbylookingatchangesinconsumersurplus.

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錯Amonopolyisthesoleproducerofagoodforwhichtherearenoclosesubstitutes

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對TheLernerIndexindicatesthatamonopolisthasunlimitedcontroloverprice.

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錯Iftheelasticityequals-10,theLernerIndexequals0.01

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錯Ifmonopolizationofanindustryraisescosts,thedeadweightlossislarger

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對Thecompetitivemarketequilibriumisallocativelyefficient:Itmaximizesthesumofconsumerandproducersurplus.

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對Thedeadweightlosstriangleisameasureofthemisallocationofresourcesresultingfrommonopoly.

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對Thesimplecomparisonofcompetitionandmonopolyhighlightstheresourcemisallocationassociatedwithmarketpower.

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對Producersurplusisthedifferencebetweenthe(

)theproducerreceivesforsellingaunitofoutputanditsreservation(

）

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marketprice,supplyprice第四章測試Marketshareisthefirm’spercentageshareofthemarket’stotalsalesrevenue.Itrangesfromzeroupto()percent.

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100TheHHInumbercanrangefrom(

)to（）。

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0,10000Verticalmergerinvolvesfirmsthatproduceat()ofproductioninthesameindustry.

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differentstagesThemotivesformergerare（）。

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marketpower;riskreduction;reduceentrybarriers;financialmotivesStaticorstructuralbarrierstoentryinclude（）。

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absolutecostadvantages;capitalcosts;productdifferentiation;economiesofscaleAtoo-broaddefinitionincludestoomanyfirms,withtheresultthatreportedmeasuresofmarketpowertendtobebiaseddownward.

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對Entryandexitconditionsareimportantdeterminantsofexistingfirms’marketpower.

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對Firmswithintheindustryhavecontroloverstructuralbarrierstoentry

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錯Behavioralorstrategicbarrierstoentryarethoseexistingfirmsmightdeliberatelybehaveinwaysthatdecreasedtheprobabilityofentrybyotherfirms

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對Establishedfirmshasabsolutecostadvantagesoverpotentialentrants.

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對Productdifferentiationcreatesanadvantageforestablishedfirmsrelativetonewcomers.

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錯Expectingprofitabilityisanincentivestoenter

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對Anycostthatafirmmustincurtoleaveanindustryisanexitbarrier,whichisgenerallythoughtofassometypeofmarginalcost.

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錯Industrieswithhighratesofentrytendtohavehighratesofexit

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對Eachsourceofentrybarrierscanalsoerectabarriertoexitbygoingfirms.

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對第五章測試

Inamarketwithadominantfirm,itmakessensetoassumethat(

)

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thedominantfirmwillsettheindustrypriceandthefringefirmswilltakethatpriceasgiven.InUSSteelmodel,wecanfindthedominantfirm’sresidualdemandcurvebysubtractingthefringesupplycurvefromthetotaldemandcurveateverypricegreaterthanP=$25.

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對Accordingtotheassumptionof“Entryisfree”inthetheoryofcontestablemarket,(

)

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Entrantscouldbeoncompletelyequalfootingwithestablishedfirms,evenwithanestablishedmonopolist.Accordingtocontestablemarketassumption,absoluteentryimpliesthattheentrylagismorethanthepriceadjustmentlag:anewfirmcanenteramarketandsellitsproductbeforetheestablishedfirmscanreactandchangetheirprices.

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錯Accordingtotheoryofcontestablemarketassumption,

theassumptionofnosunkcostsimpliesthatafirmcouldsellitsproductionfacilitiesfortheirpresentvalueinaresalemarketorcouldusetheminanothermarketwithoutanylosses.

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對Ifaconsumerfeelsmuchbetterasmoreconsumersuse“wechat”,thenetworkexternalityis(

)

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positiveNegativeExternalityexistswhenconsumersarebetteroffasthenumberofusersofthesamebrandincreases

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錯DirectNetworkExternalityreferstothebenefittoanindividualconsumerdependsdirectlyonthenumberofotherusersoftheproduct.

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對IndirectNetworkExternalityarisesbecauseofcomplementarity.

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對Inemail’sapplication,itshowsnetworkexternalityanditshouldbenegative.

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錯第六章測試LetX1standforameasureofmarketstructureandYforameasureofeconomicprofits,wecanexpressthehypothesisabouttherelationshipbetweenmarketstructureandprofitsusingasimplelinearequationas:,isanerrorterm.

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對Infigure1(a),hypotheticalscatterdiagramofdataonY(economicprofits)andX1(marketstructure),theverticaldistancebetweeneachdatapointandastraightlinefittedthroughtheobservationsiscalledthe()

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residualTheLernerIndexisdifficulttoestimatebecausedataarelackingonfirms’marginalcosts.

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對Excessreturnonsalesistheratioofeconomicprofitstosalescost.

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錯Economicprofitsaredifficulttocalculate.

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對Tobin’sqhasseveraladvantagesoverrateofreturnmeasures().

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Themarketvalueofafirmdependspartlyonrisk,soqincorporatesanadjustmentforrisk.;Thenumeratorofq,marketvalue,reflectsexpectedfutureprofits,whereasaccountingdatareflectonlypastprofits.;qismuchlesssensitivetoerrorsinmeasuringitscomponentsthanareprofits.Inthemeasuringofcapitalrequirements,typicallymeasuredbytheestimatedamountofcapitalrequiredbyamidpointplant.

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對Manyeconomistshaveusedproxiesforentrybarriersasindependentvariablesintheirregressionequations.Commonlyusedmeasuresofbarrierstoentryincludethefollowing():

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Economiesofscale;Capitalrequirements;Productdifferentiation;ResearchintensityAdvertisingandotherformsofproductdifferentiationareexpectedtohavelesseffectonconcentrationandprofitabilityinproducergoodsindustriesthaninconsumergoodsindustries,()

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becausebuyersinproducergoodsindustriestendtobelargeandwellinformed.Inthemeasuringofeconomiesofscale,oftenapproximatedbytheratioofmidpointplantsales(thesalesoftheplantinthemiddleofthesizedistributionofplants)tototalindustrysales.

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對第七章測試TheWaldmanmodelisagameofperfectinformationbecausebothtrucksmovesimultaneouslytopickalocation.

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錯InWaldmanmodel,ifbothlocateatthesamepoint,thetruckssplitsales50-50.

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對Adominantstrategyisastrategythatoutperformsanyotherstrategynomatterwhatstrategyanopponentselects.

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對AlthoughalldominantsolutionsareNashequilibria,somegameswithoutadominantsolutioncanhave()Nashequilibrium.

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morethanoneIfWaldmanplaysastrategythatminimizesthemaximumpossibleoutcomeforOtherTruck,Waldmanwillbeplayinghisdominatedstrategy.

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錯GeneralElectric(GE)andWestinghousegameisofimperfectinformationbecauseGEandWestinghousesimultaneouslyselectprices.

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對Adominatedstrategyisastrategythatcanalwaysbebeatenbysomeotherstrategy.

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對Insequentialgames,theplayerstaketurnsmovinginsteadofmovingsimultaneously.

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對oneofthecharacteristicsofallmixedstrategyequilibriaisthatoncetheequilibriumisobtained,bothplayersareindifferentbetweenplayingtheirequilibriumstrategyandanyotherstrategy.

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對AmixedstrategyNashequilibriumisinherentlystablebecauseprofitsarethesameregardlessofthestrategyadoptedbythefirms,andtherefore,bothfirmshavelittleincentivetomaintaintheequilibrium.

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錯第八章測試IntheStackelbergModel,onefirmmakechoicefirst,thenanotheronewillselectoutputlevel.

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對InBertrandModel,twofirmsselectoutputoftheproductsinordertomaximizeprofit.

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錯Cournot’sduopolymodelisusedtodescribeanindustrystructureinwhichcompaniescompeteonthepriceofproducttheywillproduce,whichtheydecideonindependentlyofeachotherandatthesametime.

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錯InCournot’sduopolymodel,twofirmsfaceidenticalcosts.

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對Cournot’sduopolymodelassumptionincludes():

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thereisnocollusion;twofirmsfaceidenticalcosts;eachfirmbelievesthatitscompetitorwillalwaysmaintainitscurrentoutput.Inequilibrium,amongCournotoutput,jointprofit-maximizingoutputandtheperfectlycompetitiveoutput,ifweweretosortbytheoutputlevelfromthelargesttothesmallest,itshouldbe():

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theperfectlycompetitiveoutput,Cournotoutput,jointprofit-maximizingoutputCournotequilibriumisnotaNashequilibrium

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錯TheCournot–Nashgameisasequentialgame.

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錯TheStackelbergequilibriumyieldsagreatertotalindustryoutputandhigherpricethantheCournot–Nashequilibrium.

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錯IntheSouthwest-U.S.Airways’farecompetinggame,anyfarelessthanMC=$70willresultinoneairlinereducingfares,whichinturnwillresultinafarereductionbytheother,andsoon.

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錯第九章測試Inordertoachievethejointprofit-maximizingresult,thefirmsmustestablishanenvironmentinwhicheachbelievestheotherwillsticktothecollusivehigh-pricepolicy.Anysolutiontothedilemmahastobecharacterizedby():

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anabilitytodetectcheating;anabilitytopunishcheatersThecharacteristicsofatit-for-tatstrategyincludes(

)

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Ineverysubsequentround,adoptthestrategyplayedbyyouropponentinthepreviousround.;theniceness;Startingbycooperatinginthefirstround.Tacitcollusionresultswhenagroupofcompetitorssitsdowntodiscussandsetprice.

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錯Inperfectcollusion,thefirmsareproducingthejointprofit-maximizingoutput.

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對Themostimportantadvantageoftit-for-tatstrategyisthenicenesscharacteristic.

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對InJensen–WaldmanMiniTournament,whereJensenplaystit-for-tatandWaldmanplaysthedominantstrategy,Jensenmustwinthehead-to-headcompetition.

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錯Tit-for-tatisforgivinginthatitrewardsdefectorswhoreverttocooperationbyalsorevertingtocooperation.

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對Oligopolistsshouldsimplyadoptthetit-for-tatstrategyinallcircumstances.

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錯Inatriggerpricestrategy,evenasingledeviationfromcooperationwillcausetheendsofcooperationforever.

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對tit-for-tatstrategyisalsooftencalledthegrimstrategy.

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錯Acartelisaformal(explicit)agreementamongcompetingfirms.

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對InWal-Mart-Searsmodel,todeterminethejointprofit-maximizingprice,theindustryaveragecostcurvemustbeequatedtotheindustrymarginalrevenuecurve.

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錯Whichofthefollowingfactorcouldhindereffectivecollusion

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slowrateofdemandgrowthordecliningdemand;differingcostsbetweenfirms;lowentrybarriersThemoreelasticthedemand,therefore,thegreaterthecartel’spotentialmarketpowerandthegreatertheincentivetocolludebecauseitiseasiertoraisepricewithouthavingtosignificantlyreduceindustryoutput.

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錯Slowratesofdemandgrowthmaybeassociatedwithhigherlevelsofcollusion.

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對第十章測試Thetheoryoflimitpricingsuggeststhatfirmsmaychargehighershort-runpricestorestrictfutureentry.

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錯Intheoriginallimitpricingmodels,onecriticalassumptionwastheCournotassumptionthatthemonopolistwouldmaintainitsoutputevenafterentryoccurred.

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對Inlimitpricingmodel,todeterentry,themonopolistmust()itspricesufficientlytoensurethatthepotentialentrant’sresidualdemandcurvelieseverywhere()thepotentialentrant’saveragecostcurve.

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lower,belowThelowestpossiblepricethemonopolistcanchargeandstillprevententryiscalledthelimitprice

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錯Evenifeconomiesofscaleexist,alimitpricingpolicystillmaynotworkintheabsenceofacostadvantageforthemonopolist.

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錯Predatorypricingassumesthatamonopolistmaximizesprofituntilentryoccurs,andthatafterentry,themonopolistexpandsoutputaggressivelyandcutsprice.

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對Accordingtochainstoreparadoxtheory,evenwithhundredsorthousandsofroundsinapredatorypricinggame,entrywillbeaccommodatedonlyinthefirstround.

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錯Aweakmonopolistenjoysbeingpredatoryandisalwayspredatory.

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錯Aweakmonopolistispredatoryinonemarketonlyifitbelievesitwillincreaseitsfutureprofitinothermarketstoatleastcompensateforitslowercurrentprofit.

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對Inpredatorypricinggamewithinformationisimperfect,certain,incomplete,andasymmetric,themonopolistandthepotentialentrantallknowwhetherthemonopolistisstrongorweak.

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錯第十一章測試Fromaneconomicstandpoint,nonpricingstrategiesaremorelikelytobemisinterpretedbycompetitorsasaggressiveacts.

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錯Inexcesscapacitymodel,thepotentialentrantmovesfirstandselectsalevelofcapacity,thenthemonopolistdecideswhethertoenter,thenthemonopolistselectsacapacitylevelandanoutput.Thepotentialentrantproducesaquantityofzeroifitstaysout.

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錯Inexcesscapacitymodel,themonopolistinvestsinexcesscapacityinperiod1inorderto()itscostsinperiod2;moreimportantly,thisinvestment()themonopolist’scostsinrelationtoapotentialentrant’scostsinperiod2.Asaresult,themonopolistdetersentryandearnslargerprofitsoverthetwoperiods.

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lower,lowersInexcesscapacitymodel,themonopolistcanthreatentobuildtheextracapacityafterthepotentialentranthasalreadyentered,butsuchathreatisnotcredible.

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對Inexcesscapacitymodel,themonopolistcannotbuildtheextracapacityinadvanceofthepotentialentrant’sdecisionofwhethertoenter.Themonopolist’searlyexpansionofcapacitywouldonlyaffecttheprofitpayoffsofitself.

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錯Whenlearningbydoingisimportant,earlyentrantsintothemarketmaybeabletomaintainalargemarketshareandincreasethepresentvalueoftheirprofitsbystrategicallyproducingsignificantlylargeroutputsearlyonthanwouldbejustifiedbyshort-runprofit-maximizingbehavior.

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對AccordingtoSmiley’sresultsaboutthefrequencyuseofdifferentstrategies,themoststrikingfindingwasthatthestrategicuseofadvertisingandproductproliferationwascommoninbothnewandexistingproductmarkets.

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對Inexcesscapacitymodel,themonopolistinvestsinexcesscapacityin()inordertoloweritscostsin();moreimportantly,thisinvestmentlowersthemonopolist’scostsinrelationtoapotentialentrant’scostsinperiod2.Asaresult,themonopolistdetersentryandearnslargerprofitsover().

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period1,period2,thetwoperiods.Facedwithathreatofentry,themonopolistcaninvestinresearchanddevelopmentinperiod1andearnasmallerprofitin(

);however,ifthemonopolist’slowercostsinperiod2deterentry,themonopolist’sprofitswillbesignificantlyincreasedin(

)

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period2,period2.Whichofthefollowingmethodscouldbeusedforamonopolisttoraiseitsrivals’costs?

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lobbyingthegovernmenttoerectbarrierstoentry;sabotagingcorporatecompetitors;providingcomplementarygoodsandservicestoforceentrantstoalsoprovidecomplementaryproducts;increasingadvertisingexpenditurestoforceentrantstoincreasetheiradvertisingexpenditures第十二章測試Productdifferentiationisassociatedwithpossibleadvantagesforincumbentfirms.Theseadvantagesinclude():

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alloftheabove;anincreaseinthecapitalbarriertoentry;possiblecostadvantagesforincumbents;increasedeconomiesofscaleSmartphonesellersattempttodifferentiatetheirproductsinmanyways,suchas(

):

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batterylife;

internalstorage;appearance;chipbrandInHotelling’sspatialmodel,ifthereisonly1store,themainstreet’slengthis1mile,sothemonopolistshouldlocatethestoreon(

)milefromoneendofthemainstreet.

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1/2Inthespatialmodelofproductdifferentiation,theTotalSocialSurplus(TSS)equalsthetotalvalueoftheNunitssoldtoconsumersincaseswhereallNconsumerspurchaseexactlyoneunitofthegoodfromoneofnstores(NR)minus():

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thefixedcostsofbuildingnstores(nF);totaltransportationcosts;thetotalvariablecostsofproduction(Nc)Inthespatialmodelofproductdifferentiation,totaltransportationcostsdependon():

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thetransportationcostsperunitofdistancet.;thenumberofstoresnThetwoimportantcharacteristicsofmonopolisticcompetitionare()

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productdifferentiation;easyentryandexitVerticaldifferentiationreferstodifferencesbetweenbrandsbasedondifferentproductcharacteristicsbutnotondifferentoverallquality.

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錯AMcDonald’sQuarterPounderissomewhatdifferentfromaBurgerKingWhopperoraWendy’sSingle,buttheoverallqualityofthethreeburgersissimilar.Thisishorizontaldifferentiation.

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對Inthespatialmodelofproductdifferentiation,thesociallyoptimalnumberofstoresisthesamenumberofstoresthatmaximizesthemonopolist’sprofit.

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錯Accordingtofirstmovermodelintheproductdifferentiationadvantagestheory,iftherepeatpurchasesfrequenceissmall,therisk-costfactor

issmall.

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錯第十三章測試Advertisinginbusinessisaformofmarketingcommunicationusedtoencourage,orpersuadeanaudiencetotakeorcontinuetotakesomeactions.（）

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對Informativeadvertisingimprovescompetitionandconsumerchoiceandissociallybeneficial.（）

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對Persuasiveadvertisingmerelytriestochangeconsumerreferencesortodivertattentionfromfactstoimages.（）

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對Advertisingintensityshouldbehighestincompetitivemarkets.（）

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錯Advertisingintensityshouldbelowestinoligopolymarkets.（）

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錯Firmshopetoraisetheirmarketsharesandprofitsbyadvertising.Theresultiswidelybelievedtobestandoffadvertising.（）

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對Advertisingmakesitmoreexpensivetoenteramarket.（）

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對Anincumbentfirmhasnothresholdlevelofadvertisingbecausethecumulativeeffectofpreviousadvertisingcampaignsensuresthatcurrentadvertisinghasanimmediateimpactonsales.（）

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對Advertisingcanbeapowerfuldevicebywhichneworsmallfirmssucceed.（）

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對Theresearchconsensussofaristhatadvertisingdoestendtoraisemarketpowerandmonopolyprofits,especiallypersuasiveadvertising.（）

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對第十四章測試Creativedestructioncanbedescribedasthedismantlingoflong-standingpracticesinordertomakewayforinnovation.（）

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對Thetheoryofcreativedestructionassumesthatlong-standingarrangementsandassumptionsmustbedestroyedtofreeupresourcesandenergytobedeployedforinnovation.（）

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對ForSchumpeter,perfectcompetitionwasnottheidealmarketstructure.（）

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對ForSchumpeter,perfectcompetitionwasthesuperiormarketstructure.（）

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錯LargeeconomiesofscalemaybeassociatedwithR&D.()

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對Apatentisanintellectualpropertyrightfora

technicalinvention.Itallowsyoutopreventothersfromusingyourinventionforcommercialpurposesforever.（）

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錯patentsmayallowgreaterexclusivityandmoremonopolypower.（）

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對Yourinventioncanbeprotectedbypatentwithoutanyrequirment.()

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錯Onceapatentexpires,aninventionbecomescommonpropertyandcanthenbefreelyusedbyanyone.（）

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對Copyrightisalegaltermdescribingrightsgiventocreatorsovertheirliteraryandartisticcreations,whiletheterm‘industrialpropertyrights’referstocertainexclusiverightsregardinginnovativeideasordistinguishingsignsintheindustrialorcommercialfield.（）

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對第十五章測試Asingle-pricemonopolyisafirmthatmustselleachunitofitsoutputforthesamepricetoallitscustomers.()

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對Buyerswithmoreelasticdemandarechargedmore.（）

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錯Buyerswithlesselasticdemandarechargedless.（）

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錯Pricediscriminationexistswhensalesofidenticalgoodsorservicesaretransactedatdifferentpricesfromdifferentprovider.（）

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錯Oligopolydividesbuyersintotwoormoregroupsandchargeslowerpricestothebuyerswithlesselasticdemand.（）

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錯Inthirddegreepricediscrimination,pricevariesaccordingtoquantitysold.Largerquantitiesareavailableatalowerunitprice.（）

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錯Inseconddegreepricediscrimination,pricevariesbyattributessuchaslocationorbycustomersegment,orinthemostextremecase,bytheindividualcustomer’sidentity.（）

參考答案:

錯Thesellerdividesthebuyersintotwoormoregroupsandchargeshigherpricestothebuyerswithlesselasticdemand.

參考答案:

對Pricediscriminationcanocc