(WORD)-英語語法全突破-考研必備

英語語法全突破_考研必備

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破1

一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點：

1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進行時，同樣不用于完成進行時：

(1)表示感知的動詞：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell；

(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate；

(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；

(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容納)；

(5)其他動詞：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。

如：I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.

(1997年考研題，belong表示歸屬，不用于進行式)

Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnigh.(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進行式)

2.不用will/shall表達將來時的形式：

(1)begoingto表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；

(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的動詞的進行體表示按計劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；

(3)beto(do)表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：

Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.

(4)beaboutto(do)表示將要(做)，如：

Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.

1

(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；

(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如：

Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you’llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(畫線部分一般不用willbe)

(7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：Idon’tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句)

I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)

比較：I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)

(8)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如：

Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.

(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)

3.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：

(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)

(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.

Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.

(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時,但在itis+具體時間since/before這一句型中，2

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破3

主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：

Thechangesthathowetakenplaceplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.

ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.

(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.

(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時。

(6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。

4.完成進行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.

TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.

時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：

(1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點確定考題要點為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進而選出正確答案；

(2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。

二、不定式

1.不定式做主語

(1)做形式主語的代詞：

不定式做主語,通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語,把做主語的不定式短語后置。如：

Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.

Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.

(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：

不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時,

3

不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：

absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：

Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.

It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.

(3)不定式做主語補足語：

掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：

said

reported

thought

betodosth.

believed

known

supposed

Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.

Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.

2.不定式做賓語

(1)必須接不定式做賓語的動詞：

掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞：

agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。如：

Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.

注意:1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語,這類動詞有：

consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder，如：

Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.

4

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破5

2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語,介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如:

Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.

Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.

(2)可以用不定式做賓語補足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞：

下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補足語(復(fù)合賓語)：

advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。

注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。

如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.

3.不定式做定語

(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月球的女性

(2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：

tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.

(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”

curiositytodo“對……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“對……好奇”

abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”

AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.

(4)表示方式、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：

5

way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運動)，effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.

Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.

(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：

Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.

4.不定式做狀語

不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。

(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：

Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepesistent.

Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.

(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：

Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.

ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.

(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時用only加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：

Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.

(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意義。如：

Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。

三、動名詞

1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞

牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞：

acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：

6

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破7

Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.

Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.

2.動名詞做介詞短語

考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號：

objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如：

TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.

Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.

Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.

Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.

四、分詞

分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：

●現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，表示動作在進行。

●過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。

1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別

分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：

(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如：

It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)

TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)

Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)

(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如：

7

Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.

(相當(dāng)于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)

Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.

(相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)

Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.

(相當(dāng)于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)

(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義：

deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：

anescapedprisoner一個逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人

afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學(xué)生

2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式

(1)表示時間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時間先于謂語動詞，要用完成式。如：

Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)

(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時要用完成式，有時用一般式。如：

Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.

Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.

(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：

Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.

Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.

(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：

Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.

(5)表示補充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：

8

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破9

Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.

Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.

3.分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個部分，但在翻譯時經(jīng)常譯成獨立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：

Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.

4.分詞做表語和補語，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動詞變來的分詞的形式

(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語或賓語的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語。如：

HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.

(2)過去分詞表示主語或賓語所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語。如：

Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We’llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.

Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.

五、非謂語動詞的其他考點

1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動詞的用法

meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)

meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing建議(做某事)

forgettodo忘記(要做的事)remembertodo記得(要做某事)

forgetdoing忘記(已做的事)rememberdoing記得(已做過的事)

goontodo繼而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下來去做另一件事

goondoing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)stopdoing停止正在做的事

regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾regretdoing(對已做過的事)后悔

如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscoveredit

9

washisownfault.

Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame.

2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法

句型：cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo

cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo

havenochoice/alternativebuttodo

上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點是都有一個否定詞和but。如：

Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.

3.動名詞的習(xí)慣用法

句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.

spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.

cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.

Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.

Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.

4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法

(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的持續(xù)要求。如：

Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.

(expect要求接不定式做賓語)

(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時用fortheretobe，做其他狀語用therebeing。如：

Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)

Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.

(fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語)

Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因狀語)

(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.10

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破11

(4)做除for外的介詞賓語，用therebeing。如：

Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.

六、虛擬語氣

1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)

(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規(guī)范搭配:

如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.

(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時間概念：

主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同，這叫做錯綜時間條件句，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況來調(diào)整。如：

Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反)

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

(主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反，從句與過去事實相反)

(3)識別事實和假設(shè)混合句：

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實)

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfully

11

occupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實)

2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式

名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表示虛擬。考生應(yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動詞做謂語時，that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。

如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.

Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.

(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時，that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式：

advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：

Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.

Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.

(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句中動詞用虛擬形式：

insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,re-quirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：

JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.

Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.

3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式

含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。考生應(yīng)熟悉：

(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。

如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.

Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.

12

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破13

(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.

(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned

intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished

+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：

Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.

(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：

Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.

4.常用虛擬形式的句型

(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：

wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose…

hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing…

Ifonly…Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)

如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.

I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.

IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.

(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)

Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相當(dāng)于butfor。如：

Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.

(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问健Ｈ纾?/p>

Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.

(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：

Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.

(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,或was/were+不定式完成式或had

13

Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.

七、情態(tài)動詞

注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：

1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況

(1)musthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”

have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定

沒……”。如：

Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.

(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.

2.表示虛擬語氣

(1)needn’thave+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實沒必要……”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.

(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實際上做了,譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.

(3)oughttohave+過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.

(4)couldhave+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.

(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：

14

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破15

Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.

3.幾個情態(tài)動詞常考的句型

(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：

Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.

(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：

Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.

Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.

(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。

(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.

八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級

1.形容詞的句法功能

形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：

(1)以“a”開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。

(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。

(3)下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。如：

Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.

2.副詞主要測試其修飾作用

考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個句子。如：

Thispairofshoesisn’tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(與前半句的否定意義吻合)

15

It’sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.

Andrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily’sdisappointment.

Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.

3.考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握

(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.

Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.

(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：

Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.

Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.

(3)比較級的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…,或修飾語+more…than…。如：

Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.

“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”

(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，prefer

from，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。如：

Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.

4.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題

(1)最高級比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among。

in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inChina,allovertheworld；of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses。able，differ

16

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破17

注意：among…相當(dāng)于oneof…，不說amongall…。這一點考生應(yīng)與漢語表達區(qū)別開來。如：

Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.

(2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：

anyother+單數(shù)名詞

theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞

theothers

anyone/anythingelse

上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。

5.有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型

(1)notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……

Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.

(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.

Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.

(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者一樣都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.

(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.

九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)

1.注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語，或都是不定式，或都是動名詞，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.

Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.

2.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

17

Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.

Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.

3.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。

(1)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.

Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.

(2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。

如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.

十、代詞

1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致如：

Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.

Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.

Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.

2.that的指代作用

that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。

eg:Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.

Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.

3.one的指代作用

one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。theone指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：

Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.

4.do的替代作用

18

考研俱樂部--考研英語語法全突破19

do代替動詞，注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如：

Forhimtobere’elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.

十一、主謂一致問題

主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認定，進而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。

1.主謂一致常出現(xiàn)在主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.

Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.

2.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠，考生易誤認主語。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.

3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。

如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecy