系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)-緒論、骨學(xué)、軀干骨課件

SystematicAnatomy李文春教授

DepartmentofAnatomy

HubeiUniversityofMedicine

醫(yī)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)課件組

1【目的和要求】

緒論1．掌握系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)的定義，人體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)姿勢(shì)、方位術(shù)語、軸和面。2．熟悉人體的分部和器官系統(tǒng)。3．了解系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)的任務(wù)、分科及發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史。骨學(xué)1．掌握骨的分類；椎骨的一般形態(tài)；胸骨的分部及重要標(biāo)志。2．熟悉骨的構(gòu)造；各部椎骨的主要特征；肋的組成、形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。3．了解骨的化學(xué)成分和物理性質(zhì)，骨的發(fā)生和發(fā)育，骨的可塑性。

2人體解剖學(xué)教研室基本情況碩士點(diǎn)立項(xiàng)建設(shè)學(xué)科省級(jí)重點(diǎn)學(xué)科省級(jí)精品課程湖北省“楚天學(xué)者計(jì)劃”設(shè)崗學(xué)科項(xiàng)仕孝教授3臺(tái)灣學(xué)生用書

5臺(tái)灣的解剖教學(xué)

6澳大利亞悉尼大學(xué)的解剖教學(xué)

7澳大利亞悉尼大學(xué)的解剖教學(xué)

8解剖學(xué)與疾病的診斷和治療顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤電解式可脫性彈簧圈栓塞治療動(dòng)脈瘤全腦數(shù)字減影動(dòng)脈造影

10

解剖學(xué)相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)

11用天然平臺(tái)制造人工心臟取得成功美國科學(xué)家近日利用全器官脫細(xì)胞化（wholeorgandecellularization）方法，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中制成了大鼠和豬的人工心臟。這一成果有望為人類人工心臟制備提供新的方法。相關(guān)論文1月13日在線發(fā)表于《自然—醫(yī)學(xué)》（NatureMedicine）上。13systematicanatomy

macroanatomy

巨視解剖regionalanatomyhistology

microanatomycytology微視解剖embryologysurgicalanatomysurfaceanatomyX-rayanatomysectionalanatomylocomotiveanatomy

Humananatomy

division[m?kr?u?'n?t?mi]

[﹐maikr?u?'n?t?mi]

14二、人體解剖學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史（自學(xué)）三、我國人體解剖學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程（自學(xué)）15中美學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：錢可減輕生理疼痛根據(jù)中美兩國心理學(xué)者進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究，觸摸或者僅僅凝視錢能夠減輕生理疼痛和社會(huì)排斥造成的壓力。但是一個(gè)人回憶花掉的錢卻能夠增加這兩種痛苦。據(jù)《自然》雜志在線新聞報(bào)道，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，僅是想到自己有錢便能夠讓人們?cè)谏砩细械礁鼜?qiáng)壯，并較少依賴其他人的贊賞來滿足自身的需求。研究人員指出：“金錢激活了普通意義上的信心、力量和效益。”17四、Thepartsandsystemsofthebody

Ⅰ.Thehumanbodyisdividedintotenparts.theheadtheneckthethoraxthebacktheabdomenthepelvisandperineum

theupperlimbsthelowerlimbs['θ?:r?ks][﹐peri'ni:?m

]18Locomotorsystem運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)Alimentary(Digestive)

system消化系統(tǒng)Respiratorysystem呼吸系統(tǒng)Urinarysystem泌尿系統(tǒng)Reproductivesystem生殖系統(tǒng)Endocrinesystem內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)Circulatorysystem脈管系統(tǒng)Senseorgans感覺器Nervoussystem神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Ⅱ.Thereareninesystemsinhumanbody[﹐?li'ment?ri]19Ⅱ.ThetermsofdirectionSuperiorandinferiorAnteriorandposterior(ventral)and(dorsal)MedialandlateralInternalandexternalSuperficialandprofoundProximal近anddistal遠(yuǎn)Ulnar尺andradial橈Tibial脛andfibular腓21Ⅲ.Theaxisandplanesverticalaxisaxissagittalaxisfrontalaxissagittalplaneplanesfrontalplane

horizontalplaneverticalsagittalfrontal[﹐h?ri'z?nt?l]22六、人體解剖學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)方法（1）勤于思考，善于聯(lián)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律。（2）形態(tài)與功能結(jié)合。（3）局部與整體結(jié)合。（4）理論與實(shí)際結(jié)合。授課形式：理論1.5＋實(shí)驗(yàn)3.0實(shí)驗(yàn)課穿白大衣《人體解剖學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)教程》思考題23運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)Locomotorsystem25Thelocomotorsystemconsistsofbones,jointsandmusclesoriginbellytendoninsertion261.longbonesarefoundinlimbs,itconsistsofabodyandtwoends.Medullarycavity

EpiphysisEpiphysialcartilageBodyEpiphysis292.ShortbonesTheshortbonesdistributeinwristandfoot.303.Flatbones

Theydistributeinskullandchest.skullchest31

4.IrregularbonesTheirregularbonesarevariedinshape,suchascranialbonesandvertebrae.sinusvertebrae32Thelivingbonesconsistofbonysubstance骨質(zhì),periosteum

骨膜andbonemarrow骨髓.PeriosteumBonysubstanceBonemarrow二、Thestructureofbones[﹐peri'?sti?m

]331.Bonysubstance(1)Compactbone:堅(jiān)實(shí)致密，配布于骨表面。(2)Spongybone：呈海綿狀，配布于骨的內(nèi)部，由骨小梁組成。342.PeriosteumItcoversthesurfaceofthebone(exceptthearticularpart),itconsistsoftwolayers:anouterandaninnermembrane.Periosteum骨膜剝離太多骨折難以愈合增高術(shù)[ɑ:'tikjul?

]353.Bonemarrow

Bonemarrowisfoundinthemedullarycavitiesoflongbonesandwithinspacesinspongybone.

Therearetwokindsofbonemarrow,redandyellow.

RedmarrowYellowmarrow

骨髓穿刺部位？36世界首例3D打印下頜移植手術(shù)技術(shù)人員可根據(jù)移植患者的具體需求來設(shè)計(jì)骨骼部件的效果圖，然后利用高精度的鐳射槍來熔解鈦粉，并將它們一層層地噴涂疊加起來，最終形成一個(gè)立體的人造骨骼部件成品。通過3D立體打印技術(shù)制作人造骨骼對(duì)于醫(yī)療移植技術(shù)的未來發(fā)展來說是至關(guān)重要的，因?yàn)樗梢再N合各種需求制作出復(fù)雜精細(xì)的骨骼或軟組織構(gòu)造，提高移植手術(shù)的速度和成功率。37三、Thechemicalcompositionandphysicalpropertiesofboneorganicinorganic

Livingbonesareplastictissueswithorganicandinorganic.[﹐?n?:'ɡ?nik

]38Section2Theaxialbone中軸骨一、Thebonesoftrunk軀干骨

Thebonesoftrunkincludethevertebrae,thesternumandtheribs,whichprovideframework支架forthevertebralcolumn脊柱,thethoraciccage胸廓andthepelvis骨盆.[θ?(:)'r?sik]39(一）Thevertebrae椎骨

Inachild,thenormalnumberoftheseparatevertebraeis32or33.Cervical頸vertebrae:C7Thoracic胸vertebrae:T12Lumbar腰vertebrae:L5Sacral骶vertebrae:S5Coccygeal尾vertebrae:Co3~4CTLSCo[k?k'sid?i?l

]401.Thegeneralfeaturesofvertebraevertebralbody椎體

vertebralforamenvertebralcanalvertebralarch椎弓

pedicleofvertebralarch

intervertebralforamen

laminaeofvertebralarch

spinousprocessSevenprocessestransverseprocesses

articularprocesses412.Themaincharacteristicsofvertebraeineachregion(1)Thoracicvertebrae胸椎

①thebodyisheart-shaped.②therearecostalfovea.③articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarerelativelycoronary.④thespinousprocessarelonganddownwardsloping

①②③④['k?r?n?ri]42(2)Cervicalvertebrae頸椎

①thebodyissmall.②articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarerelativelyhorizontal.③vertebralforamenislargeandisnearlytriangular.④therearethetransverseforamen.⑤thespinousprocessareshortandbifid.

①②③④⑤[trai'??ɡjul?]43

Luschka關(guān)節(jié)頸椎病

4445

⑥

thefirstcervicalvertebraeisknownas

atlas

寰椎.

⑦thesecondcervicalvertebraeisknownas

axis

樞椎.

⑧theseventhcervicalvertebraeisknownasvertebraprominens隆椎.

['?tl?s]['?ksis]46

(3)Lumbarvertebrae腰椎

①thebodyislarge.②vertebralforamenistriangular.③articularfacetsofarticularprocessesarealmostsagittal