2021-2022年山西省長(zhǎng)治市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)模擬考試(含答案)

2021-2022年山西省長(zhǎng)治市大學(xué)英語6級(jí)大學(xué)英語六級(jí)模擬考試(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Majordepressionsseemtooccuronlytopeoplewhohaveafamilyhistoryofdepression.

A.YB.NC.NG

2.

Tofindoutifyouhaveafevercausedbyillness,waituntilyou___________foranhourorsobeforeusingathermometer.

3.

Theclashbetweenlocalsandforeignersmaybesoftenedbyrealitiesbecausethelocalsneedto______toimprovetheirmanagement,financingandgreaterscalewhiletheforeignersneedhelpnavigatingChina'svastretailmarket.

4.

Thealternativetheauthorsuggestsisthatweshould______.

A.haveamoreplausibleideal

B.accepttheworldasitis

C.ignorethechangesoftheworld

D.devoteourselvestorealizingourideals

5.

Humanbeingswillbemade______bytheInformationMarketplace.

6.

Theideaofusingdogstopullsledsbegan______.

A.some35,000yearsago

B.1000yearsago

C.before1000yearsB.C.

D.before1908

7.

Thebiggestsinglelossofplaneshappenedin______.

8.

Ahotclogisusuallymadefrompork,heel,turkeyandtofu.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.TheaimofKentucky'sBereaCollegeaboutgreencampusistoreduceitsenergyconsumption45percentbelow2000levelsby______.

10.

Accordingtotheauthor,achildwith______isanexceptionalchildbyitself.

11.

Instillairdropsofwaterlargerthan0.008inchindiameterwouldfalltoearth.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.Withinternetseeninalmosteverycorneroftheworld,today'sworldissaidtohavebecome______.

13.Depression

Inbed,youtossandturn,unabletogetagoodnight'ssleep.Youfeelanxiousandworried.There'splentytodo,buttheworkpilesupbecauseyoufeellistlessandtired.Youdon'tevenwanttodoanythingfun.Friendstellyouto"pullyourselftogether,"butyoufeelhelplessandhopeless.Youhavedifficultyconcentratingandmakingdecisions.Whenyoulookinthemirror,youhateyourself.Youaredefinitelyinoneoflife'svalleys—youaredepressed.

Everyonegetsthebluesonceinawhile.Emotionallowsandhighsareanormalpartoflife.Thebluesbecomedepressionwhenyoufeelsosleepyandlistlessthatyoucan'tfunctionnormallyineverydaylife.

TypesofDepression

Depressioncanrangefromamildpanictoself-destructiveorsuicidalbehavior.It'simportanttounderstandthevarioustypesofdepressionsothatyoucanrecognizethem.

Depressionoccursatallages,althoughmajordepressiveepisodespeakbetweentheagesof55and70inmenand20and45inwomen.Abouthalfofthosewhoexperienceanepisodeofmajordepressionwillhaveanotherwithintwoyears.Forsomepeople,episodesofdepressionareseparatedbyseveralyears,whileotherssuffergroupsofepisodesoverashorttimespan.Betweenepisodes,suchindividualsfeelwell.

Majordepressivedisorderaffectsapproximately14.8millionAmericanadults—or6.7percentoftheU.S,populationaged18yearsandolder—inagivenyear.Majordepressivedisorderismorecommoninwomenthaninmen.Althoughtreatmentcanhelpmorethan80percentofpeoplewithseveredepression,mostpeoplewithdepressiondonotseektreatment.

-Reactivedepression.Thistypeofdepressionisareactiontostressfulevents-divorce,deathofalovedone,achronicillness,apersonaltragedy,orevensocialisolation,whichtheelderlyfrequentlyexperience.Thepersonisunabletorecovernormallyfromthefeelingsassociatedwiththeevent.Commonfeelingsincludeself-pity,pessimism,andlossofinterestinlife.Itaffectspeopleofallages.

-SeasonalAffectiveDisorder(SAD).Ifyouliveinthenorthernlatitudesandsufferepressionduringthewintermonths,youmaysufferfromseasonalaffectivedisordercausedbyalackofexposuretosunlight.Doctorsaren'tsureexactlywhatphysiologicalmechanismsarcatworkinSAD,buttheyspeculatethatdepressedfeelingsandothersymptomsmaybeduetoanincreaseinthereleaseofthehormonemeltonin.SADsufferersfeellethargicandirritable.Theymayalsosufferfromchronicheadaches,increasedappetite,weightgain,andanincreasedneedforsleep.Forunknownreasons,SADistrulya"woman'sdepression,"inthatwomenmakeup70percentto80percentofthoseaffected.SinceabouthalfofallSADsufferershaverelativeswhoalsosufferfromSADorotheremotionalproblems,researchersspeculatethattheproblemmaybeinherited.

-Biochemicaldepression.Doctorsaren'tsurewhy,butsomepeopledevelopabiochemicallybaseddepressionsometimeduringmidlife.It'slikelythatthistypeofdepressioniscausedbybiochemicalproblemswithinthebrain.Theproblemusuallyrespondswelltoantidepressantmedication.Youmaybemorelikelytodevelopthistypeofchemicaldepressionifothermembersofyourfamilyhavealsosufferedfromthisproblem.

-Diseaseordrug-relateddepression.SomediseasessuchasAIDS,stroke,chronicpain,andhypothyroidism(甲狀腺功能耐減退)cancausedepression.Inhypothyroidism,thethyroidgland(甲狀腺)malfunctions,leadingtotoolittleornothyroidhormonecirculatinginthebloodstream.Inadditiontodepression,othersymptomsofhypothyroidismincludefatigue,weakness,weightgain,impairedmemory,andshortnessofbreath.Fortunately,thedepressionandothersymptomsofhypothyroidismcanbeeffectivelytreatedwithadequate

A.YB.NC.NG

14.

TheTatafamilycannothelpbutterminatebecauseRatanis______.

15.

Whiteliliesareusedas______ontheEasterholiday.

16.

Inordertoobtainajobingrowingfields,careerexpertsthinksjobseekersshould______.

A.getasecondarydegreeandcombinedegreeswithskills

B.weightheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofemployment

C.possessanin-demanddegreeandprofessionalknowledge

D.masterbothwebrelatedskillsandcommunicationskills

17.

Accordingtointerpersonaltheoryofdepression;peoplemightbementallyillwithoutenough______.

18.DrugUseandAddiction

DrugUseandAbuse

Althoughdrugabusecanhaveharmfulresults,peoplecanuseitformorethanoneofthereasons,andmayalsouseseveraldrugsfordifferentreasons.Distinguishingthe"how?"and"why?"ofaperson'sdruguseisrarelyaneasytask,butmostpeopleuseadrugbecausetheyenjoytheeffects.Thismayseemlikeasimplisticorinsensitivestatement,butit'safactthat'seasilyforgottenbythepeoplearoundthedruguser,whoareconcernedandtryingtounderstandwhythey'reusingdrugs.

Worriedparentsoftenaskforwarningsingsofdruguse,butthesimpleansweristhatit'sveryhardtospot.Manyuserswhohavecontactwithmentalhealthservicesmanagetoconcealtheirusefromtheprofessionals,soit'sobviouslydifficulttoidentify.

Parentsusuallyknowtheirchildrenbetterthananyoneelse,andmaintaininganopenatmosphereinwhichcommunicationiskeptupisoftenthebestwaytofindoutwhat'sgoingon.Thisisnotalwayseasywithteenagers,astheymightviewthemethodsparentsusetofindoutiftheirchildrenareusingdrugsasintrusiveandcontrolling.Andangryconfrontationswithteenagersmightpushthemfurtherintoacycleofannoyanceandrefusaltocommunicate.

Theuseofchemicalstoalterthewaywefeelandseethingsinoneoftheoldestactivitiesofthehumanrace.Butaperson'suseofadrugsuchastobacco,alcohol,cannabisorheroincanbecomeuncontrolled,orstarttocontrolthem.Evenwhentheuseofthesedrugsleadstoseriousphysicalandmentalproblems,thepersonmaystillnotwanttostopusingthem.But,iftheydodecidetogiveup,theymayfindit%harderthantheythought.

WhatAretheSymptoms?

Therearealotofconfusingdifferentwordsusedtodescribedruguseandaddictionproblems.Noteveryexpertwillagreewiththedefinitionshere,butbeingconsistentwiththetermsusedhelpstoreducetheconfusionandanxietyeveryonefeelswhenfacedwiththisproblem.

Eachdrughasdifferentpatternsof:

?use;

?poison;

?overdose;

?hangover(殘留).

Foreachdifferentdrug,the"substanceabuse"cancoverdifferentlevelsofuse,including:

?experimentingwithuse;

?usinglargeamountswithoutappearingpoisoned;

?usinglargeamountstogetpoisoned.

PsychologicalAddiction

Themedia'spictureofapersongivingupdrugsusuallyfocusesontheimmediateeffectsofwithdrawingfromheroin.It'simportanttorememberthatthere'softenmoretoanaddictionthanthephysicalwithdrawalsymptoms.Infact,forsomedrugssuchascannabisorheroin,there'sadebateaboutwhetherthereareactuallyanyphysicalsymptomsofwithdrawal.

Peoplewhouseheroinregularlyoveralongperiodmayfindthattherearecertainsituationswheretheycometorelyonthedrug.Iftheystopusingthedrug,theymayfeelverydisabled.Thisisasituationthatcandevelopforalmostanysubstancethateffectsthemind,andthisaspectofaddictioncanbehardertoovercomethanthephysicalsymptoms.

Mentalsymptomscaninclude:

?anxiety;

?depression;

?sleepandrest;

?controllingmood;

?relearningdifferentcopingskills.

Thepatternofthesesymptomswilldependonthedrugused,thepsychologicalmake-upofthepersonandthecircumstancesunderwhichtheyareattemptingtoremaindrug-free.

Thetermcravingisoftenusedwhentalkingaboutpsychologicaladdiction.

Ifapersonisexperiencinganyofthesymptomslistedaboveandtheyknowthatbyusingthedrugalltheseproblemwillgoaway,it'snots

A.YB.NC.NG

19.Greenbuildingtechniquesrequire______.

A.architectstomakefulluseofsunlight

B.peopletoavoidusingelectricalappliances

C.architectstoemploylocallabors

D.businessmentoresistpoisonousbuildingmaterials

20.

Whatisthemostcommontreatmentforsleepapneaaccordingtothepassage?

A.Wearingamaskwhensleeping.

B.Takinganapeveryday.

C.Havinglong-timesleeping.

D.UsingaCPAPmachine.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(24)

A.EarlyAmericawasundemocratic.

B.TherehasneverbeendemocracyinAmerica.

C.EarlyleadersofAmericahadnodesirefordemocracy.

D.DemocracytooktimetodevelopinAmerica.

22.聽力原文：AgoodwaytoseetheUSAisbycar.Americanslovetheirautomobilesandinthepastfiftyyearstheyhavedevelopedavastnetworkofroadsandfreewaystohelpthemreachtheirdestinations.

Asfewvisitorshavetheirowncars,rentingoneisthenextbestthing.Youwillneedavaliddriver'slicenseandeitherinternationalcreditcards,oradeposit.

Youshouldstartoutwithaworkingknowledgeoftheroad.Regulationsvaryfromstatetostateandthiscanbeveryconfusingtoanewcomer.Forexample,insomestatesitislegaltoturnrightataredlightifthereisnoapproachingtraffic,whileinotherstatesyouwillbefinedforthisaction.Throughoutthecountryitisforbiddentopassaschoolbuswhenithasstoppedtoletoffchildren.

Thesizeofthecountrymaystartleyouatfirstandyoumaybesurprisedatthespectacularphysicalbeauty.Whenthefirstpioneersbegantoexpandwestintothewildness,thenaturalresourcesofthelandseemedinexhaustible.Nearly1,000millionacresoflandwascoveredbyvirginforest.Muchofthiswasburntoffforfarmlandanditsoonbecameapparentthatthegovernmentwouldhavetotakeactionorthenaturalbeautyofthelandwouldbelostforever.

(33)

A.Adriver'slicense.

B.Apassport.

C.Aninternationalcreditcard.

D.Adeposit.

23.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Didyouknowthatvegetablescanbetrickedintogrowinginclimatestheyarenotaccustomedto?CoolclimatevegetablesarenowabletobegrowninplacesashotasHawan.InHawaii,marineengineershavebeenabletoactuallyconvincesuchvegetablesthatthey'relivingincoolerclimate.Thatwaytheygrowfasterandtastebetter.Whattheseengineershavebeenusingisverysimplycoldseawater.Howdotheyuseit.Theyplacepipesinthesoilandthecoldwaterflowinthroughthemcoolstheair.Thisstimulatesplantsgrowthandenablesgardenersintropicalclimatestogrowcropsfromcoolerclimates,Alsosomeofthesepipesareexposedtotheairandtheycondensemoistureandthusirrigatethegarden.What'sespeciallyappealingaboutthisprocessisthatnothingdamagingtothenaturalenvironmentisbeingused.Anotherinnovativeuseforcoldoceanwateristocoolbuildings.Engineersbelievethat,forexample,theentirewestcoastoftheUnitedStatescouldbeair-conditionedusingseawater.

(28)

A.Hawaiiiscoolernow.

B.ThevegetableshavebecomeaccustomedtotheweatherinHawaii.

C.Theyarecheatedtobelievethattheyaregrowingincoolclimate.

D.Theyaretransgenicvegetables.

24.

【B7】

25.(22)

A.Itsuitsthosebestwhohavenofixedtimetostudy.

B.Itcanprovidemorechancesofeducation.

C.Itcantaketheplaceofthetraditionaleducation.

D.Thestudiesofonlineeducationismoreinteractive.

26.聽力原文：Mostpeoplefeellonelysometimes.Butitusuallyonlylastsbetweenafewminutesandafewhours.Thiskindoflonelinessisnotserious.Infact,itisquitenormal.Forsomepeoplethough,lonelinesscanlastforyears.Nowresearcherssaytherearethreedifferenttypesofloneliness.

Thefirstkindoflonelinessistemporary.Thisisthemostcommontype.Itusuallydisappearsquicklyanddoesnotrequireanyspecialattention.Thesecondkind,situationalloneliness,isanaturalresultofaparticularsituation--forexample,afamilyproblem,thedeathofalovedone,ormovingtoanewplace.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.Thethirdkindoflonelinessisthemostsevere.Unlikethesecondtype,chroniclonelinessusuallylastsmorethantwoyearsandhasnospecificcause.Peoplewhoexperiencehabituallonelinesshaveproblemssocializingandbecomingclosetoothers.Unfortunately,manychronicallylonelypeoplethinkthereislittleornothingtheycandotoimprovetheirconditions.Psychologistsagreethatoneimportantfactorinlonelinessisaperson'ssocialcontacts,e.g.,friends,familymembers,co-workers,etc.Wedependonvariouspeoplefordifferentreasons.Forinstance,ourfamiliesgiveusemotionalsupport,ourparentsandteachersgiveusguidance,andourfriendssharesimilarinterestsandactivities.However,psychologistshavefoundthat,thoughlonelypeoplemayhavemanysocialcontacts,theysometimesfeeltheyshouldhavemore.Theyquestiontheirownpopularity.

(30)

A.TypesofLoneliness.

B.CausesofLoneliness.

C.SolutionstoLoneliness.

D.Loneliness.

27.

【B5】

28.【B5】

29.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：W:Ican'tcashyourtraveler'scheckwithoutsomeidentificationlikeyourpassport.

M:AsIwasgoingoutinahurry,Ihaveonlymydriver'slicense.Willthatdo?

Whoisthemantalkingto?

(12)

A.Atravelagent.

B.Acustomsofficer.

C.Apolicewoman.

D.Abankclerk.

30.(26)

A.Shewasseriouslyill.

B.Shecan'ttakeinwhattheprofessorsaysinclass.

C.Shedislikesthewaybywhichaconversationisconducted.

D.Sheisboredwiththewaytheprofessorgiveshisclasses.

31.聽力原文：Thecollegehadaverygoodfootballteam,anditsbestplayerwasastudentwhoalwayshadtroubleinschool.Thenoneyearthedeanofthecollegesaidthattheplayerwouldhavetoleavebecausehehadcheatedonanexam.Thefootballcoachimmediatelywenttothedeantotrytopersuadehimtoletthestudentstayinschool.Thedeanshowedhimtwoanswerpapers."ThisoneisSusan'spaper.She'sthebeststudentintheclass,"hesaid."Andthisone'syourfootballplayer's.They'reexactlythesame.Thefootballplayersatatthenextdesk,andjustcopiedfromher."

"Butmaybeshecopiedfromhim,"thecoachsaid."Youcan'tproveitwastheotherway."

"Lookatthis,"thedeansaid."Susandidn'tknowtheanswertothisquestionsoshewrote,'Idon'tknow'.Andyourfootballplayerwrote,'NeitherdoI'."

(33)

A.Becausehecheatedonanexam.

B.Becausehedidpoorlyinanexam.

C.Becausehehadafightwithanotherstudent.

D.Becausehedrewapictureoftheteacheronallexam.

32.聽力原文：W:Hey,John,areyouOK?Whyareyoufrowning?

M:Well,Isortof(22)haveaheadache.I'llbefineafteraglassofboiledwaterandsomepain-killers.Thathappensalot,andIalwaystakeoneortwoofthemwheneveraheadacheoccurs.

W:Alot?Seriously?Haveyoueverseenadoctor?

M:OfcourseIhave.Guesswhat?Hejusttoldmetotakesomepillsorletitbeuntiltheheadachewasgonebyitself.So,Ichosethefirst.

W:Thenhowdidyougetthosepills?(23)Onprescription?

M:(23)Ihadnochoice.

W:NowIhavetotellyouforyourowngoodthatitwillbeprettydangerousifyougoontakingthosepain-relieverslikethis.

M:Howcome?It'sonlyakindofnormalmedicine,andIdon'ttakemanyeachtime.

W:Well,I'vereadanarticlethatsaid,believeitornot,(24)althoughmostpeoplethinkpain-relieversaresafe,theyareinfactaddictive,inthesamewayasheroinandmorphine.Somepeopleevenvisitthedoctorregularlyonpurposetosatisfytheiraddiction.

M:Youmustbekiddingme!DoesthatmeanIhavemademyselfadrugaddictorsomething?That'sterrifying!

W:Oh,don'tbescared.Aslongasyouareawareofitandpaysomeattentiontothedose,yourdoctorisnotlikelytoappearasa"drugdealer".

M:(25)Thatsoundsreasonable.ItseemsthatImusttakenoticetotheselittlewhitepills.Thankyouforyourinformation.

W:Mypleasure.

(23)

A.Drugaddiction.

B.Aheadache.

C.Pain-killers.

D.Thewoman'ssuggestion.

33.(21)

A.Geology.B.Music.C.Medical.D.Mathematics.

34.(42)

35.(32)

A.Itisawardedtothebestfilmofthefestival.

B.Itwasintroducedin1959.

C.Itwasintroducedbyacommercialorganization.

D.OnlyAmericandirectorshavereceivedthisaward.

36.

【B10】

37.(35)

A.Inthestudent'sownwords.

B.Indirectquotations.

C.Inshortphrases.

D.Inshorthand.

38.聽力原文：W:I'mreallylookingforwardtothistripwithourgeologyclass.ButI'mnotcertainIhavethestrengthtocarryabackpackupanddownthemountain,especiallywhenit'sfulloftools.

M:Theyaretakingtwodonkeystocarrythetools.Wejusthavetocarryourpersonalitems,theclothingandsleepingbags.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(17)

A.Hedoesn'tknowwhattoolstobring.

B.Hedoesn'tmindhelpingthewoman.

C.Thewomanwon'thavetocarrytools.

D.Thedonkeyswillcarrythewoman'spersonalitems.

39.聽力原文：M:Prof.Robertseemssoserious.

W:Buthislecturesarequitehumorous,aren'tthey?

Q:WhatdoesthewomanthinkingaboutProf.Robert?

(14)

A.Heisveryquiet.

B.Hegivesamusinglectures.

C.Heshouldgivemorethanoneseriesoftalks.

D.Helecturesonlytotheseriousstudents.

40.(14)

A.Sheagreestomovetheitemtothebalcony.

B.Shedisagrees,andwantstheissuediscussednow.

C.Shedisagrees,andwantstheissueresolvedimmediately.

D.Sheagrees,butwantstheissuetobefurtherdiscussedlater.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

InAsia,______betweenpartiestoacontractplaysanimportantrole.

42.

Thephrase"gounder"inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans______.

43.

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorcitesCaesar'sfeasttosuggestthat______.

A.Caesarlikedraisinglivestockverymuch

B.thevictorywascelebratedveryseriously

C.peoplethinkeatingmeatisasymbolofwealthandvictory

D.Caesarwasnotavegetarian

44.Whatdoweknowabouttheswinefluvirusfromthelastparagraph?

A.Itisnotquitesureifitcanspreadamongpersons.

B.Itisnotquitesurehowitistransmitted.

C.Surelyitistransmittedbysneezingorcoughing.

D.Surelyitistransmittedbyskincontact.

45.Accordingtosomepeople,videogamesthriveinrecessionlargelybecauseinacheapform.gamesofferpeopleanescapeoutof______.

46.

Whatareevilconsequencesforchildreniftheirfamiliesnolongerperform.nurturingandsupportingfunction?

A.Highrateofsuicide.G)Loneliness.

B.Pooracademicperformanceatschool.

C.Loneliness.

D.Poorhumanrelationship.

47.

WhatarethemainreasonsforthewomeninAmericatobecomePTSDsufferers?

48.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Animportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilWar.Crudeoil,orpetroleumadark,thickoozefromtheearthhadbeenknownforhundredsofyears,butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850'sSamudM.Kier,amanufacturerinwesternPennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalscapagesandrefiningitintokerosene.Refining,likesmelting,isaprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial.

Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstituteforwhaleoil,whichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalargedemandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesofpetroleum.

ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drake.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania.Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit"Drake'sFolly".Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70feet(21)meters,Drakestruckoil.Hiswellbegantoyield20barrelsofcrudeoiladay.

NewsofDrake'ssuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.Bytheearly1860'sthesewildcattersweredrillingfor"blackgold"alloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.

Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomeyearskerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocerystoresanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880'sand1890'srefinerslearnedhowtomakeotherpetroleumproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.Petroleumwasnetthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.

Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.OilRefining:AHistoricalPerspective

B.TheCaliforniaGoldRush:GetRichQuickly

C.PrivateProperty:TrespassersWillBeProsecuted

D.KeroseneLamps:ALightintheTunnel

49.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisTRUE?

A.Hertestimonyhasn'tbeensupportedbytheEPA.

B.Hercredibilityasascientisthasn'tbeenundermined.

C.Sheisfirmlysupportedbyheruniversity.

D.ShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.

50.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thereisaphenomenaillthepresent.Theaveragenumberofauthorsonscientificpapersisskyrocketing.Whatisthemainreasonforit?That'spartlybecauselabsarebigger,problemsaremorecomplicated,andmoredifferentsubspecialtiesareneeded.Butit'salsobecauseUSgovernmentagenciesliketheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)havestartedtopromote"teamscience".Asphysicsdevelopedinthepost-WorldWarⅡera,federalfundsbuiltexpensivenationalfacilities,andtheseservedassurfacesonwhichcollaborationscouldcrystallizenaturally.

Yetmultipleauthorship--howevergooditmaybeinotherwayspresentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.Forthejournals,longlistsofauthorsarehardtodealwithinthemselves.Butthoselonglistsgiverisetomoreseriousquestionswhensomethinggoeswrongwiththepaper.Ifthereisresearchmisconduct,shouldtileliabilitybejointandseveral,accruingtoallauthors?Ifnot,thenhowshoulditbeallocatedamongthem?Ifthereisanhonestmistakeinonepartoftheworkbutnotinothers,howshouldanevaluatoraimhisorherreview?

Variouspracticalorimpracticalsuggestionshaveemergedduringthelong-standingdebateonthisissue.Oneisthateachauthorshouldprovide,andthejournalshouldthenpublish,anaccountofthatauthor'sparticularcontributiontothework.Butadifferentviewoftheproblem,andperhapsofthesolution,comesaswegettouniversitycommitteeonappointmentsandpromotions,whichiswheretheauthorshiprubberreallymeetstheroad.Halfalifetimeofinvolvementwiththisprocesshastaughtmehowmuchauthorshipmatters.Ihavewatchedcommitteesattemptingtodecodesequencesofnames,agonizeoverwhetheramuchcitedpaperwasreallythecandidate'sworkoracoauthor's,andsendbackrecommendationsaskingformorespecificityaboutthedivisionofresponsibility.

Problemsofthiskindchangetheargument,supportingthecaseforaskingauthorstodefinetheirownroles.Afterall,ifqualityjudgmentsaboutindividualsaretobemadeonthebasisoftheirpersonalcontributions,thenthejudgesbetterknowwhattheydid.Butifquestionsariseaboutthevalidityoftheworkasawhole,whetheraschallengestoitsconductorasevaluationsofitsinfluenceinthefield,ateamisateam,andthemembersshouldsharethecreditortheblame.

Thereisatendencythatscientificpapersare______.

A.gettingmorecomplicated

B.dealingwithbiggerproblems

C.moreofaproductofteamwork

D.focusingmoreonnaturalthanonsocialsciences

51.Thedramaticincreaseoflandvalueincities______.

A.isadesirableresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.bringsaboutgreateropportunitiesforlanddealers

C.leadtoanefficient,positiveuseoflandintheform.ofverticalgrowth

D.isannoyinglyartificialandmeaningless

52.Accordingtothepassage,insectscansee______whichhumanscan'tsee.

53.

Accordingtotheauthor,itisaformidablechallengeforacomputer______.

54.

Accordingtothepassage,whatwouldapublicrelationspersonnelprobablydoafteradecisionismadeinindustry?

A.Planandha