2022-2023年山東省聊城市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題(含答案)

2022-2023年山東省聊城市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

InSydney'sGalleriesVictoria,themall'smainpiazzaiscoveredwithalarge,flatskylightmadeof______.

2.

Tomakesurethatwelivenowon80%ofourincomeandinvesttheother20%,theauthorsuggestsapplyingtothebankfor______.

3.Facebook'sideatosocialmarketinghasproblemsbothintheoryandinpractice.

4.Gardening

Thetechnologyofbeauty

Now,gardeningwasdrivenbythreemaintrends:technologicalchange,plantprospectingandfashion.Ofthese,themostimportantwastechnology,whoseadvancesmadeitpossibleforthemiddleclassestoenjoywhathadoncebeenaffordableonlytotheveryrich.

Themostdramaticexampleofpopularizingtechnologywassurelytheinventionofthelawnmower.Nothingwasmorelabour-intensive,inthe18thcentury,thanmaintainingalargelawn.Itwouldtakethreemenwithscythes(大鐮刀)awholedaytocutanacre(two-fifthsofahectare)ofgrass;theywouldbefollowedbylawnwomenwhosetaskwastogatherupthecuttings.

Justonemanwenttomow

Then,in1830,EdwinBeardBuddingrealisedthattherotarybladeusedintheclothindustrytoproduceanevenpileontextilescouldbeusedongrass.Therotarylawnmowermeantthatsuburbanhomescouldaffordtheneatgreensward(草皮)previouslyavailableonlytotherich.

TheothertechnologythattransformedVictoriangardeningwasthedevelopmentoftheartofgrowingplantsunderglass.ImportingplantsfromcountriesasdistantasAustraliabecameacommercialpossibilityoncetheyweresealedinwoodenboxeswithglasstops.Fromthe1830son,Victoriangardens,privateandpublic,usedmassesofbeddingplants.In1877,2millionplantswerebeddedoutinLondon'sparks,ofteninelaborategeometricdesigns.Growingthemunderglassprotectedthembothfromfrostandfrompollution.

Inthepastcentury,technologyhasonceagaintransformedandsimplifiedgardening.Amongthemostsignificantadvancesisthegrowingofplantsincontainers.Insteadoforderingplantsgrowninopenfieldsanddugupbare-rootedforplantinginautumn,gardenersnowtypicallybuyplantswhich,becausetheyhavebeengrownincontainers,canbetransplantedatalmostanytimeofyear.Containergrowinghasinturnbecomepossiblelargelybecauseofthedevelopmentoflightercomposts.

Othermen'sflowers

Thepasttwocenturieshaveseenanimmenseincreaseintherangeofgardenplants.Nativespecieshavebeenrefinedanddeveloped;andexplorershavebroughtbackplantsfromallpartsoftheworld.ThepassionforplantcollectingsprangpartlyfromtheexpansionofCatholicreligiousorders(神職)abroadinthe16thcentury,lookingformedicinalplantsaswellassoulstoconvert.Manyearlyplant-huntersarecommemoratedinplantnames,suchastheTradescants,fatherandson;SirJosephBanks,whosailedwithCaptainCookandbroughthome3500speciesfromAustralia.

Fashioniseverybitasimportantindeterminingwhatpeoplegrowasinwhattheywear.Thegeometry,gravelandbeddingplantsofthemid-19th-cenmrytown-housegardenhadgivenway,bythecentury'send,toapassionforinformalityandEnglishcottagegardens,fosteredbytwoofthegreatdesignersoftheage.Theirinfluencehasprovedenduring."Allovertheworld,peoplewanttorivalEnglishgardens,ofteninaclimatethatmakesitverydifficult,"saysSarahBond,anenthusiasticamateurgardenerinManhattan.

Agrowingbusiness

Bothgardeningandlookingatgardensaredevelopingrapidly.Givepeopleapieceofgroundandtheywillbuysomethingtoputinit.MarkBhattiandAndrewChurchofBrightonUniversityinEnglandpointtothefactthatpeoplenowseemtospendfarmoreonmachineryandchemicals,andmoreagainonbenches,barbecues,potsandsun-loungers,thantheyspendonplantsthemselves.

Moreover,therangeofplaceswherepeoplecanbuygardeningsupplieshasexpanded.Supermarketsandgeneralstoresfrequentlycarryplantsandothergardeningnecessities.Onthecontrary,Britain'sGardenCentreAssociationsaysthataround12%ofthetypicalturnoverofagardencentrenowcomesfromthecafe.Atriptoaga

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

TheboxofficeofTerminatorismorethanthatofMyBigFatGreekWedding.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.

Thegrass-fed-beefburgersintheYaleSustainableFoodProjecthavebeenboughtfrom______.

7.

Yourfirstvisittoadentistprobablyinvolveinformationinquiry,dentalexaminationand______.

8.AccordingtoanewTIMEpoll,whatmaybeoneofthereasonsthatAmericansprefertobuyorganicfoodantenergy-efficientlightbulbs?

A.Theseproductsarecheaperandmorepersuasive.

B.Theyareabidingbyakindofnewcontract.

C.Themanufactureroftheproductsurgesthemtobuy.

D.Buyingsuchproductshasbecomeavogue.

9.

WhatkindofchangedidWorldWarI1bringtothetheatres?

A.Theputtingforwardofdinner.

B.Thecostumeoftheperformance.

C.Thetimeoftheperformance.

D.Therestaurantsnearlyofferdifferentfood.

10.

IncentralandnorthWales,mostpeopleearnalivingby______.

11.

Childrensufferfromseparationanxietywhenfacingfamilystressorbeingabouttoenteranewschool.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

PaulSheardbelievesthatinspiteoftheprobablereductionofChina%currentaccountexcess,theincreaseinthe______shouldbelikelytocompensateforthisreduction.

13.

TheAmericanWestislikelytosufferfrommoredramatic______ifthetrendsofmeltingglaciers,earlysnowmeltandseveredroughtscontinue.

14.

Socialnetworkinghasitsenormousutilityandenablesfriendstointeractviameanssuchasgames,greetingsand______.

15.

WhenWilcoxlivedinthevalley,hewassatisfiedwiththefactthattheremainsof______wasundisturbed.

16.Accordingtheracerules,dogsforracemusthave______.

17.

SomepeoplearereadytoconnectUFO'swiththeBermudaTrianglebecauseit'ssaidthatmoreUFO'shavebeensightedalong______and______thaninanyotherpartoftheworld.

18.

Aslocaltemperaturesfluctuatenaturally,itisnotrighttosaythattheEarthisbecominghotter.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

StepstoPositiveSelfTalk

Mostofusareinconstantmentalchatter.Wetalktoourselvesalldaylongand,unfortunately,thisselftalkisfrequentlynegative.Oftenitistainted(玷污)withguiltaboutourpastoranxietyaboutourfuture.Thisnegativitycandestroyanyseedofhopethatwemayotherwisehaveinstrivingforourdreams.

Ouractionsareinspiredbyourthoughts.Ifwecanchangethewaywethink,wecanbegintochangetheactionswetake.Itishumannaturetoseekpersonalgrowth;whetherfinancially,emotionally,physicallyorspiritually.Practicingpositiveselftalkcanhelpussetinmotionactionsthatwillbringusgreaterrewards.

Thefollowingareseveralstepstopositiveselftalk.Byfollowingthesestepsyouwillbegintoridyourinnerconversationsofnegativityandinsteadhaveempoweringthoughts.

Eliminateinternalnegativechatter

Thefirststepisoneofawareness.Itwillbehardtomakeachangetopositivethinkingwithoutbeingacutelyintimatewiththethoughtsthatrunthroughyourmind.Recently,IwasamazedtodiscoverdeepnegativeemotionsthatIhad{orfewerthan10minutes.Withoutawareness,Iwouldhavecarriedthehurtandangerinside.Awarenesshelpedmetobringthemouttotheopenformetodealwith.

Undoubtedlyitwillnotbeeasytomakeaswitchifyouhavealonghistoryornegativeselftalk.Yourtalkbecamenegativeovertheyearsduetovariousfactors.Forinstance,ifyourfirstgradeteacherrepeatedlytoldyouthatyouwere"stupid",youmightbelieveittobetrulythecase.Youwouldfindthatyourinnerchatterwouldoftenbefilledwithtalkof"Iamsoslow"and"itissohardtolearn".Ifyouconstantlytellyourselfsuchnegativestories,youractionsaregoingtoreflectyourlowselfesteem.Itwillbedifficulttogetveryfarifyouarealwaysputtingyourselfdown.

Acommonnegativetalkinvolvestellingyou"Ican't".Whenyousaytoyourself"Ican't"or"itistoodifficult",youarecreatingaresistance.Havingsuchamentalblockwillpreventyoufromachievingataskyoucouldotherwisesucceedat.

Anytimeyoucatchyourselfsaying"Ican't...",turnaroundandchallengeyourownclaimwith,"Whycan'tI?"Researchshowsthatmostgeniusesbecamethepeopletheyarealsobecauseofthehardworktheyputin.Soifyouwouldliketobesuccessful,youneedtostartsaying"Ican"alotmore.

Positiveaffirmations

Affirmationsarepositivestatementsofadesiredoutcomeorgoal.Theyareusuallyshort,believableandfocused.Byrepeatingthemoverandoveragain,youbuildinroadsintoyoursubconsciousmind,openingupthepossibilityofanewstateofthoughts.

Animportantstepwhenrepeatingaffirmationsisthatyouneedtoreadyouraffirmationsaloudwithfeeling.Themerereadingofthewordsbearsnoconsequenceunlessyouputsomeemotionsbehindthem.Ofsignificantfactisthatyoursubconsciousmindtakesanyordersgivenincompletefaithandafterrepeatedselftalk.Sothedailypracticeofrepeatingaffirmationsisimportant.

Initiallyyoumaybeskepticaltowardthestatementofyourpositiveaffirmation.However,ifyoufollowthissimplesetofinstructionsyourskepticismwillsoongivewaytoanewsetofbeliefsandthencrystallizedintoabsolutefaith.

Replacenegativeinfluenceswithpositiveones

Itisimportantthatyouidentifyexternal

A.seekpersonalgrowth

B.changethinkingmode

C.takepositiveaction

D.ridnegativeinnerconservation

20.Whatisveryimportantinthelong-distancetrainingofdogs?

A.Tourgedogsrunfor2000to3000mileseveryday.

B.Totrainthedogsforatleastoneyear.

C.Totrainthedogstopullvehiclesondryland.

D.Togetthedogsaccustomedtorunninglongdistances.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(18)

A.ShelikesThomasHardy'snovelTessofthed'Urbervilles.

B.ShethinksthenovelTessofthed'Urbervillesisarecreationalbook.

C.ShebelievesthenovelTessofthed'Urbervillesistoodepressing.

D.ShewouldratherreadTessofthed'Urbervillesthanrecreationalbooks.

22.(35)

A.TheCelts.B.TheJutes.C.TheGerman.D.TheNormanrulers.

23.聽(tīng)力原文：HongKongisacityinclinedtowardred;inThailandthecolorisyellow;Indialeanstowardredsandoranges.ToanAsiancolorsareinfusedwithbeliefs,religiousandotherwise.TotheChinese,redisverylucky,buttoThaisyellowbringsgoodfortune.Thecombinationofblue,black,andwhiteis,totheChinese,suggestiveofafuneral.

ManyWesternbusinessmenbelievethatmostAsianshavebecomeWesternizedintheiroutlook,butWesternizationandeducationdonotusuallycompletelyreplacethecultureandbeliefsofanAsian'sforefathers.Theytendinsteadtomakeamoreintricatealliancebetweenhiscultureandreligiousbonds.TheapproachrequiredtosellanAsiananycommoditymustfollowthebasicformulaofcateringtonationalpride,acknowledgingequality,andunderstandingtheAsian'sbeliefs.

Colorisatouchything.Advertisersareadvisedtotakeintoconsiderationthereligiousandsuperstitiousbeliefsconnectedwithcolorsbeforeusingthem.ThecolorcombinationsofgreenandpurpleareacceptablethroughoutAsia,butusingoneorbothofthesecolorsisnoguaranteeofsales,asaprominentmanufacturerofwater-recreationproductslearnedinMalaysia.itshomeofficereceivedheatedrequestsfromitsMalaysiandistributorstostopshipmentsonallproductscoloredgreen.Thedistributorsreportedthatnumerouscustomersassociatedthecolorgreenwiththejungleandillness.

(30)

A.Thesymbolicsignificanceofaspecificcolor.

B.Thesubtleculturalconnotationofcolors.

C.TheinfluenceofWesternizationonAsianpeople'soutlook.

D.ExpensivelessonsWesternbusinessmenlearnedinAsia.

24.【B3】

25.

【B4】

26.聽(tīng)力原文：M:Whydoyouthinkthatway?

W:WhileIadmitthereisverylittlediscriminationhereoncampustowardsorientation,appearanceandnationality,womenarenottreatedequally.Womenarenotrepresentedinmanyfaculties.Theyalsoholdfewerseniorfacultypositions,arenotrepresentedwellinadministrationand,doyouknow,notoncehasthembeenafemalepresidentofthestudentunion.

M:Youarerunningforpresidentofthestudentunionontheissueofequality,butyouarenotgoingtobeawinner,Isuppose.Moststudentsfeelwomenhaveequalitynowadays.

W:NotthestudentsIhavetalkedto,particularlythewomen.Mybrotherisalawyerandhesaysthewomeninhisfirmhavetoworkmuchharderthanthemeniftheywanttobecomeapartnerinthefirm.

M:Soyouaregoingtochampionwomen'srightsfortheelection.

W:Yes,mycampaignwillfocusonthatbutIwillnotignoreotherissuessuchastransportation,cafeteriasandsoon.Ihavebeenastudentherelot4yearsandamawareofalltheissues.IfIcanmakethiscampusabetterplaceforallstudents,thenasawoman,Iwouldbesettinganexcellentrolemodel.And,IamsureIcandoabetterjobthanJerrydidthisyear.

M:WhatdidJerryaccomplishthisyear?

W:Nexttonothing.Heputpressureonthecafeteriastobealittlemoreenvironmentallyfriendlybutthatisallaboutit.

(20)

A.Toprovewomen'sdiligence.

B.Toseekgenderequalityoncampus.

C.Toimprovetransportationandaccommodation.

D.Toputpressureonmalestudents.

27.(36)

A.Theconceptofgreenhousesischanging.

B.Greenhousesareoutoffashion.

C.Greenhousesarenotsustainable.

D.Peoplearemorefocusingonenvironmentprotectionthanever.

28.(25)

A.Becauseeveryspeciesbecomesextinct.

B.Becausehumansbeingsarepowerfulenoughtokillotherspecies.

C.Becauseofover-population.

D.Becausehumanbeingisstillayoungspeciesthoughitisexploitingtheenvironment.

29.(28)

A.Therearemanyformsofcommunicationinexistencetoday.

B.Verbalizationisthemostcommonform.ofcommunication.

C.Ideasandthoughtscanbetransmittedbybodylanguage.

D.Thedeafandthemuteuseanoralform.ofcommunication.

30.(34)

A.Consumerswereresponsible.

B.Consumerswerehostile.

C.Consumersdidn'tcareallthetime.

D.Consumersgottiredofit.

31.聽(tīng)力原文：Astronomershavespenthundredsofyearssearchingforsignsoflifeonotherplanets,usingtelescopes.WhentheysawthegeographyofMars,theythoughttheycouldseecanalsandthatthismightbeevidenceofintelligentlifeontheplanet.Morerecently,however,spacecrafthavebeensenttoanalyzethesoilforsignsoflife.Theresultswerenegativeandastronomersarenowconvincedthatnolifeexistsonthesurfaceofanyotherplanetinoursolarsystem.Tosendaspacecraftfarbeyondoursolarsystemisnotrealisticbecauseofthehugedistancesinvolved.

Theonlywaywearelikelytoknowofitsexistenceisfromradiomessagesunlesslifecomesandvisitsus.Listeningforintelligentlifeisnotanewidea,butthetechniquesnowbeingusedtooffermuchbetterchanceofsuccessthanbefore.Lookingforevidenceoflifeinothersolarsystemsnowmeansusingspecialradioreceiverscalledradiotelescopestolistenoutformessages.Theassumptionisthatintelligentformsoflifewouldhavediscoveredradiowavesandwould,likeus,beusingthemtocommunicate.

Throughitsresearchwork,astronomershavedevelopedtwomeansofsystematicallysearchingforintelligentlife.Thefirstmethodistoselectthecloset800starslikeoursunandtodirectaradiotelescopetoscaneachoneofthemforelectromagneticwaves.Thesecondwayistosurveytheentiresky,listeningforcontinuoussignals.Allthis,aswellasthechanceofdiscoveringthatmaybewearenotaloneintheuniverse!

(29)

A.Intelligentlife.

B.Canalsofsomekind.

C.Signsoflife.

D.Naturalresources.

32.(46)

33.聽(tīng)力原文：M:I'mwonderingifIcouldpossiblyscheduleanappointmentwithMr.Kellythisweek.

W:Letmesee.OnMonday,hewillbeinParisforameeting,anditwilltakehimthreedaysthere;thenhewillflytoLondontomeetanimportantclient...Well,Idon'tthinkheisavailablethisweek.

Q:WhatdowelearnaboutMr.Kellyfromtheconversation?

(16)

A.HewillbeinParisonThursday.

B.Hewillhaveafullschedulethisweek.

C.HewillattendameetingonThursday.

D.Hewillprobablymeetthemanthisweek.

34.(40)

35.

【B2】

36.【B5】

37.(44)

38.聽(tīng)力原文：M:Doyouhavehotwaterinyourdorm?Becausewehaven'thadanyforthreedaysandIhatecoldshowers.

W:Oh,thatsoundsmiserable.Sincethegym'susuallyopen,whydon'tyoujustgoovertheretofixtheproblem?

Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?

(13)

A.Hecangotothegymtohaveabath.

B.Heshouldbuyanewpipefromthegyms.

C.Hecangotothegymtoconsulttheexperts.

D.Hecanturntothegymtohavethewaterpiperepaired.

39.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽(tīng)力原文：W：Iabsolutelylovewhatyou'rewearingtoday．Seriously，itlooksreallyniceonyou．Wheredidyoubuyit?

M：Thankyou．IboughtitfromtheMacy'sattheSantaAnitamall．

Q：Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?

(12)

A.Theman'sclothes.

B.Theman'shairstyle.

C.TheSantaAnitamall.

D.wheretoshop.

40.(26)

A.Beautiful.B.Noworsethannow.C.Terrible.D.Joyful.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Howlongdoesittakeforsomeindustriesacquiringcommercialpotential?

A.Fromfivetotenyears.

B.Fromsixtoeightyears.

C.Fromseventoelevenyears.

D.Fromeleventoeighteenyears.

42.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

RecentlyasociologistfromtheUniversityofNewHampshire,MurrayStraus,presentedapapersuggestingthatcorporalpunishmentleavesalong-lastingmark—intheform.oflowerIQ.Strausfoundthatkidswhowerephysicallypunishedhaduptoafive-pointlowerIQscorethankidswhoweren't—themorechildrenwerespanked,thelowertheirIQ—andthattheeffectcouldbeseennotonlyinindividualchildren,butacrossentirenations.StrausfoundthatcountrieswithhigherGDPtendedtobethosewherecorporalpunishmentwasusedlessoften.IntheU.S.,thetendencytohitalsovarieswithincome,alongwithgeographyandculture.

Sohowmightgettingspankedonthebuttactuallyaffecttheworkingsofthebrain?Strausnotesthatbeingspankedorhitisassociatedwithfrightandstress;kidswhoexperiencethatkindoftraumahaveahardertimefocusingandlearning.

It'snotclearifspankingcauseslowercognitiveabilityoriflowercognitiveabilitymightsomehowleadtomorespanking.It'squitepossiblethatkidswithpoorreasoningskillsmisbehavemoreoftenandthereforeelicitharsherpunishment."ItcouldbethatlowerIQcausesparentstogetangryandhitmore,"Straussays,"Ibelievetherelationshipisprobablybidirectional.""Therehastobesomethingthekidisdoingthat'swrongthatleadstocorporalpunishment.Theproblemis,whentheparentdoesthat,itseemstohavecounterproductiveresultstocognitiveabilityinthelongterm."saysStraus.

OneproblemwithStraus'dataisthatsomeoftheparentswhotendedtospankmayalsohavebeenengaginginactualphysicalabuseoftheirchildren.Researchersdefinecorporalpunishmentasphysicalforceintendedtocausepain—butnotinjury—forthepurposeofcorrectingachild'sbehavior,notsimplyhurtinghim.Studieshaveshownthatveryfewparentswhousecorporalpunishmentalsobeattheirkids,butStrauscan'trulethepossibilitythathisdataisconfoundedbythepresenceofchildabuse,whichpastresearchhasshowntoaffectvictims'development.

Thepracticehasitsdefenders.Inthe1990s,theAmericanAcademyofPediatricsunderwentabitterfightbeforefinallydeclaringin1998that"corporalpunishmentisoflimitedeffectivenessandhaspotentiallydeleterioussideeffects."Sometimesspankingseemsliketheonlywaytogetthroughtoanunrulytoddler.Butthepriceforfixinghispoorshort-termconductmightbeanevenmoretroublesomeoutcomeinthefuture.

AccordingtoStraus,theoccurringrateofcorporalpunishmentinAmericatendstobeaffectedby______.

43.

Whydidtheparentsmentionedinthethirdparagraphleavethechildaloneinaroom?

44.

Failuretoeffectivelydealwithinterpersonalconflictinthe.workplacecould__________.

A.leadtogettingfired

B.forceyoutomovetothewilderness

C.stallthedevelopmentofaperson'scareer

D.preventapersonfromenjoyinghisorherjob

45.BillStoneisnotanastronaut—heistheworld'smostfamouscaver.LeadinglargeinternationalteamsandbackedbysponsorsliketheNationalGeographicSociety,hehasmountedmorethan50majorexpeditionstomeasurethedepthofthemosthostilereachesofinnerspace.Spendingweeksunderground,hiscrewshavetraveleddeepinsideourplanettotheremotestlocationstouchedbyhumans.Nobodyisbetteratwhathedoes,butthisgiveshimlimitedsatisfaction.HeisconsumedbyideasforhowhumanitycouldexplorespaceandwantstopersonallyestablishaprivatelyfundedbaseonJupiter(木星).Itis,hethinks,nothinglessthandestiny.

Areasonableobservermightchooseotherwords:obsession,fantasy.Billpossessesneithergreatwealthnorextensivepoliticalconnections.HeisanengineerandrunsStoneAerospace,acompanysosmallthatwhenFedExrings,heusuallysignsforthepackagehimself.SotohearBilltalk—"It'snotabigleapformetogotoJupiter.ForBill,cavesareaprovingground.Theexperiencegainedtherewillhelppeopleexploreouterspace.

Butnow,afterspendingnearlythreedecadesonthemarginsofthespaceindustry,Billiscloserthanhe'severbeentoprovingthatcavesarethebestearthlytraininggroundforexploringspace.Backedbya$5-millionfundfromNASA,heisdevelopingarobotcalledDepthXthatmayturnouttobethemostadvancedautonomousunderwatervehicle(AUV)ever.NASAhopestosomedayusearobotlikeBillStone'sDepthXtoexploreEuropa,afrozenmoonofJupiterandoneofthemostprobablyplacesinoursolarsystemtosupportlife.Likeitsinventor,DepthXisacaver,mostcapableofsearchingharshenvironments.Itstheoreticalmission,though,isboldevenbyBill'sstandards:ahuntforextraterrestrial(地球外的)lifeonEuropa.

InnovatorBillStoneplanstodroponeoftheworld'smostadvancedunderwaterrobots,DepthX,intothedeepestholeonEarth.Ifallgoeswell,thisthingjustmighthelpgethimtoEuropaDepthX'sfirstmajorfieldtrialwilltakeplacethismonthinMexico'sZacaténCenote,theworld'sdeepesthole.ForBill'sfuturespaceambitionstohaveanychance,heneedstoimpressthenewgenerationofwealthyspace-lovinginvestors.Todothat,heneedstoace(取得好成績(jī))thisfirsttrialand,at54yearsold,heneedstodoitfast.Asoneofhisoldestfriendsputsit,"TimeisrunningoutforBill."

WhathaveBillStoneandhisteamsaccomplished?

A.Theyhaveexploredmanycavesandreachedthedeepestcaveinourplanet.

B.TheyhavesponsoredtheNationalGeographicSocietytoexplorecaves.

C.Theyhaveexploredtheouterspaceandsetupfundsforit.

D.They}raveexploredandmeasuredthedeepestgaveinJupiter.

46.

【C2】

47.

Whatisthereasonforextinctionofmanyfishspecies?

48.

Whatcausedthegianttsunami?

49.Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehavior.isevidenceofanobviousbutremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehavior.demandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.

Practice(orreview)tenstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgottenandtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionarypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer.Forexample,learnedbehavior.thatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearni