國(guó)貿(mào)實(shí)務(wù)期末復(fù)習(xí)廣外

國(guó)貿(mào)實(shí)務(wù)期末復(fù)習(xí)

Chapter1Overview

?InternationalTradePracticeandConventions

?貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)

-INCOTERMS2000/2010(InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTrade

Terms)

?信用證

-UCP600(UniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredit)

?托收

-URC522(UniformRulesforCollections)

?買賣合同的磋商和訂立

-CISG(UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleof

Goods)

Chapter2TradeTerms

2.1Tradetermsandinternationalcustomarypractices

貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)及國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例

—

—

—

關(guān)

邊

關(guān)

境

境

境

2.1.1ThedefinitionofTradeTerms（貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)）

?ThetradetermsrefertousingabriefEnglishconceptorabbreviationtoindicatethe

formationoftheunitpriceanddeterminetheresponsibilities,expensesandrisksborneby

twopartiesaswellasthetimeofthepassingofthepropertyinthegoods.

?Internationalcustomarypractices

。國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例：'

指在國(guó)際貿(mào)易的長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐中所形成的若干具有普遍意義的習(xí)慣性做法和解釋。

RelevantInternationalUsages

UsagesDrawerTimeTradeTerms

RevisedAmericanAmerican1919ExPointofOrigin

ForeignTradeCommercialFOB,FAS,C&F,CIF,

Definitions1990groupsExDock

Warsaw一OxfordRulesTheInternational1928CIF

1932LawAssociation

InternationalRulesforInternational193611tradetermsinE、

theInterpretationChamberF、C、Dgroups

ofTradeTermsofCommerce

?其他國(guó)際慣例和公約

1.合同契約方面

《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》

?英國(guó)《1893年貨物買賣法案》

2、支付方面

?(1)《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》ucp600

(2)國(guó)際商會(huì)《托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》1996年6月1日實(shí)施

?(3)《關(guān)于審核跟單信用證項(xiàng)下單據(jù)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)銀行實(shí)務(wù)》(ISBP)2002年通過(guò)

3、運(yùn)輸與保險(xiǎn)方面

4、仲裁方面

①《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易法委員會(huì)仲裁規(guī)則》

②聯(lián)合國(guó)《承認(rèn)和執(zhí)行外國(guó)仲裁裁決的公約》

?UNCOTERMS2000》

GroupE

DepartureEXWExWorks工rx貨

貨交承運(yùn)人

GroupFFCAFreeCarrier裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨

MainCarriageFASFreeAlongsideShip裝運(yùn)港船上交貨

UnpaidFOBFreeOnBoard

CFRCostandFreight成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)

GroupCCIFCostInsuranceandFreight成本保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)

MainCarriageCPTCarriagePaidTo運(yùn)費(fèi)付至

PaidCIPCarriageInsurancePaidTo運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至

DAFDeliveredAtFrontier邊境交貨

GroupDDESDeliveredExShip目的港船上交貨

ArrhalDEQDeliveredExQuay目的港碼頭交貨

DDUDeliveredDutyUnpaid未完稅交貨

DDPDeliveredDutyPaid完稅后交貨

?Incoterms?2010貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)

術(shù)語(yǔ)縮寫(xiě)術(shù)語(yǔ)全稱適用的運(yùn)輸方式

EXWExWorks工廠交貨（插入指定交貨地點(diǎn)）任何運(yùn)輸方式

FCAFreeCarrier貨交承運(yùn)人（插入指定交貨地點(diǎn)）任何運(yùn)輸方式

CPTCarriagePaidTo運(yùn)費(fèi)付至（插入指定目的地）任何運(yùn)輸方式

CIPCarriageandInsurancePaid運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至任何運(yùn)輸方式

DATDeliveredAtTerminal運(yùn)輸終端交貨任何運(yùn)輸方式

DAPDeliveredAtPlace目的地交貨任何運(yùn)輸方式

DDPDeliveredDutyPaid完稅后交貨任何運(yùn)輸方式

FASFreeAlongShip船邊交貨（插入指定裝運(yùn)港）水運(yùn)方式

FOBFreeOnBoard船上交貨（插入指定裝運(yùn)港）水運(yùn)方式

CFRCostandFreight成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（插入指定目的港）水運(yùn)方式

CIFCost,InsuranceandFreight成本、保險(xiǎn)加運(yùn)費(fèi)水運(yùn)方式

（插入指定目的港）

?UNCOTERMS2010》

E組EXWExWorks工廠交貨

發(fā)貨（啟運(yùn)）

F組FCAFreeCarrier貨交承運(yùn)人

主要運(yùn)費(fèi)未付FASFreeAlongsideShip裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨

裝同F(xiàn)OBFreeOnBoard裝遜船上交貨

CFRCostandFreight成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)

C組CIFCostInsuranceandFreight成本保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)

主要運(yùn)費(fèi)已付CPTCarriagePaidTo運(yùn)費(fèi)付至

裝運(yùn)合同CIPCarriageInsurancePaidTo運(yùn)費(fèi)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至

DATDeliveredAtTerminal運(yùn)輸終端交貨：

D組

到貨（到達(dá)）DDPDeliveredDutyPaid

完稅后交貨

DAPDeliveredAtPlace

指定的目的地交貨

2010年9月27日公布，2011年1月1日實(shí)施

（-）變化

1、由原來(lái)的EFCD四組分為兩組：適合任何運(yùn)輸方式和海洋運(yùn)輸；

2,貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)由原來(lái)的13個(gè)變成11個(gè)；

3、刪除了《2000通則》中D組的四個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)，即DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU；

4、新增加兩個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)

DAT(DeliveredAtTerminal)在指定的目的地或目的港的集散地交貨；

DAP(DeliveredAtPlace)在指定的目的地交貨；

?《2010通則》的劃分

1、適合任何運(yùn)輸方式的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)：

CIP；CPT；DAP；DAT；DDP；FCA；EXW(7種)

2、適合海洋運(yùn)輸

CFR；CIF；FAS；FOB

?INCOTERMS2010《2010通則》的特點(diǎn)

(1)根據(jù)賣方的義務(wù)分成以下幾組

GroupE：也稱"啟運(yùn)"術(shù)語(yǔ)(departureterm)

GroupF：也稱“主運(yùn)費(fèi)未付"術(shù)語(yǔ)(maincarriageunpaidterms)

GroupC：也稱“主運(yùn)費(fèi)已付"術(shù)語(yǔ)(maincarriagepaidterms)

GroupD：也稱"到達(dá)”術(shù)語(yǔ)(arrivalterms)

?實(shí)際交貨一EXW、DAT、DAP、DDP

?象征性交貨一FOB、FAS、CFR、CIF、CFR、FCA、CPT、CIP

定義：賣方憑單據(jù)履行交貨義務(wù)，買方憑單據(jù)付款。只要賣方按照合同的規(guī)定將貨物

裝船并提交齊全的、正確的單據(jù)，買方就必須支付貨款，即使貨物在運(yùn)輸途中遭受滅失，

買方也不能拒收單據(jù)和拒收貨款。

2.2TradeTermsinCommonUse

FOB(FreeOnBoard)-----------FCA(FreeCarrier)

CFR(CostandFreight)-----------CPT(CarriagePaidTo)

CIF(CostInsuranceandFreight)-----------CIP(CarriageInsurancePaidto)

>FOB(...namedportofshipment)

1)“FreeonBoard^^meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselnominatedby

thebuyeratthenamedportofshipmentorprocuresthegoodsalreadysodelivered.Therisk

oflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsareonboardthevessel,andthe

buyerbearsallcostsfromthatmomentonwards.

2)“船上交貨”是指賣方在指定的裝運(yùn)港，將貨物交至買方指定的船只上，或者指(中間銷

售商)設(shè)法獲取這樣交付的貨物。一旦裝船，買方將承擔(dān)貨物滅失或損壞造成的所有

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

3)Seller'sObligation

1.Responsibilities

A.Deliverhegoods

B.Clearthegoodsforexport

C.Loadthegoodsontheshiparrangedforandnamedbythebuyer

D.Sendshippingadviceimmediately

E.Deliverrelateddocumentsorequivalentelectronicdata

2.Expenses

Alltheexpensesbeforethegoodshavebeenshippedonboard.

3.Risks

Alltherisksbeforethegoodshavebeenshippedonboard.

4)Buyer'sObligations

1.Responsibilities

A.Designatetheshipandnotifytheseller

B.Makehsurance

C.Paytheprice

D.Clearthegoodsforimporting

E.Takedeliveryofthegoods

2.Expenses

Alltheexpensesafterthegoodshavebeenshippedonboard.

3.Risks

Risksafterthegoodshavebeenshippedonboard.

注意：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有時(shí)會(huì)提前或推后轉(zhuǎn)移；但無(wú)論是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的正常轉(zhuǎn)移還是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的提前、推后

轉(zhuǎn)移都有前提條件，即貨物需特定化(Specialization)。即貨物已經(jīng)適當(dāng)?shù)貏潥w本合同，即已

清楚地分開(kāi)或以其他方式特定為該合同項(xiàng)下的貨物.

?Weshouldpaymoreattentiontothefollowingproblems:

1.LoadingCharges(byVoyageCharter)

A.Stipulatehthecontract

LoadingChargestobeCoveredbytheSeller(Buyer).

?LoadingCharges裝船費(fèi)用：

?平艙費(fèi)(trimmingcharges)>

?理艙費(fèi)(stowagefee)>

?捆扎費(fèi)(cashingcharges)>

?加固費(fèi)(securingcharges)等

B.DerivedFOBterms(FOB的變形)

FOBLinerTermsGuangzhouFOBSGuangzhou

WFOBTGuangzhou

FOBUnderTackleGuangzhouFOBSTGuangzhou

2.Arrangementofgoodsandship(關(guān)于船貨銜接)

Adviceofgoodsready(備妥貨物)--Adviceofarrangingtheship(租船訂艙)--

Adviceofshipment(裝船通知)

3.DifferentdeflnitionofFOB

?1)《1990年美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修訂本》

?①FOB(namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofdeparture)

?②FOB(namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofdeparture)freightpreparedto

(namedpointofexportation)

??FOB(namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofdeparture)freightallowedto

(namedpoint)

?④FOB(namedinlandcarrieratnamedinlandpointofexportation)

?⑤FOBvessel(namedpointofshipment)

?⑥FOB(namedinlandpointincountryofimportation)

?只有FOBvessel(namedpointofshipment)與通則中的FOB相似

>CFR(...namedportofdestination)

a)Seller'sObligations

1.Responsibilities

A.Deliverhegoods

B.Clearthegoodsforexport

C.Charterashiporbookshippingspace

D.Loadthegoods

E.Sendshippingadviceimmediately

F.Deliverthedocumentsorequivalentelectronicdata

2.Expenses

Expensesbeforetheshipment,Loadingcharges,Regularfreightnecessaryto

bringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.

3.Risks

SameasFOB.

?Moreattentionshouldbepaidto:

Unloadingcharges

A.Stipulateinthecontract

UnloadingChargestobecoveredbytheBuyer.

B.DerivedtermsofCFR

,CFRExTackleNewYork

vCFRLinerTermsNewYork

.CFRlandedNewYork

CFRExShip'sHoldNewYork

>CIF(...namedportofdestination)

1.Insurance

InsuranceCoverage

Ifotherwisestipulatedinthecontract,thesellermayinsureICC(C)orequivalentcoverage.

InsurableAmount

Ifotherwisestipulatedinthecontract,theinsurableamountshouldbeatleast110%CIFvalue.

2.Risks

SameasFOB,CFR.

3.Unloadingcharges

SameasCFR.

4.Salesbydocuments

象征性交貨(SymbolicDelivery)

實(shí)際交貨(PhysicalDelivery)

SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenFOB,CFR,CIF

2.PriceunderFOB,CFR,CIF

FOB+F(國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi))=CFR

CFR+I(國(guó)外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi))=CIF

FOB=Costofgoods+Domesticexpenses+Profits

>FCA(...namedplace)

1.“FreeCarrier^^meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarrieroranotherperson

nominatedbythebuyerattheseller'spremisesoranothernamedplace.Thepartiesarewell

advisedtospecifyasclearlyaspossiblethepointwithinthenamedplaceofdelivery,asthe

riskpassestothebuyeratthatpoint.Ifthepartiesintendtodeliverthegoodsatthesellers

premises,theyshouldidentifytheaddressofthosepremisesasthenamedplaceofdelivery.

If,ontheotherhand,thepartiesintendthegoodstobedeliveredatanotherplace,theymust

identifyadifferentspecificplaceofdelivery.

2.Seller'sObligations

1.Responsibilities

A.Deliverhegoods

B.Clearhegoodsforexport

C.Deliverthegoodstothecarriernamedbythebuyer

D.Notifythebuyerimmediately

E.Deliverthedocumentsofequivalentelectronicdata

2.Expenses

Expensesbeforethegoodshavebeendeliveredtothecarrier.

3.Risks

Upondeliverytothecarrier.

注意：Ifdeliveryoccursattheseller'spremises,thesellerisresponsibleforloading.

Ifdeliveryoccursatanyotherplace,thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.

>CPT(...namedplaceofdestination)

CPT=FCA+F(國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi))

>CIP(...namedplaceofdestination)

CIP=CPT+I(國(guó)外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi))

?Relationshipbetweentermsincommonuse

Referstosea&inlandReferstoanymodeof

waterwaytransportationtransportation

OD

n?

bFCA

o

a<3-

r

d一+F二

o

c

CPTa

r

r

i

e

r

--------HCIP|

?OtherTradeTerms

GroupE

>EXW(...namedplace)

1>“ExWorks“meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenitplacesthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyer

attheseller'spremisesoratanothernamedplace(i.e.,works,factory,warehouse,etc.).Theseller

doesnotneedtoloadthegoodsonanycollectingvehicle,nordoesitneedtoclearthegoodsfor

export,wheresuchclearanceisapplicable.

2、ThistermrepresentstheMINIMUMOBLIGATIONfortheseller,andthebuyerhastobearall

costsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheseller'spremises.Thistermshouldnotbe

usedwhenthebuyercannotcarryouttheexportformalitiesdirectlyorindirectly.Insuch

circumstances,theFCAtermshouldbeused,providedtheselleragreesthathewillloadathis

costandrisk.

GroupF

AFAS...(namedportofshipment)

Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipment.

Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfrom

thatmoment.TheFAStermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanonly

beusedforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.

GroupD

>DAP(DELIVEREDATplaceinsertnamedplaceofdestination)Incoterms2010

"Deliveredatplace“meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalof

thebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.

Thesellerbearsallrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedplace.

>DAT(insertnamedterminalatportorplaceofdestination)Incoterms2010

"Deliveredatterminal“meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoods,onceunloadedfromthe

amvingmeansoftransport,areplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeratanamedterminalatthe

namedportorplaceofdestination."Terminal”includesanyplace,whethercoveredornot,such

asaquay,warehouse,containeryardorroad,railoraircargoterminal.

>DDP(DELIVEREDDUTYPAIDinsertnamedplaceofdestination)Incoterms2010)

"DeliveredDutyPaid“meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodswhenthegoodsareplacedatthe

disposalofthebuyer,clearedforimportonthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingat

thenamedplaceofdestination.Thesellerbearsallthecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthe

goodstotheplaceofdestinationandhasanobligationtoclearthegoodsnotonlyforexportbut

alsoforimport,topayanydutyforbothexportandimportandtocarryoutallcustoms

formalities.

DDPrepresentsthemaximumobligationfortheseller.

?GroupDIncoterms2000

?DAF(...namedplace)

Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeans

oftransportnotunloaded,clearedforexport,butnotclearedforimportatthenamedpointand

placeatthefrontier,butbeforethecustomsborderoftheadjoiningcountry.Theterm"frontier”

maybeusedforanyfrontierincludingthatofthecountryofexport.However,ifthepartieswish

thesellertoberesponsiblefortheunloadingofthegoodsfromthearrivingmeansoftransport

andtobeartherisksandcostsofunloading,thisshouldbemadeclearbyaddingexplicitwording

tothiseffectinthecontractofsale.Thistermmaybeusedforallmodesoftransportwhenthe

goodsaretobedeliveredatalandfrontier.

?DES(...namedportofdestination)

Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronboardtheshipnot

clearedforimportatthenamedportofdestination.Thesellerhastobearallthecostsandrisks

involvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbeforedischarging.Thistermcan

onlybeusedwhenthegoodsaretobedeliveredbyseaorinlandwaterwayormultimodal

transportonavesselintheportofdestination.

?DEQ(...namedportofdestination)

Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyernotclearedforimport

onthequay(wharf)atthenamedportofdestination.Thesellerhastobearallthecostsandrisks

involvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationanddischargingthegoodsonthe

quay（wharf）.TheDEQtermrequiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforimportandtopayforall

formalities,duties,taxes,andanyotherchargesuponimport.Thistermcanonlybeusedwhen

thegoodsaretobedeliveredbyseaorinlandwaterway.

DDU（...namedplaceofdestination）

Thesellerdeliversthegoodstothebuyer,notclearedforimport,andnotunloadedfromany

arrivingmeansoftransportatthenamedplaceofdestination.Thesellerhastobearallthecosts

andrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthereto,otherthan,whereapplicable,any"duty11（which

termincludestheresponsibilityforandtherisksofthecarryingoutofcustomsformalities,and

thepaymentofformalities,customsduties,taxes,andothercharges）forimportinthecountryof

destination.Such"duty”hastobebornebythebuyeraswellasanycostsandriskscausedbyhis

failuretoclearthegoodsforimportintime.Thistermmaybeusedforallmodesoftransport.

Chapter3TermsofCommodity

?合同開(kāi)頭的基本條款

?TermsofCommodity

3.1.NameofCommodity

?NameofCommodity:

?NameofCommodityandSpecifications:

?Descriptionofgoods:

TheundersignedSellersandBuyershaveagreedtoclosethefollowingtransactions

on（commodity）accordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedbelow.

?ThemethodofNamingthegoods

Mainuse（織布機(jī)、自行車）Mainmaterial（棉布、玻璃杯）

Mainingredients（西洋參蜂皇漿、人參珍珠霜）Appearance&shape（綠豆.、紙管）

Commendatoryword（青春寶、太陽(yáng)神口服液）Person'sname（孔府家酒）

Technics（精制油、二鍋頭燒酒）

?NameClause

“GOLDENSTAR”BRANDCOLOURTELEVISIONSET

CHINESEGREENTEA

,Attention:

Ifthegoodsdeliveredarenotinaccordancewiththenameordescriptioncontracted,thebuyerhastherightto

1>lodgeaclaimagainstthesellerforcompensation,2>rejectthegoods,3>Recedefromhiscommitment.

如果出口商不能夠按合同規(guī)定的貨物名稱交貨，進(jìn)口商擁有如下權(quán)力：

1》索賠2》拒收貨物3》中止合同

>Trytobeclearandspecific

>內(nèi)容明確，避免籠統(tǒng)。（服裝/禮品）

>Don'tinsertunnecessaryadjectives

>不應(yīng)列入做不到或不必要的描繪詞。

>Adoptthewidelyacceptedname

>使用國(guó)際通用名。

>Economizethefreightandtariffexpenses

>選用合適的品名，以利節(jié)稅節(jié)費(fèi)

3.2.Quality

?WhafsQuality?外觀形態(tài)和內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的綜合

?UNConventiononInternationalSaleofGoods:thegoodsthesellerdeliversmustbeuptothestandard

requiredinthecontract.Ifthesellerfailstodeliverthegoodsasrequiredbythecontract,thebuyeris

entitledtoclaimdamages,repairs,andsubstitutes,orrejectgoods,orsometimesevencancelthesaid

contract.

?《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約》規(guī)定：出口商必須按合同規(guī)定的貨物質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交貨，否則，進(jìn)口

商擁有如下權(quán)力：

1》索賠2》要求修理或替代貨物3》拒收貨物4》中止合同

ExpressionofProductQuality

>SalesbySample

(1)憑賣方樣品買賣(salebyseller'ssample)

(2)憑買方樣品買賣(salebybuyerssample)

(3)“對(duì)等樣品”(CounterSample)>

“回樣"(ReturnSample)、“確認(rèn)樣"(ConfirmingSample)“參考樣品"(ReferenceSample)

Attention:

(1)“憑賣方樣品”成交時(shí)，

A、須提供代表性樣品(RepresentativeSample)、原樣(OriginalSample)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品(StandardSample)

B、在向買方送交代表性樣品時(shí)，應(yīng)留存一份或數(shù)份同樣的樣品，即復(fù)樣(duplicatesample),或稱留樣(keep

sample)

C、賣方交貨品質(zhì)須與樣品完全一致，若對(duì)品質(zhì)無(wú)絕對(duì)把握，應(yīng)加列彈性品質(zhì)條款，如：

品質(zhì)與賣方于……(日期)提供的樣品相似。

Qualitybesimilartosamplesubmittedbytheselleron...(date)

(2)“憑買方樣品”成交時(shí)

A、反動(dòng)的、黃色的、做不到的不接受

B、把“憑買方樣品買賣”轉(zhuǎn)變成“憑賣方樣品買賣”的方法一“對(duì)等樣品"(CounterSample)、“回樣”

(ReturnSample)

C、工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)問(wèn)題、專利問(wèn)題、賣方概不負(fù)責(zé)

《公約》第42條規(guī)定：

若賣方按照買方的提供的技術(shù)圖紙、規(guī)格等進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)和交貨，而第三方根據(jù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)要

求任何權(quán)利或其他要求時(shí)，賣方可不負(fù)責(zé)任。

>SalesbySpecification憑規(guī)格買賣

憑規(guī)格買賣的技巧：賣方只需在合同中列入主要指標(biāo)，而對(duì)商品品質(zhì)不起重大影響的次要指標(biāo)不要過(guò)多

羅列。

>SalesbyStandard憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買賣

Example:TetracyclineHCLTablets(SugarCoated)250mg.B.P.1973

FAQ(良好平均品質(zhì))fairaveragequality(大路貨)

(適用于農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品)

例子：ChineseGroundnut,1994crop,FAQ

Moisture(max.)13%

Admixture(max.)5%

Oilcontent(min.)44%

GMQ(上好可銷品質(zhì))(GoodMerchantableQuality)

(適用于木材、冷凍魚(yú)蝦等商品)Woodand叫uaticproducts

>SalesbyGrade憑等級(jí)買賣

商品的等級(jí)指同一類商品，按其質(zhì)地的差異，或尺寸、形狀重量、成分、構(gòu)造、效能等的不同，用文字、

數(shù)字或符號(hào)所作的分類。

?如特級(jí)(specialgrade),—,縱firstgrade),二級(jí)(secondgrade)；

?大號(hào)(large),中號(hào)(medium),小號(hào)(small)等。

>SalesbyTrademarkorBrand憑牌名或商標(biāo)買賣

?Thestablequalityshouldbeguaranteed.

>salebynameoforiginorsalebygeographicalindication憑產(chǎn)地名稱或憑地理標(biāo)志買賣

>(salebydescriptionandillustration)憑說(shuō)明書(shū)和圖樣買賣

例如，在合同中規(guī)定“品質(zhì)和技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)必須與賣方所提供的產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書(shū)嚴(yán)格相符”

(qualityandtechnicaldatatobestrictlyinconformitywiththedescriptionsubmittedbytheseller)o

?ContractClause

?ClothDoll,Qualityasperseller'ssampleNo....dated....,Qualitytobeaboutequaltothe

sample.

?ChinaGreyDuckDownwith90%downcontent,1%moreorlessallowed

?ChinaGreenTeaSpecialChunmee

?TetracyclineHCLTablets(sugarcoated)250mg,B.P.1973

?MAXAMDentalCream.

JinhuaHam

?QualityClause

ToleranceClause

1)Qualitytobeconsideredandbeingaboutequaltothesample.

2)QualityTolerance

3)FlexibleRanges

aGivenRange/aLimit/amoreorlessclause

賣方違反品質(zhì)條款時(shí)的處理

賣方所交貨物不符合同或《公約》規(guī)定，可以有多種補(bǔ)救辦法：索賠、減價(jià)、修理、換貨、宣告合

同無(wú)效(退貨)，買方應(yīng)根據(jù)貨物不符情況的輕重程度，合理地加以選用。其中索賠是最基本的方法，

如果采取了其他方法仍不能彌補(bǔ)損失的，買方還可再要求損害賠償。

Casestudy：ABCCo.sentasampleofexportinggoodstoaGermanbuyerduringnegotiation.Later,a

contractwassigned,andtheprovisionofthegoodswas,“Moisture:14%;Impurity:4%.’'Beforeshipment,the

selleragaincabledthebuyer,"Qualityaspersample”.Aftertakingthedelivery,thebuyerhadthegoods

inspected.Althoughthequalityconformedtothetermsofthecontract,itwaslowerthanthatofthesampleby

7%,Asaresult,thebuyerfiledaclaimforcompensation.Didthesellermakeanymistake?Whyorwhynot?

?分析：買方可以向賣方提出索賠，因?yàn)橘u方所交貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中，賣方

犯了兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤

?(1)品質(zhì)條款沒(méi)有品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)；某些產(chǎn)品(如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等)的質(zhì)量具有一定的不穩(wěn)定性，為了交

易的順利進(jìn)行，在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí)，應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，允許賣方所交的貨物

的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。否則單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)到，往往給賣方改選合同帶

來(lái)困難。

?(2)品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既要憑合同規(guī)格買賣，又憑樣品買賣。品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性

而定采取合理的品規(guī)定，一般不宜用戶兩種或兩種以上的方法來(lái)表示。根據(jù)《合同公約》規(guī)定，

如同時(shí)采用憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買賣，則要求賣方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致，又要符合

合同所規(guī)定的規(guī)格，要做到兩全齊美，難以辦到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。

3.3.QUANTITY

⑥UnitofMeasurement

⑥SystemsonWeightsandMeasures

⑥CalculationofWeights

翁MoreorLessClause

⑥Seller'sObligations

UnitstfMeasurement

Weightgram(g),kilogram(kg),ounce(oz),pound(lb),metricton(M/T),longton,shortton,etc.

Numberpiece(pc),package(pkg),pair,set,dozen(doz),gross(gr)ream(rm),etc.

Lengthmeter(m),centimeter(cm),foot(ft),yard(yd),etc.

Areasquaremeter(sqm),squarefoot(sqft),squareyard(sqyd),etc.

Volumecubic-meter(cum)cubiccentimeter(cucm),cubicfoot(ctft),cubicyard(cuyd),etc.

Capacityliter(1),gallon(gal),pint(pt),bushel(bu),etc.

?SystemsonWeightsandMeasures

?TheBritishSystem英制

?TheU.S.System美制

?TheMetricSystem公制

?SI(TheInternationalSystemofUnits)

ACalculationofWeights

?GrossWeight

?NetWeight

?ConditionedWeight

?TheoreticalWeight

>MoreorLessClause

Quantity:500t)ns(metric)5%moreorlessQuantity:500metrictons(about)

Ratioof“moreorless”.

Whowilldecidethefluctuationallowance?

Howtoprice?

《UCP600》Article39.AllowancesinCreditAmount,QuantityandUnitPrice

a.Thewords“aboutJ“approximately,”"circa”orsimilarexpressionsusedinconnectionwiththeamountof

theCreditorthequantityortheunitpricestatedintheCreditaretobeconstruedasallowingadifferencenotto

exceed10%moreor10%lessthantheamountorthequantityortheunitpricetowhichtheyrefer.

b.UnlessaCreditstipulatesthatthequantityofthegoodsspecifiedmustnotbeexceededorreduced,a

toleranceof5%moreor5%lesswillbepermissible,alwaysprovidedthattheamountofthedrawingsdoesnot

exceedtheamountoftheCredit.ThistolerancedoesnotapplywhentheCreditstipulatesthequantityinterms

ofastatednumberofpackingunitsorindividualitems.

a.若成交數(shù)量前使用“大約”、“近似”等字眼，根據(jù)《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》的規(guī)定，這個(gè)約數(shù)可解釋

為交貨數(shù)量有不超過(guò)10%的增減幅度

b.《UCP600》規(guī)定：除非信用證規(guī)定貨物的指定數(shù)量不得有增減外，在所支付款項(xiàng)不超過(guò)信用證金額的

條件下，貨物數(shù)量準(zhǔn)許有5%的增減幅度/日.以包裝單位或個(gè)數(shù)記數(shù)時(shí)不適用。

CISGArticle52Seller'sObligations

Ifthesellerdeliversaquantityofgoodsgreaterthanthatprovidedforinthecontract,thebuyermaytake

deliveryorrefusetotakedeliveryoftheexcessquantity.Ifthebuyertakesdeliveryofallorpartoftheexcess

quantity,hemustpayforitatthecontractrate.

?Ifthesellerdeliversonlyapartofthegoodsorifonlyapartofthegoodsdeliveredisinconformity

withthecontract,thebuyermay:

?Fixanadditionalperiodoftimeofreasonablelengthforperformancebythesellerofhisobligations.

?Reducetheprice.

?Declarethecontractavoidedifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthe

contractorthisConventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract.Ofcourse,lodgingaclaimis

thebasicwayofremedies.

賣方違反數(shù)量條款時(shí)的處理

根據(jù)《公約》規(guī)定：

1、如果賣方交付的貨物數(shù)量大于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量，買方可以收取也可以拒絕多交部分的貨物。如果買

方收取多交部分貨物的全部或一部分，他必須按合同價(jià)格付款；

2、如果賣方所交貨物數(shù)量少于合同規(guī)定時(shí)，買方可以規(guī)定一段合理的時(shí)間的額外時(shí)間，讓賣方補(bǔ)交貨

物；買方可以減低價(jià)格；如果少交部分構(gòu)成根本違約時(shí)，則可以宣告整個(gè)合同無(wú)效。買方不管采取了上

述哪一種補(bǔ)救方法，他都仍然享有要求損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。

選擇題：

某公司向國(guó)外某客商出口50噸小麥，賣方實(shí)際交貨時(shí)多交了2噸，買方可做出如下（）的決定。

A、收取52噸貨物B、收取多交貨物中的1噸

C、拒收52噸貨物D、拒收多交的2噸貨物

案例分析：

1、我某出口公司出口蠶豆400公噸至日本，合同約定需麻袋裝，每袋包裝25公斤，信用證付款。該公

司按合同規(guī)定裝運(yùn)出口，并辦妥結(jié)匯手續(xù)。事后對(duì)方來(lái)電稱：該公司所交貨物扣除皮重后實(shí)際到貨不足

400公噸，要求按凈重計(jì)算價(jià)格，退回因短裝多收貨款。我方則以合同未規(guī)定按凈重計(jì)價(jià)為由，拒絕退

款。問(wèn)我公司做法是否可行？

《公約》第56條：如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問(wèn)，應(yīng)按凈重確定。

2、我公司訂購(gòu)鋼板400M/T,計(jì)6英尺、8英尺、10英尺、12英尺四種規(guī)格各100M/T,并用每種數(shù)量

可增減5%的溢短裝條款，由賣方?jīng)Q定。今賣方交貨為：6英尺，70M"；8英尺，80M“；10英尺，

60M/T；12英尺，210M/T,總量未超過(guò)420M”的溢短裝上限的規(guī)定。對(duì)于出口商按實(shí)際裝運(yùn)數(shù)量出

具的跟單匯票，進(jìn)口商是否有權(quán)拒收據(jù)付？

ANSWER

Ininternationaltrade,themoreorlessclausehasamplemeaning,itmeansnotonlythetotalquantityshouldbe

subjecttothestipulation,butalsothequantityineachtype.Inthiscase,thoughthetotalquantityhasnot

surpassedthe5%,butthequantityineachtypeisfarawayfromthestipulationinthecontract.Soweconsider

thatthesellerhasbreachedthequantityclause,andtheimporterrefusethegoodsowingtoquantityproblemsis

reasonable.

3.4