2022年SAT閱讀文章：希望大家從中可以認(rèn)識新詞（歷史類）新

千里之行，始于足下讓知識帶有溫度。第第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦2022年SAT閱讀文章：希望大家從中可以認(rèn)識新詞（歷史類）【前言】在考前最緊急的時(shí)刻，我聯(lián)合三立在線教育為大家整理了《2022年SAT閱讀文章：盼望大家從中可以熟悉新詞（歷史類）》，盼望對大家的備考有所關(guān)心！

TheFederalFarmerwasanAnti-FederalistwhowroteamethodicalassessmentoftheproposedUnitedStatesConstitutionthatwasamongthemoreimportantdocumentsoftheconstitutionalratificationdebate.Theassessmentappearedintheformoftwopamphlets,thefirstpublishedinNovember1787andthesecondinMay1788.Theletters,whichwereaddressedto"TheRepublican,"weresignedonlywiththepseudonym"theFederalFarmer."Theidentityoftheauthorisunknown,thoughscholarshaveputforwardRichardHenryLeeandMelanctonSmithaspossibilities,thoughrecentevidencesuggestsSmithisthemostlikelyauthor."TheRepublican"wasmostlikelyNewYorkstategovernorGeorgeClinton.

TheFederalFarmermadetypicalAnti-Federalistarguments,claimingthattheConstitutionwouldteardownthesovereignstatesinfavorofaconsolidatedgovernment,andthatthisendofthefederalsystemwouldbedestructiveofAmericanliberties.Theletterswerepraisedatthetimefortheirthoughtfulness,composition,andpersuasiveness,andtodayareamongthemostwidelyreadworksintheAnti-Federalistcanon.

JamesWinthropwasthesonofphysicistJohnWinthrop.HegraduatedfromHarvardin1769,andwaswoundedattheBattleofBunkerHill.HewaslibrarianofHarvardfrom1772until1787.Forseveralyears,hewasajudgeofthecourtofcommonpleas,andforalongtimeregisterofprobate.Hewaspartoftheanti-federalistmovement.[citationneeded]HebequeathedhislibrarytoAlleghenyCollegeinMeadville,Pennsylvania.HewasachartermemberoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesin1780.

Passage1isexcerptedfromapublishedletterwrittenbyanauthorknownonlyastheFederalFarmer.Passage2isexcerptedfromapublishedletterbyAgrippa,thepseudonymofJamesWinthrop.Winthropwaspartoftheanti-federalistmovement.Bothpassageswerewrittenin1787.

Passage1

Ourobjecthasbeenallalong,toreformourfederalsystem,andtostrengthenourgovernments,butanewobjectnowpresents.Theplanofgovernmentnowproposedisevidentlycalculatedtotallytochange,intime,ourconditionasapeople.Insteadofbeingthirteenrepublics,underafederalhead,itisclearlydesignedtomakeusoneconsolidatedgovernment.Whethersuchachangecaneverbeeffectedinanymanner;whetheritcanbeeffectedwithoutconvulsionsandcivilwars;whethersuchachangewillnottotallydestroythelibertiesofthiscountry--timeonlycandetermine.

Theconfederationwasformedwhengreatconfidencewasplacedinthevoluntaryexertionsofindividuals,andoftherespectivestates;andtheframersofit,toguardagainstusurpation,solimitedandcheckedthepowers.Wefind,therefore,membersofcongressurgingalterationsinthefederalsystemalmostassoonasitwasadopted.Thefirstinterestingquestionishowfarthestatescanbeconsolidatedintooneentiregovernmentonfreeprinciples.Thehappinessofthepeopleatlargemustbethegreatobjectwitheveryhoneststatesman,andhewilldirecteverymovementtothispoint.Ifwearesosituatedasapeople,asnottobeabletoenjoyequalhappinessandadvantagesunderonegovernment,theconsolidationofthestatescannotbeadmitted.

Touchingthefederalplan,Idonotthinkmuchcanbesaidinitsfavor:Thesovereigntyofthenation,withoutcoerciveandefficientpowerstocollectthestrengthofit,cannotalwaysbedependedontoanswerthepurposesofgovernment;andinacongressofrepresentativesofsovereignstates,theremustnecessarilybeanunreasonablemixtureofpowersinthesamehands.

Independentoftheopinionsofmanygreatauthors,thatafreeelectivegovernmentcannotbeextendedoverlargeterritories,afewreflectionsmustevince,thatonegovernmentandgenerallegislationalone,nevercanextendequalbenefitstoallpartsoftheUnitedStates:Differentlaws,customs,andopinionsexistinthedifferentstates,whichbyauniformsystemoflawswouldbeunreasonablyinvaded.TheUnitedStatescontainaboutamillionofsquaremiles,andinhalfacenturywill,probably,containtenmillionsofpeople.

Endofreadingpassage.

Passage2

Letusnowconsiderhowfar[thenewsystem]isconsistentwiththehappinessofthepeopleandtheirfreedom.Itistheopinionoftheablestwritersonthesubject,thatnoextensiveempirecanbegoverneduponrepublicanprinciples,andthatsuchagovernmentwilldegeneratetoadespotism,unlessitbemadeupofaconfederacyofsmallerstates,eachhavingthefullpowersofinternalregulation.Thisispreciselytheprinciplewhichhashithertopreservedourfreedom.Noinstancecanbefoundofanyfreegovernmentofconsiderableextentwhichhasbeensupporteduponanyotherplan.Largeandconsolidatedempiresmayindeeddazzletheeyesofadistantspectatorwiththeirsplendour,butifexaminedmorenearlyarealwaysfoundtobefullofmisery.Thereasonisobvious.Inlargestatesthesameprinciplesoflegislationwillnotapplytoalltheparts.Thelawsnotbeingmadebythepeople,whofelttheinconveniences,didnotsuittheircircumstances.ItisundersuchtyrannythattheSpanishprovinceslanguish,andsuchwouldbeourmisfortuneanddegradation,ifweshouldsubmittohavetheconcernsofthewholeempiremanagedbyonelegislature.Topromotethehappinessofthepeopleitisnecessarythatthereshouldbelocallaws;anditisnecessarythatthoselawsshouldbemadebytherepresentativesofthosewhoareimmediatelysubjecttothewantofthem.

ItisimpossibleforonecodeoflawstosuitGeorgiaandMassachusetts.Theymust,therefore,legislateforthemselves.ThelawsofCongressareinallcasestobethesupremelawoftheland,andparamounttotheconstit