中美家庭教育方式比較-文獻(xiàn)綜述

精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!中美家庭教育方式比較-文獻(xiàn)綜述IntroductionItisobviousthatchildrenarethefutureofthecountryandthefamilyeducationisthefirststepofchildren,sgrowing.Inthe21stcentury,internationalcompetitionisbecomingfiercer.Anditisacompetitionfortalentsfundamentally.Thus,eachcountryshouldpaymoreattentiontofamilyeducationintheeducationprojects.Consequently,somanycountriesareresearchinghowtoteachthechildrenandhowtocreatethebetterfamilyeducation.However,intheworld,manypeopleonlycombinedallkindsoffamilyeducationignorantly,whichhasabadinfluence.NowadaysChineseparentshavebecomemoreawareoftheimportanceoftheirchildren'seducationthattheyhopetheycanprovidetheirchildrenwiththebesteducationtheycanafford.However,therearemanyparentsadaptingveryharshandextrememethodology,whichisincorrect,andverycommoninpresentChina.Inordertofindabetterwaytoeducateourchildren,weshouldstudyothercountries'experiences.Therearemanytypesoffamilyeducationintheworld,andAmericanfamilyeducationisthemostfamousone.SoitisnecessaryandsignificanttomakeacomparisonofthedifferencesoffamilyeducationbetweenAmericaandChina.ThispaperiswrittentocompareChinesefamilyeducationandAmericanfamilyeducationsuperficially,whichmayoffersomelessonstofamilyeducation.精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!LiteratureReviewAsweallknow,familyisthefirstplaceandplaysanessentialroleforthechildrentoreceiveinitialeducation(Inordertobetterunderstandtheimportanceoffamilyeducation,Istudiedmanyworksofsomefamousscholarsandexperts.Theyhavestudiedthetopicfrommanydifferentangles,suchasthedefinition,theaims,themethods,theresultsandthereasonsandsoon.Fromtheirstudies,IrealizedthatChinaandAmericahaveremarkabledifferencesinfamilyeducation(so，rightunderstandinganddrawinglessonsfromadvancedforeigneducationmethodsareofgreatrealisticsignificancestofacilitatethehealthygrowthofchildrenandtoenhancethequalityoffuturetalent(However,there1issomethingthatIthoughtdifferentfromthoseexperts,sinceweshouldnotonlyfocusontheweakpointofChinesefamilyeducation,thereisalsosomelessonsthattheAmericansshouldlearnfromus.ThefollowingarewhatIstudiedfromthosefamousscholarsandexperts.ThedefinitionoffamilyeducationAccordingtoMengXiaojia:"Familyeducationisdefinedas:Thephenomenonthatparentsortheelderfamilymemberseducatethechildrenconsciously,whichisthemostimportantpartineducationsystem.”(孟小佳，2010:193)Also,thereisanothersimilar精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!sayingfromWangJing:“Thefamilyisthefirstaswellasthelastschoolofmankind.Everyoneisreceivingeducationandparticipatingineducationactivities,consciouslyorunconsciouslyduringhiswholelife.Familyeducationinfluencesindividualsmostprofoundlyandlaststhelongest."（王婧，2011:327）HuangXiaoyongsaysthatfamilyeducationnotonlyreferstoparentsorelderpeople'steachingtotheyoungergeneration,butalsotheinter-educationbetweenfamilymembers.（黃小勇，2009:101）TheaimsoffamilyeducationHuangHeqingsays:“Theaimsoffamilyeducationinfluenceitsdirectionanddecideitsresults.Thustheaimisthecoreoffamilyeducation,andit'sthebasicreasonofthedifferencesofChinaandAmericaneducation.”（黃河清：2003）WangDalipointsoutthatinAmerica,thepurposeoffamilyeducationistotrainindependentchildrensotheycouldsurviveinallkindsofsocialconditionsandsituations（However,inChina,mostparentsexpecttheirdaughterstobephoenixlikeandtheirsonstobedragonlike（Theywishtheirchildrentogointoatopuniversityandfindadecentjob.（王大利，2011:172）ThemethodsoffamilyeducationZhangYangmeihasmentioned:“Influencedbytraditionalculture,Chineseparents精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!areusuallymoreimperativethandemocratic,whichdonotbenefitchildren'shealthyupbringing.Weshouldputforward“relaxandopen”education."（張仰媚，2011）Onthecontrary,ZhangWeisays:“Americanparentsusuallyrespecttheirchildren'sinterestanddecisions;thefamilyeducationisdemocraticandopen.Theyoftensolvedifferentkindsof2problemsbydiscussingwiththeirchildrenequally.”（張威，2008:144）Theparagraphaboveismainlyaboutparents'attitudetotheirchildren;thereisalsoanotherdifferencebetweenparentsfromthetwocountries.LiXinwritesinhasarticle:“Chineseparentshaveover-protectedtheirchildren,whichleadtochildren'sdependenceandmakethemdevoidoftheabilitytorecognizeandevaluatetheirownvalueandcapacity.WhileAmericanparentstendtotrainchildrentoliveindependentlyandonlypayattentiontotheirsafety.”（栗新，2006:39）TheresultsoffamilyeducationDifferentmethodsleadtodifferentresults.ZengZhilansays:“Americanchildrenshowtheirstrongabilitytoliveindependentlysincetheyareyoung.Onthecontrary,Chinesechildrenandteenagers,evencollegestudents,thoughexcellentintheirstudy,lackofself-awarenessandabilitytoadjustthemtonewenvironment,what'smore,theyhavestrongreliance精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!toothersandlackofcouragetodothings."（曾芝蘭，2006:163）Duetothis,“theysupposethatwhatkindofpersontheirchildrenwillbeisuptothemselves.AsAmericaisanindividualisticcountrywithafinewelfaresystem,parentsdon'texpecttheirchildrentosupportthemaftertheygetoldsotherecouldbefewerworries.”（邵旋&張晶中，2010）ThereasonsofthetwodifferentkindsoffamilyeducationWhatPuDezhenandSunAixuepointoutisthatthegreatdifferenceofeducationaltraditionisthebasiccausewhichcontributestothedifferencesoffamilyeducationbetweenChinaandAmerican.（卜德鎮(zhèn)&孫愛學(xué)，2008:108）“infamily,childrenwillaccepttheirparents'attitudetovaluegradually.Chinaistypicalcountrywithcommunityinterest,itemphasizestheidentificationofthewholefamilynottheindividual,whileAmericanemphasizetheawarenessof"I”，individualsshouldbeindependent.Theyencouragecompetitionratherthancooperation.”（焦瀟，2008:139）TheenlightenmentfromAmericanfamilyeducation“Theimportantsignofmodernsocietyisdigitalizationandinformation.Thereisa“digitalgap"ininformationbetweenparentsandchildren.Parentsneedtostudyand“grow3up”continuouslytoshapechildren'shealthysoul.”（李昊鳳&閔正威，2008:22）Thisis精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!justoneaspectfromparentsthemselves,“Toeducateyounggenerationsbetter,weneedeffortsfromdifferentgroups.Atfirst,thecoordinationbetweenparentsandschoolisthekeypoint,onlythroughclosecooperationcanweimprovetheeducationquality."（李亞&周俠，2007:10）Differenteducationmethodsaretheresultsofdifferentculture;theyhavetheirownreasonabilityinrespectiveculturalvalue.“ToChineseparents,familyeducationshouldbeover-all,andcan'tonlyfocusonthe“intelligenceeducation”,What'smore,theyshouldnotonlypayattentiontochildren'sphysicalhealth,butalsototheirmentalhealth.”（胡騎兵，2010:39）TheaboveareallwhatIhavelearntfromtheworksofthosefamousscholarsandexperts,everypartisimportantformetostudyfamilyeducation.So,inthefollowingpart,Iwillprocessmythesisaccordingtothosepart,also,IwilladdsomethingthatIthinkdifferentfromthem.SinceChinesefamilyeducationandAmericanfamilyeducationeachhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages,weneedtobeatabalancedsidetostudythistopic.TheDefinitionofFamilyEducationFamilyeducationisdefinedasaneducationgivenbyparentstochildrenafterthechildrenareborn.Itisthebasicandthemostimportanteducationmodelofthesociety.Inthedictionary,thedefinitionoffamilyeducationisexplainedinthisway:Parentsor精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!eldergenerationeducatethechildorteenageinfamily.Differentsocietyneedsdifferentfamilyeducation.Thereisalsosomeoneexplaineditinanotherway:Educationisasocietyusetoeducatenewgenerationwithaimsandsystems.MengXiaojiasays:“Familyeducationisdefinedas:Thephenomenonthatparentsortheelderfamilymemberseducatethechildrenconsciously,whichisthemostimportantpartineducationsystem.”Forthesakeofthechangingsituation,thedefinitionoffamilyeducationshouldbeextended:Familyeducationisnotonlytheactionoffamilybut4concernsthewholesociety.Theaimoffamilyeducationisnotonlyatstudyingthefamilyrelationandlivingskills,butalsotheallrounddevelopmentofeveryfamilymember.Familyeducationisnotonlythewaythatparentsoreldergenerationeducatethechildorteenageinfamily,butallthefamilymemberseducateeachother.Familyeducationisnotonlytheeducationofthepre-schooleducation,butalsoalllifeeducation.DifferentFamilyEducationMethodsoftheTwoCountriesMethodsofChinesefamilyeducationTakecareofeverythingforchildrenindailylifeForthesakeofsustainableandharmoniousdevelopment,ourcountryhascarriedouttheonechildpolicyasfamilyplanning,forthisreasonthere'sanincreasingnumberoffamilieswithonechild,parentstend精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!toover-indulgetheirchildreninasurprisingway.Theyalwaystrytodoalmosteverythingfortheirchildren,suchashelpingthemwashing,cookingmeals,bathing,etc.letalonethehousework.Inshort,manyChineseparents,especiallytheparentswithonechild,arrangeanddecideeverythingfortheirchildrenorevenbecomethesubstitutionoftheirchildrenalmostinallaspectsoflife.Theseriousconsequenceisthatmanychildrencannotdothesethingsthattheyshoulddointheirage.Forinstance,thethree-year-oldchildrencannotwearbythemselves,thesix-year-oldchildrencannottietheirownshoes.“Inthecity,theprimaryschoolstudentsneedtheirparentstoaccompanythemtogotoschoolandgohome,andtheylettheirparentstakebagsforthem;manymiddleschoolstudentscannotwashtheirownclothes;themostseriousthingisthatmanyuniversitystudentsneedtheirparentstoaccompanythemtoenrollatthefirstyear.”（曾芝蘭，2006:163）Inaword,manyparentsfinisheverythingfortheirchildren.Laissez-fairewithchildren'seconomicneedsChineseparentsarealwayslaissez-fairetotheirchildrenoneconomy.ManyChineseparentsareobedienttotheirchildren'sanyrequirementsoneconomy.Bothrichfamiliesandpoorfamiliesarelikelytofulfilltheirchildren'srequirementswithoutpreconditions,5精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!becausetheyhopetheirchildrenhaveasuperiorsensewhencomparedwithothersinmaterialconditions.Theysavemoneyfromdifferentexpenditureorborrowfromotherstomeettheirkids'demands.Theseriousresultoftheseparents'behaviorsisthatchildrencannotunderstandthedifficultiesoflifeanddonotknowwhytheyshouldsave.Theworstconsequenceisthatmanychildrendonotliketodotheirownwork,butaskotherstodoitforthembymeansofgivingothersmoney.Wecanseethiskindofphenomenonhereandthereinourdailylife.Thisisthedirectconsequenceofthelaissez-faireoneconomy.Over-protectchildreninsocialactivitiesManyparentsfearthattheirchildrenwillfacealotofdifficultiesorbecomebadboysinthesociety.Theyprotecttheirchildrenexcessivelyinsocialactivitiesandalwaysreducetheirchildren'schancestocontactwithsocietyordonotletthemgototheoutsidealone.Onceadisputeoranunpleasantthinghappenedbetweentheirchildren,theyusuallydonotliketolearnthetruthbutonlyaccuseothers.Thatmakesthedisputeintoaseriouslyconflictoradisputeamongparents.Theseparentsalwaysareproudofwhattheydidfortheirchildren,becausetheythinkthattheyhavesafeguardedtheinterestsoftheirchildren.But,infact,theydonotrealizethatwhattheydidfortheirkidshaveanegativeeffectonthechildren'sgrowthbecausethesebehaviorshavedeprivedoftheirchildren'srightandopportunitiestoexperiencethelifethattheyshouldlearnintheearly精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!age.Andtheyhavenochancestolearnhowtodistinguishbetweenrightandwrong.Over-strictinchildren'sstudyComparedwiththeconnivanceindailylife,economicneedsandsocialactivity,parentstreatchildren'sstudyverystrictly.Becauseofhistoricalandtraditionalreason,almosteveryonethinksthatscholarsshouldberespectedwithoutanydoubtsandhavehighstatusinthesociety.Sotheypaygreatattentiontotheirchildren'sstudiesbecausetheybelievethatknowledgecanchangeonesfate.Infact,scholarsarerespectedbypeopleinmosttime.Hence,theparentshopethattheirchildrencanobtainthesamehonorlikethescholarsinthefuture.Withoutthinkingcarefullyandresearching,wecanconcludefrompracticesindailylifethatsomeChineseparents,ifnotmany,havebeenstranglingtheir6children'sinterestsinawaythatiselusivetoAmerican.Tobeconcrete,underthecurrentChinesefamilyeducation,mostchildrenarearrangedwithassortedextracurricularclasseswheretheyaretaughttolearnplayingthepiano,drawing,singing,etc.,MethodsofAmericanfamilyeducationAboutchildren'sinterestsIntheUnitedStates,childrenareencouragedandinducedtodeveloptheirinterestanddothethingstheyareinterestedin.American精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!parentswillnotpreventtheirchildrenfromdoingwhattheyliketodo,andwillnotenforcetheirchildrentodowhattheydonotlikeeither.Maybeatthebeginningtheparentshaverequirementsfortheirchildren,butatlasttheirownchoicesarethemostimportant.AboutChildren'sCreativityAsforcultivatingchildren'screativity,Americanparentsencouragetheirchildrentoinnovateandsurpasstheirpredecessorsinallfields.Theythinkthatchildren,likeadults,havetheindependentabilityofstudy,andtheyholdatolerantattitudetotheirchildren'screativity.Theyencouragechildrentoexploreandprovideverydifferentviewsonsomeproblemsandletchildrensolvetheseproblemsthroughtheirownefforts.Evenifchildrencannotgetapositiveeffecttheparentswouldnotinterferewiththeirchildren'swork;instead,theywouldlettheirchildrentobeawareoftheproblemsgraduallyintheprocessofdevelopingandthencorrecttheirfaultsbythemselves.Aboutchildren'sfutureMostofAmericanparentsarenottooconcernedaboutwhethertheirchildrenwillbecomefamousinthefutureornotandtheythinkthatchildrenshouldhavetheirownchoices.Sotheydon'tpaymuchattentiontoarrangingthechildren'sfuture,butcreatethe精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!bestconditionsfortheirchildrentogrowfreely.Theyonlyhopethattheirkidscanbecomepersonswhocanfacevariousdifficultiesandenvironments,andcanliveindependently.TheReasonsforDifferentFamilyEducationbetweenAmericaandChina7HistoricreasonTheUnitedStateisanationofimmigrantswithashorthistory,whereold-fashionedideasareseldompreserveandnewideasareacceptedeasilyanddevelopedunrestrictedlyundertheinfluenceofmulticulturalvalues.Ontheotherhand,Chinaisacountrywithalonghistorywherevaluesaremainlywithdrawn,conservativeandlacktheventuresomeandinnovativespiritsbecauseoftheinfluenceofoldrestraintsandsmall-scalepeasanteconomy.Inallages,thechildrenareconsideredtobeprovident,justliketheoldsaying"thegreatestdisobedientishavenooffspring".InChina,childrenareeverythingforparents.EconomicreasonWithalladvancedforce,aboomingeconomy,acornucopiaofemploymentopportunitiesandlightlivingstress,Americanpeoplehaveabroadrangeofchoicesandopencareers.Inthiscompetence-orientedsociety,parentsbelievethatalljobvocationsareequal.ButChinaisanacademic-orientedsocietywithabackwardeconomy.Inwhichliving精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!stressisheavy.Peopletendtoplacethehappinessoftheirwholelifeononevocation,soChineseparentsholdthatthebestwayoflifeistodowellinstudyandfindagoodjob.Asaresult,theobjectiveofeducationistoreceivehighereducationandholdanadvancedacademicdegree.Maybethiskindofeducationwillremaininalongtime.CulturaltraditionsDifferentliteraryresourcesAnykindofideaswillbeshowedbythecultureinaspecificform.Chinaisanorientalcountrywithalonghistory;itsdeepeducationalcultureincludestheelementsofexcellentfamilyeducation.Theseoutstandingthoughtsgobacktoancienttimes.AndConfucianismisakeyelementinChineseculture.SinceitsfoundationbyConfucius2000yearsago,ithasbeenattheoriginofsocialrulesandpersonalbehaviorinChina.AndthedoctrineofConfuciusandMenciusgiveadeepinfluenceonfamilyeducationinChina.TheAnalectsofConfuciusandMenciusastheConfucianclassichavehadadeeperimpactonChineselivesoveralongerperiodoftimethananyotherbookinhumanhistory.8Confuciushimselfhadasimplemoralteaching:toloveothers;tohonorone,sparents;todowhatisrightinsteadofwhatisofadvantage;topracticereciprocityand"don,tdotootherswhatyouwouldnotwantyourself".Theseareappliedinourfamilyeducationwidely.Inourcountry,manypatentsattachimportancetotheirchildren'seducation精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!environment.Theyalwayswanttosendtheirchildrentothetopqualityschoolsincethekindergarten.Incontrast,manyAmericanwritersintheliteraryworldwrotealotoffamousworksconcerningindependenceandequality,whichinfluencestheAmericanfamilyeducation.RalphWaldoEmersonisarepresentative.Hisspeechofthe"AmericanScholar"isconsideredtheDeclarationofIndependenceoftheintellects.Hegainsahighappraisalbecausehesaid"envyisignorance,thatimitationissuicide.Thathemusttakehimselfforbetter,forworse,ashisportionisonself-Reliance.Healsothoughthighlyofindependence.HethoughtthatthepeoplewhohadanindependenceideacouldsucceedastheGodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.AccordingtoEmerson,wecanseetherealsourceoftheindependenceinAmericanculture.DifferentvalueorientationsAmericanpeopleemphasizetheindividualinterestandselfachievement,whoseculturalcoreisman-oriented.Inthefamily,anindividualhasthehighestrightandisindependentofthefamilyrelationship.Soparentstreatthemselvesandtheirchildrenastwounattachedunits.Theyrespecttheirchildren'sinterestsandchoices,andencouragethemnottogiveuptheirownhobbies.Americanparentspaymoreattentiontoenjoyingtheirlivesandtheyoftengotocinemas,attendconcerts,godancing,orevendating.精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!Chinesepeopleareparticularaboutcommonnessthatthecollectiveinterestissuperiortotheindividual'hefamily,parentstreattheirchildrenastheextendingoftheirownvalues.Childrenarethewholecontentoftheirlifewhosefuturelifeisdesignedbytheirparentsinadvance.Thereforeinaccordwiththeirchildren'scompetence,Chineseparent'expectationistoohigh.9TheDifferentResultsoftheTwoKindsofFamilyEducationBecausetheconceptsandthemethodsoffamilyeducationaredifferent,theeducationalresultsshowsomeobviousdifferences.ResultsofAmericanfamilyeducationThechildrenandyouthintheUnitedStatesshowthefollowingcharacterswhentheyareyoung.Firstly,theirabilityofindependenceisverystrong.Theydonotdependontheirparentsorfamiliesfrom18yearsold.Theyoftendosomepart-timejobstosupplytheirconsumingrequirements.Evenmanystudentsfromrichfamiliesalsodopart-timejobs.Secondly,theyhavethecapabilitytoadapttothemarketeconomy.ThechildreninAmericabegintomanagethefinancewhentheyareyoung,whichletchildrendeeplyunderstandthatitisnoteasytoearnmoney,andhelpthemtoformagoodhabit.Thirdly,theyhavetheabilitiesadaptingtosocialenvironments,becausetheyhaveexperiencedthelifethroughtheirownwork.ManyteenagersinAmericaarenotafraidofbitternessandhavetheperseveranceofovercomingdifficulties.They精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!canfacedifficultiescalmlyandliveharmoniouslywithpeoplearoundthem;theyalsohavetheconfidenceandcourageofbeingindependentasamemberofthesociety.Thesequalitiesandskillsformthefoundationoftheirfuturedevelopment.ResultsofChinesefamilyeducationOnthecontrary,Chinesechildrenshowthefollowingcharacters.AlthoughtheirschoolworkisbetterthanthatofAmericanstudents,theycannotlivewellindependentlyforlackofindependentconsciousness.Theystronglyrelyonotherpeopleandarepassiveindoingthings.Atthesametime,theylacktheabilitiesadaptingtoenvironmentandfaceemergency.AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofthetwokindsofresultsMaybechildreninAmericanactmoreindependentthanthoseinChina,however,whatIwanttosayisthatChinesechildrenmaybeshowmorefilialobediencetotheirparentsthanthoseinAmerican.WecanwatchonTVmanytimesthattherearelotsofAmericanchildrenwhobeattheirparentsdrastically.Inmyopinion,itisjustbecause10Americanchildrenaretooindependentthattheydon'tthinktheyneedtheirparents'help,andthinklittleaboutthem.Onthecontrary,inChina,mostpeopletreattheirparentswell,andtakecareofthemwhentheygetold,forparentslookafteruswhenweareunderage18.EnlightenmentfromtheComparison精品文檔，知識(shí)共享!Theobjectivesofbothcountries'familyeducationputmorestressonthe“skilledpeople”than“qualifiedpeople’.Successfulfamilyeducationshouldbeacombinationofthesetwoofwhichtheprincipalobjectivesshouldbethelatter.Chinesefamilyeducationusuallyneglectschildren'ssubjectivewishes.Infamilyeducation,childrenarethemainbodyandeternalcauseofwhetherfamilyeducationobjectivecanberealized.Therefore,parentsshouldpaymoreattentiontochildren'swishes.Followingsaresomesuggestionsinthisregard:First,althoughchildrenaredependentontheirparents,theyareindependentindividualswhohaveindependentopinionsandunderstandings.Thebasicrequestsarethatparentsshouldlistenattentive