職通商務(wù)英語(yǔ)綜合教程教師參考書(shū)

GetGetageneralideaofWTO,APECandTimeClassSectionLead-Studentslearnaboutinternationalstrategicalliances,anddiscusssomeimportantquestionsrelatedtothetopic.TextAllowstudentsafewminutestogothroughTextAandfinishthecomprehensiontask.ExinthekeylanguageExtendedExercises2,3andTimeClassSectionLead-AllowstudentsafewminutestohaveaTextAllowstudentsafewminutestogothroughTextBandfinishthecomprehensiontask.ExinthekeylanguageExtendedExercises6andSectionExintheexercisesrelatedtoTextAandTextAskstudentstofinishthetranslationandreadingpracticerelatedtoTextAandTextB.SupplementaryAskstudentstodotheSupplementaryReadingafterExtendedExercises9andNontariffBarriersNTBsisaformofrestrictivetradewherebarrierstotradearesetupandtakeaformotherthanatariff.Nontariffbarriersincludequotas,levies,embargoes,sanctionsandotherrestrictions,andarefrequentlyusedbylargeanddevelopedeconomies.Nontariffbarriersareanotherwayforaneconomytocontroltheamountoftradethatitconductswithanothereconomy,eitherforselfishoraltruisticpurposes.Anybarriertotradewillcreateaneconomicloss,asitdoesnotallowmarketstofunctionproperly.Thelostrevenuesresultingfromthebarriertotradecanbecalledaneconomicloss.Non-tariffbarrierstotrade(NTBs)aretradebarriersthatrestrictimportsbutarenotintheusualformofatariff.SomecommonexamplesofNTB’sareanti-dummeasuresandcountervailingduties,which,althoughtheyarecalled“non-tariff”barriers,havetheeffectoftariffsoncetheyareenacted.TheirusehasrisensharplyaftertheWTOrulesledtoaverysignificantreductionintariffuse.Somenon-tarifftradebarriersareexpresslypermittedinverylimitedcircumstances,whentheyaredeemednecessarytoprotecthealth,safety,orsanitation,ortoprotectdelectablenaturalresources.TradeWhentwoormorecountriesforma tradearea,theydonothavetariffsthatarehomogeneouswithrespecttotherestoftheworld.Consequently,itispossibleforonecountrythentoimportallofacertaingoodthattheothercountrypreviouslyimported,onlytoturnaroundandtradeittoanothercountryinitstradearea.Thislowerstheamountofernmentrevenueintheconsumingcountryandcanleadtodecreasesinsurplus.PreferentialtreatmentissometimesviewedasreversePreferentialtreatmentisexclusivetopartnercountrieswhosignanFTA(TradeAgreement)witheachother,andreferstothereducedoreliminatedtariffratesofferedtoimportedgoodsoriginatingfromFTApartnercountries.PreferentialtreatmentisgrantedonareciprocalbasisundertheAFTA.OnlygoodsoriginatingfromFTApartnercountriesareeligibleforpreferentialtreatment.SuchgoodshavetosatisfytheROO(RulesofOrigin)stipulatedintheFTAinordertobeconsideredoriginating.TheROOtakeintoaccountwherethegoodswereproducedandwhatmaterialswereusedintheirproduction.ThisensuresthatonlygoodsoriginatingfromanFTApartnercountryandtradedbetweenFTApartnercountriesareentitledtopreferentialtarifftreatment.RulesofRulesoforiginarethecriterianeededtodeterminethenationalsourceofaproduct.Theirimportanceisderivedfromthefactthatdutiesandrestrictionsinseveralcasesdependuponthesourceofimports.Thereiswidevariationinthepracticeofernmentswithregardtotherulesoforigin.Whiletherequirementofsubstantialtransformationisuniversallyrecognized,some ernmentsapplythecriterionofchangeoftariffclassification,otherstheadvalorempercentagecriterionandyetothersthecriterionofmanufacturingorprocessingoperation.Inaglobalizingworldithas eevenmoreimportantthatadegreeofharmonizationisachievedinthesepracticesofMembersinimplementingsucharequirement.TheMERCOSURAccord,formalizedintheTreatyofAsuncionin1991,isanagreementamongArgentina,Brazil,Paraguay,andUruguay,toformacustomsunionwhichcombinestheeliminationofbarrierstointernaltradeamongmembercountrieswiththeadoptionofcommonexternaltradepoliciestowardnon-members.Tradedeflectionisnotanissueinacustomsunionsincemembercountriestreatnon-membersinauniformmanner(GriffinandPustay,2002).ThePartyStatesherebydecidetoestablishacommonmarket,whichshallbecalledthe“commonmarketofthesoutherncone”(MERCOSUR).Thiscommonmarketshallinvolve:(a)the movementofgoods,servicesandfactorsofproductionbetweencountriesthrough,interalia,theeliminationofcustomsdutiesandnon-tariffrestrictionsonthemovementofgoods,andanyotherequivalentmeasures;(b)theestablishmentofacommonexternaltariffandtheadoptionofacommontradeinrelationtothirdStatesorgroupsofStates,andtheco-ordinationofpositionsinregionalandinternationaleconomicandcommercialforums;(c)theco-ordinationofmacroeconomicandsectoredpoliciesbetweenthePartyStatesintheareasofforeigntrade,agriculture,industry,fiscalandmonetarymatters,foreignexchangeandcapital,services,customs,transportandcommunicationsandanyotherareasthatmaybeagreedupon,inordertoensurepropercompetitionbetweenthePartyStates;(d)thecommitmentbyPartyStatestoharmonizetheirlegislationintherelevantareasinordertostrengthentheintegrationprocess.LecturingLecturing InternationalStrategicAskstudentstoworkinpairsandFindthecorrespondingemblemsofEuropeanUnion,APEC,NAFTA,andWTO.youyoutospendlesstimeandmoneynewproductstoYournumberofsalespeoplewillincreasebecauseyou’recombiningwithbusiness.Youwon’thavespendtotimeandmoneyhiringnewYourmarketingandadvertisingbudgetwillincrease.Whenyouformastrategicalliancewithotherbusinessesyoubothwillsharetheadvertisingandmarketingcosts.Youcannowofferyourexistingcustomersmoreback-endandupsellproducts.Thiswillincreaseyoursalesandprofits.Yourbusinesswillgainalargernumberofskilledpeopleworkingonthesameproject.Youwillgaintheknowledgeoftheotherbusinessesemployees.Youwillbeabletobeatyourcompetitionbysellingtoalargertargetaudience.willalsoincreasethetotalnumberofexistingcustomersyoucansellyourproductsInformation1.Youcouldofferyourcustomersalargervarietyofproductsorservices.ThiswillservicesYoucanexchangeendorsementswithyouralliancepartners.You’lladdmorecredibilitytoyourbusinessandgainyourpotentialcustomerstrusttobuy.Youcanexpandyourbusinessmorerapidly.Youcandevelopnewproductsandservicesfasterwithalargerwork You’llbeabletosolveyourcustomer’sproblemsfasterwithalargerbaseofcustomerservicepeople.You’llalsolearnnewwaystoimproveyourcustomerservicefromyouralliancepartners.You’llhavealargernumberof“strategicthinking”people.Thiswillallowbothbusinessestocomeupwithprofitablebusinessideasquickerthanbefore.AskstudentstogothroughTextAandfinishthecomprehensiontask.Circulateandmakesurestudentsdonotturntoanydictionariesduringtheirreading.SuggestedSuggested yzesTextAandexinsthedifficultsentences Thecharacteristicofmostimportancetointernationalbusinessesistheextenteconomicintegrationamonganalliance’sHere“economicintegration”referstotradeunificationbetweendifferentstatesbythepartialorfullabolishingofcustomstariffsontradetakingcewithinthebordersofeachstate.Thisismeantinturntoleadtolowerpricesfordistributorsandconsumers(asnocustomsdutiesarepaidwithintheintegratedarea)egration:theactofcombiningintoanintegralwhole. EconomicintegrationisanirreversibleWeareallaffectedbyglobalThisisofutmostimportancebecauseitaffectsexportingandinvestmentopportunitiesavailabletofirmsfrommemberandnonmembercountries.Here“it”refersto“economicintegrationamonganalliance’smembers”,andtheadjectivephrase“availabletofirmsfrommemberandnonmembercountries”modifies“investmentandopportunities.e.g.:Laundryservicesareavailable.ThemanagerisavailableallAsaresult,membersof tradeareasareoftenvulnerabletotheproblemoftradedeflection,inwhichnonmembersreroute(ordeflect)theirexportstothemembernationswiththelowestexternaltradebarriers.結(jié)果，自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的成員國(guó)最易受迂回貿(mào)易的，因?yàn)橥浅蓡T國(guó)會(huì)改變（或迂回）Here“reroute”meansthatnon-membersfirstlyexporttheirgoodstothemembernationswiththelowestexternaltradebarriers,andthenreexporttothedestinedmembercountrywhosetradebarrierishigherthanothers.e.g.:Businessmencannotbevulnerabletotemptation. isvulnerabletothefinancialcrisis.Takingadvantageofthelatter’slowbarriers,nonmembersmaydeflecttheirCanada-destinedexportsbyfirstshipthegoodtotheUnitedStatesandthemreexportingitfromtheUnitedStatestoCanada.利用后者的低關(guān)稅，非成員國(guó)可以將它們最終出口目的地為的商品，首先運(yùn)往Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“nonmembersfirstshipthegoodtotheUnitedandthenexportthegoodsfromtheUnitedStatestothedestination—inordertotakeadvantageoftheUnitedStates’lowtakeadvantageof:takeusee.g.:ItneveroccurredtometotakeadvantageofhimtocarryoutthisWeshouldtakeadvantageofthischancetoenhancethebusinessrelationshipwith Topreventtradedeflectionfromdestroyingtheirmembers’tradepoliciestowardnonmembers,mosttradeagreementsspecifyrulesoforigin,whichdetailtheconditionsunderwhichagoodisclassifiedasamembergoodoranonmembergood.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Most tradeagreementsspecifyrulesoforigin,andintherulesoforigin,agoodisclassifiedasamembergoodoranonmembergood.”specify:makeanexpressdemandorprovisioninanagreement.e.g.:PleasespecifywhenyouwillbeintheofficeThefundwasspecifiedtoblueprintForexample,underNAFTArulesoforigin,mostgoodsqualifyforpreferentialtreatmentasaNorthAmericanproductonlyiftheyundergosubstantialprocessingorassemblyinMexico,Canada,ortheUnitedStates.比如，在自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定的原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則下，大部分的商品只有在墨西哥、或在美國(guó)大量生產(chǎn)或組裝才能享受產(chǎn)品待遇權(quán)。Thesubjectofthewholesentenceis“mostgoods”,andtheverbis“qualify”.“asaNorthAmericanproduct”isthemodifierof“preferentialtreatment”.“underNAFTArulesoforigin”,and“onlyiftheyundergosubstantialprocessingorassemblyinMexico,Canada,ortheUnitedStates”aretheadverbialofthesentence.substantial: Bothearned boughtasubstantialnumberofnew-Acustomsunioncombinestheeliminationofinternaltradebarriersamongitsmemberswiththeadoptionofcommonexternaltradepoliciestowardnonmembers.關(guān)稅通常把消除其成員國(guó)內(nèi)部的貿(mào)易壁壘與對(duì)非成員采用共同的對(duì)外貿(mào)易政策相結(jié)合。Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Toeliminatetheinternaltradebarriersamongitsmembers,acustomsusuallyadoptscommontradepoliciestowardnonmembers.adoption:theactofacceptingwithapproval;favorablereception. ThelistofbillstobeconsideredisheadedbythebillontheadoptionAllthisshouldprovideaspurtothewasteindustryandspeedtheadoptionofnewtechnology.Asinacustomsunion,membersofacommonmarketeliminateinternaltradeamongthemselvesandadoptacommonexternaltradetoward像關(guān)稅一樣，共同市場(chǎng)的成員國(guó)消除了內(nèi)部貿(mào)易壁壘，并對(duì)非成員國(guó)采用了共同的對(duì)Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas:Tomembersofacommonmarket,internaltradebarriersareeliminated.Buttononmembers,acommonexternaltradeisadopted.eliminate:terminateortakeout.e.g.:Letuseliminatealluncertaintiesonthought.Theirteamwaseliminatedinthefirstround.Productivitywithinthecommonmarketisexpectedtorisebecausefactorsofproductionaretolocatewherethereturnstothemarehighest.Here“factorsofproduction”referto“l(fā)abor,capital,andtechnology”.“Productivity”isameasureofoutputfromaproductionprocess,perunitofinput.Forexample,laborproductivityistypicallymeasuredastheratioofoutputtoinputperlabor-hour.beexpectedto:beconsideredlikelyorprobabletohappenorarrive.e.g.:Hecouldbeexpectedtorisetothechallenge.WhencanthegoodsorderedbeexpectedtocomeInadditiontoeliminatinginternaltradebarriers,adoptingcommonexternaltradepolicies,andabolishingrestrictionsonthemobilityoffactorsofproductionamongmembers,aneconomicunionrequiresitsmemberstocoordinatetheireconomicpolicies(monetary,fiscal,taxation,andsocialwelfareprograms)inordertoblendtheireconomiesintoasingleentity.的限制外，經(jīng)濟(jì)也要求其成員國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策（貨幣政策、財(cái)政政策、稅率政策、及社Here“eliminatinginternaltradebarriers”,“adoptingcommonexternaltradepolicies”,“abolishingrestrictionsonthemobilityoffactorsofproductionamongmembers”areparallelstructures.Althoughthisisalongsentence,themainstructureissimple:“aneconomicunionrequiresitsmemberstocoordinatetheireconomicpolicies.”blend:combineintoe.g.:Thoseproducts,drivenbyconsumerdemand,ostensiblycombineagoodblendoflowcostandhighvalue.Itliesintheblendofclear-headedmanagementandpowerfulmobility:thequalityofmovinge.g.:AprivatecargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofcomfortandAsuccessfulbusinessmanmusthavethequalityofVersion—TextA國(guó) 國(guó)際 在形式與功能上有很大的不同。國(guó)際易最重要的特征就是成員之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)融合程度。這是極重要的，因?yàn)樗绊懗蓡T國(guó)與非成員國(guó)公的出口與投資機(jī)會(huì)。國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)有五種形式：自貿(mào)易，關(guān)稅，共同市場(chǎng)，濟(jì)與政治。自由貿(mào)易區(qū)：自由貿(mào)易區(qū)通過(guò)在成員國(guó)內(nèi)部消除貿(mào)易壁壘（關(guān)稅、和非關(guān)稅壁壘）來(lái)促進(jìn)成員國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易。范例之一就是自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，減少了成員國(guó) 成員國(guó)的貿(mào)易政策。結(jié)果，自由貿(mào)易區(qū)的成員國(guó)最易受迂回貿(mào)易的，因?yàn)橥浅蓡T國(guó)會(huì)和來(lái)非成員國(guó)某一產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口，而則可能對(duì)非成員國(guó)同一產(chǎn)品的限制更少。利用后者的低關(guān)稅，非成員國(guó)可以將它們最終出口目的地為的商品，首先運(yùn)往然后再?gòu)娜纾谧杂少Q(mào)易協(xié)定的原產(chǎn)地原則下，大部分的商品只有在墨西哥、或在大量關(guān)稅：關(guān)稅通常把消除其成員國(guó)內(nèi)部的貿(mào)易壁壘與對(duì)非成員采用共同的對(duì)外貿(mào)易公司將出口商品到任何一個(gè)關(guān)稅的成員國(guó)，所付關(guān)稅是相同的。南方共同市場(chǎng)就是該經(jīng)濟(jì)：經(jīng)濟(jì)是代表了兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)國(guó)家以上的經(jīng)濟(jì)的完全的融合。除了消除內(nèi)部貿(mào)易壁壘，采取共同的對(duì)外貿(mào)易政策，取消成員國(guó)之間的生產(chǎn)要素自由流動(dòng)的限制外，經(jīng)濟(jì)政治：政治是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上國(guó)家的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面融合，最終成為一個(gè)國(guó)家。政治的實(shí)例之一是13個(gè)獨(dú)立的州在條款下完全融合形成一個(gè)新的國(guó)家——美利 EuropeanAskstudentstolistentotherecordingandfillintheTextAskstudentstogothroughTextBandfinishthecomprehensiontask.Circulateandmakesurestudentsdonotturntoanydictionariesduringtheirreading.SuggestedF.F7.Suggested歐盟理事會(huì) 年設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)造，在二十世紀(jì)八十年代先后被歐盟和歐共體采用。十二顆星 TeacheryzesTextBandexinsthedifficultsentences Committedtoregionalintegration,theEUwasestablishedbytheTreatyofMaastrichtin1993uponthefoundationsoftheEuropeanCommunities.歐盟致力于區(qū)域，以歐洲為前身，以1993年條約的簽訂TreatyofMaastrichtwassignedon7February1992bythemembersoftheEuropeanCommunityinMaastricht,theNetherlands.On9-10December1991,thesamecityhostedtheEuropeanCouncilwhichdraftedthetreaty.Uponitsentryinto on1November1993duringtheDelorsCommission,itcreatedtheEuropeanUnionandledtothecreationofthesingleEuropeancurrency,themittedto:devotede.g.:TheiscommittedtonewproductOncepeoplehavecommittedtoapurchase,persuadingthemtobuymore easierasonefootisalreadyinthedoor.TheEUhasdevelopedasinglemarketthroughastandardizedsystemoflawswhichapplyinallmemberstates,andensuresthe movementofpeople,goods,services,andcapital,includingtheabolitionofpassportcontrolsbytheSchengenAgreementbetween22EUstates.歐盟已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)適用于所有成員國(guó)的有著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的單一市場(chǎng)，并確保人員、商品、服務(wù)和資本的自由流通，也包括取消歐盟22個(gè)成員國(guó)之間由申根協(xié)議而制定的護(hù)照限制。TheSchengenAgreementisatreatysignedon14June1985nearthetownofSchengeninLuxembourg,betweenfiveofthetenmemberstatesoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunity.ItwassupplementedbytheConventionimplementingtheSchengenAgreement5yearslater.TogetherthesestreatiescreatedEurope’sborderlessSchengenstandardized:broughtintoconformitywithastandard.e.g.:Thedateshouldbestandardized.ThestandardizedfittingscanbeemployedAsalegal alitytheEUisabletoconcludetreatieswithcountriesandenactslegislationinjusticeandhomeaffairs. ality(alsoartificial ality,juridical ality,andjuristicality)isthecharacteristicofanon-humanentityregardedbylawtohavetheofa .Alegal hasrights,protections,privileges,responsibilities,andliabilitiesunderlaw,justasnatural s(humans)do.legislation:lawenactedbyalegislativee.g.:ThecommitteeproposedthatnewlegislationshouldbeTheernmentwillintroducelegislationtorestrictthesaleofThelastamendmenttotheconstitutionalbasisoftheEUcameinto in2009andwastheLisbonTreaty,byvirtueofwhichtheCharterofFundamentalRightsoftheEuropeanUnionwaselevatedtolegallybindingstatus.TheTreatyofLisbon(initiallyknownastheReformTreaty)isaninternationalagreementthatamendsthetreatieserningtheEuropeanUnion(EU).TheLisbonTreatywassignedbytheEUmemberstateson13December2007,andenteredinto on1December2009.ItamendstheTreatyonEuropeanUnion(morecommonlyknownastheMaastrichtTreaty)andtheTreatyestablishingtheEuropeanCommunity(theTreatyofRome).Inthisprocess,theRomeTreatywasrenamedtotheTreatyontheFunctioningoftheEuropeanUnion(TFEU).byvirtueof:bythise.g.:ByvirtueofsenseofresponsibilitytheemployeesworkedHewasexemptfromchargesbyvirtueofhisTheinstitutionsoftheEUoperatesolelywithinthosecompetenciesconferredonituponthetreatiesandaccordingtotheprincipleofsubsidiary(whichdictatesthatactionbytheEUshouldonlybetakenwhereanobjectivecannotbesufficientlyachievedbythememberstatesalone).TheTreatiesoftheEuropeanUnionareasetofinternationaltreatiesbetweentheEuropeanUnion(EU)memberstateswhichsetsouttheEU’sconstitutionalbasis.TheyestablishthevariousEUinstitutionstogetherwiththeirremit,proceduresandobjectives.TheEUcanonlyactwithinthepowersgrantedtoitthroughthesetreatiesandamendmenttothetreatiesrequiresagreementandratificationofeverysinglesignatory.subsidiary:a thatiscomple ycontrolledbyanother .e.g.:MostofthegroupprofitiscontributedbythesubsidiaryintheFarEast.Alackofcorporateinteresthasmadethesubsidiaryanorphan.TheinterpretationandtheapplicationofEUlawandthetreatiesareensuredbytheCourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion.TheCourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnionistheinstitutionoftheEuropeanUnion(EU) passesthewholejudiciary.SeatedinLuxembourg,ithasthreesub-courts;theEuropeanCourtofJustice,theGeneralCourtandtheCivilServiceTribunal.Sinceitsorigin,theEUhasestablishedasingleeconomicmarketacrosstheterritoryofallitsmembers.TheEuro-zone,officiallytheeuroarea,isaneconomicandmonetaryunion(EMU)of16EuropeanUnion(EU)memberstateswhichhaveadoptedtheeurocurrencyastheirsolelegaltender.ItcurrentlyconsistsofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,theNetherlands,Portugal,Slovakia,SloveniaandSpain.Eight(notincludingSweden,whichhasadefactooptout)otherstatesareobligedtojointhezoneoncetheyfulfillthestrictentrycriteria.origin:thecewheresomethingbegins,whereitspringsintobeing. ThesocialunresthasitsoriginineconomicEveryproblem isfacingmighthaveasource,theinitialIfconsideredasasingleeconomy,theEUgeneratedanestimatednominalgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofUS$16.45trillionin2009,amountingtoover21%oftheworld’stotaleconomicoutputintermsofpurchasingpowerparity,whichmakesitthelargesteconomyintheworldbynominalGDPandthesecondlargesttradebloceconomyinthe如果視為一個(gè)單一經(jīng)濟(jì)體，估計(jì)歐盟2009年生產(chǎn)的名義上的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）16.45兆億，就力而言，占世界整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出的21%還多，這使得它按名義國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值計(jì)算成為世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體和世界第二大貿(mào)易。Purchasingpowerparity(PPP)isatheorywhichstatesthatexchangeratesbetweencurrenciesareinequilibriumwhentheirpurchasingpoweristhesameineachofthetwocountries.Thismeansthattheexchangeratebetweentwocountriesshouldequaltheratioofthetwocountries’pricelevelofafixedbasketofgoodsandservices.Whenacountry’sdomesticpricelevelisincreasing(i.e.,acountryexperiencesinflation),thatcountry’sexchangeratemustdepreciatedinordertoreturntoPPP.nominal:relatingtoorconstitutingorbearingorgivingae.g.:Themanagingdirectorhasthenominalpowerbutheisapapertigeranditishisassistantwhoactuallyrunsthe ThechairmanisonlythenominalruleroftheVersion—Text歐盟是一個(gè)由27個(gè)成員國(guó)組成的經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治的，7個(gè)成員國(guó)主要位于歐洲大陸歐盟致力于區(qū)域，以歐洲為前身，以1993年條約的簽訂而成立。歐盟居民超過(guò)五億，200年，歐盟的估計(jì)力平價(jià)大約占世界生產(chǎn)總值的21%（約億。歐盟已經(jīng)形成了一個(gè)用于所有成員國(guó)有著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的單一市場(chǎng)，確保人員商品、服務(wù)和資本的自由流通，也包括取消歐盟22個(gè)成員國(guó)之間由申根協(xié)議而制定的護(hù)照限制。歐盟在貿(mào)易、農(nóng)業(yè)、漁業(yè)和區(qū)域發(fā)展上保持共同政策。十六個(gè)成員國(guó)已經(jīng)使用共同貨幣安全政策，因此界定了整個(gè)歐洲的防御與政策。歐盟的常駐使團(tuán)遍布全世界，并在世 歐盟的可以追溯到年六國(guó)組成的歐洲煤鋼和同樣由這六國(guó)組成的羅馬條約。從那時(shí)以后，它的發(fā)展規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,力量也隨著政策的影響而發(fā)展壯大。歐盟基礎(chǔ)的最后修訂是2009年生效的里斯本條約，由此歐盟基本權(quán)利上升到具有法律約束力的地位。歐盟成員國(guó)從最初的六個(gè)——比利時(shí)、法國(guó)、西德、意大利、盧森堡、荷蘭——現(xiàn)已成（目標(biāo)無(wú)法單獨(dú)有效完成的情況下,才能采取行動(dòng)）。由歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)制定的法律形式各異，主要是從建立之初歐盟已經(jīng)其成員所在的上建立一個(gè)單一的濟(jì)市場(chǎng)。前由成員國(guó)組成的歐元區(qū)全部使用單一的貨幣。如果視為一個(gè)單一經(jīng)濟(jì)體，估計(jì)歐盟2009年產(chǎn)生的名義上的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）16.45兆億，就力而言占世界整經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出的21%多，這使得它按名義國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值計(jì)算成為世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體和世界第二大貿(mào)易。同樣它是世界上最大商品和服務(wù)的地，也是幾個(gè)中國(guó)和等大國(guó)最大的貿(mào)易伙伴。世界收益最高的公司（世界強(qiáng)）中有161個(gè)總部設(shè)到七千不等。歐盟占世界生產(chǎn)總值的穩(wěn)定在大約五分之一。促成增長(zhǎng)的原因既有 WTO,NAFTAandAskstudentstoreadthesupplementarymaterialtogetmoreinformationrelatedtotheunittopic.

世界貿(mào)易組織（WordTraerganzatio，WT）是負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督成員經(jīng)濟(jì)體間各種貿(mào)易協(xié)議得到執(zhí)行的一個(gè)國(guó)際組織，以1995年馬拉協(xié)定簽訂為成立標(biāo)志，前身是1948年成立的關(guān)及貿(mào)總協(xié)的處（eealgeementnTarfsadTae，GTT）。世界貿(mào)易組織是多邊易體制的法基礎(chǔ)和組織礎(chǔ)，是多貿(mào)易協(xié)定的管者，是各成貿(mào)易法的監(jiān)督者，是就貿(mào)易行談判和解決爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所是當(dāng)代最重要的國(guó)際經(jīng)組織之一。世貿(mào)總部位于日內(nèi)瓦，現(xiàn)干事是 ，總部現(xiàn)有 名員工。 年月日，塔克斯成為界貿(mào)組織的個(gè)成員國(guó)。亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織（aacifccnoicCoeration，PC，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織或亞太經(jīng)合組織）始設(shè)于，現(xiàn)有21個(gè)成員經(jīng)濟(jì)體，是亞太區(qū)內(nèi)各地區(qū)之間促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)成長(zhǎng)、合作貿(mào)易、投資的，亞太經(jīng)組的目標(biāo)是為本地區(qū)民的共同利益0%，占世界GDP總產(chǎn)值的54%及世界貿(mào)易的44%。APEC成員國(guó)每年舉行一次非正式會(huì)議，會(huì)議召開(kāi)的地點(diǎn)輪流安排在各個(gè)成員國(guó)，該會(huì)議有一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)就是選哪個(gè)國(guó)家召開(kāi)會(huì)議全體就穿上會(huì)議舉辦國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)服飾。自貿(mào)易議Nthercan Taegeeme，NFTA)是、及墨西哥在簽署了關(guān)于三間面貿(mào)的協(xié)議該議于起生效。該協(xié)議有兩個(gè)補(bǔ)充協(xié)議，分別是《環(huán)境合作協(xié)定》和《勞工合作協(xié)議》。ResourceResourceNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationTheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationorNATO,alsocalledthe“(North)AtlanticAlliance”,isaninterernmentalmilitaryalliancebasedontheNorthAtlanticTreatywhichwassignedon4April1949.TheNATOheadquartersareinBrussels,Belgium,andtheorganizationconstitutesasystemofcollectivedefensewherebyitsmemberstatesagreetomutualdefenseinresponsetoanattackbyanyexternalparty.TheLatinAmericanEconomicSystem,officiallyknownasSistemaEconómicoLatinoamericano(SELA),isanorganizationfoundedin1975topromoteeconomiccooperationandsocialdevelopmentbetweenLatinAmericancountries.Intheearly1990s,itsrepresentativesconsistedofmembersfrom27countriesandtookpartintheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)negotiations,whichledtoanewglobalagreementonrestrictionsontradeandestablishedtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).TheLatinAmericanCouncilrepresentsSELA’s-makingbodyandmeetsonceayear.Themainadministrativebodyisthesecretariat,locatedinCaracas,Venezuela.SELAhopesto:restructureinternationalcommerceinbasiccommoditiesinordertoraisedevelostates’exportvalues,improvetradeconditions,stimulateindustrialdevelopment,controlforeign-basedtransnationalcorporations,createLatinAmericanmultinationalcompanieswhichwillusetobetteradvantagethehuman,technological,andfinancialresourcesofthearea,sponsororganizationstoprocessandmarketrawmaterials,improvethenegotiatingpowerofthememberstates,andnjointeconomicstrategies.AfricanUnionThe(abbreviatedAUinEnglishandUAinitsotherofficiallanguages)isan ernmentalorganizationconsistingof53Africanstates.TheonlyAfricanstatenotintheAUisMorocco.Establishedon9July2002,theAUwasformedasasuccessortotheOrganizationofAfricanUnity(OAU).ThemostimportantdecisionsoftheAUaremadebytheAssemblyoftheAfricanUnion,asemi-annualmeetingoftheheadsofstateandernmentofitsmemberstates.TheAU’ssecretariat,theAfricanUnionCommission,isbasedinAddisAbaba,AmongtheobjectivesoftheAU’sleadinginstitutionsare:toacceleratethepoliticalandsocio-economicintegrationofthecontinent;topromoteanddefendAfricancommonpositionsonissuesofinteresttothecontinentanditspeoples;toachievepeaceandsecurityinAfrica;andtopromotedemocraticinst