翻譯真題及心得401分mti2011a卷

2011年入學(xué)考試初試試題（A 科目代碼 科目名稱 翻譯英 滿分 注意:I.VocabularyandStructureDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasanunderlinedwordorphrase.BeloweachsentencearefourotherwordsorphrasesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YouaretochoosetheONEwordorphrasewhich,ifsubstitutedfortheunderlinedwordorphrase,wouldhestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentence. IntheMesozoicperiod,theupwardthrustofgreatrockmassescreatedtheRockyMountainandtheA) B)C) D) Theambassadorwasgiventhebookasatokenoftheernment'sregardforA)an B)aC)a D)an GrandmaMoses,apopularpainter,spentherlifeinatranquillittlefarmingA)a B)aC)a D)a TheflowerbudofawaterlilyopensatsunsetsinceitsopeningistriggeredbythedecreasedA) B)C)set D) UltimaypeoplerelyonsciencetogainanunderstandingofbiologicalA)Inthefinal C) Alegendisapopularstoryrootedinhistory,butwhichhasbeenelaboratedbeing B)C) D)7.Therepresentativewasaskedtoverifyhisearlier B)C) D)8.Thenursingvocation,asweknowittoday,cameintobeingatthebeginningofthisA) B) psychologyD)Inordertomaintainphysicalwellbeing, shouldeatwholesomefoodandgetsufficient B) unbearableD)Becauseitwithstandstheeffectsofhightemperatures,rheniumisavaluableingredientincertain B)C) D)IntheancientcivilizationofGreeceandRome,thunderwasbelievedtobeamanifestationofthewrathofthegods. B) C) D)Iwasso inmybookthatIdidn'thearthedoorbell B)C) D)Whenhewasastudent,hisfathergavehimamonthly tocoverhis B) D)ProfessorSmithandProfessorBrownwill ingivingtheclass B)alternateD)Theoxygenequipmentmadeitpossiblefortheclimberstorestandsleepatveryhigh B)C) D) designedB)C)resignedD)We Edison'ssuccesstohis ligenceandhard B)C) D)Idon'treallyknowFrankallthat He'sjusta(n) B)C) D)Even30yearslater,hestill thememoryofhishappyandcare- childhoodspentinthatsmallwoodenhouseofhisgrandparents'. B)C) D)Peoplewhorefuseto withthelawwillbe B)C) D)Petrolismanufacturedfromthe oilwetakeoutofthe B)C) D) thisis attempttodiscredittheira B)aC)an D)aThecookedmealsconsistofmeat,vegetables,andsometimes whichareallarrangedonametal B)C) D)Methodsofearlycancer havebeenimprovedduringthepastquarter B)C) D)Thewomanpeeredthroughthewindowglass,tryingto whowasstandingmotionlessunderthedimlight. B)C) D)Beforemovingtoanothercity,Brenda ofthehouseandthe B)C) D)Thatbooklookslikeanadvanced textto B)C) D)Sheonceagainwentthroughhercompositioncarefullyto allspellingmistakesfrom B)C) D)ThetutorialsystematOxfordandCambridgeisthe -ofmanylousyB)C) D)IssacNewtonmadenoeffortto hisdiscoveriesortogatherfameorrewardbypublishing B)C) D)II.ReadingPartOne:Thereare3passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagesandthendecideonthebestchoice.(30%)PassageNathanielHawthorne’swritingsarenoteworthyfortheirperceptiveexplorationofthehiddenmotivationsbehindthepuritanAmericanheritage.Likemanyauthorsofhistime,hefacedgreatdifficultiesmakingalivingashiswritingswerenotfinanciallylucrative.Inpart,hisfinancialstatuswithinthecommunitysignificantlycontributedtowardstheunderlyingmessageinhisworks.Thepowerfulinfluenceofthereligiouscommunityoneconomicaffairsofthedayordainedthatmostrespectedandhighlycompensatedcallingswerethosethatdemonstratedstrictphysicaldiscipline.Asfictionwritingdidnotfitwithinthoseguidelines,theyoungauthorfoundhimselftornbetweenthecontraryneedsofhisfamilyandthoseofhis icaspirations.Theresultingtensionsareyedoutinthethemesofhisstories.Inthesensethathiswritingsdescribedthesubtlemotivationsbehindhumanbehaviorasguiltandanxietyresultingfromthesinsperpetratedagainsthumanity,headheredtothesamemoresashisPuritanpredecessors.Hedifferedfromtheminthathesawthepotentialconsequencesofalldecisionsresultingineitherthechancepossibilityofregenerationorsomeformofhumiliatingpunishment.Thiselementofambiguityinhisworksrandirectlycountertothethoughtsofhisfundamentalistcontemporarieswhobelievedthatallactions,andtheirconsequences,wereAshechoseanallegoricalstyle,hisshortstorieswereoftensituatedinfantasticsettingswithunlikelycharacters.ItwasnotunusualforSatantoappearinhisnarrativesdisguisedinhumanformbutpossessingsomedefiningcharacteristicsuchasclovenhoovesandatail.Whatmarksthesetalesasuniquetotheauthor’spositionistheirsuggestionthattheremaybecontradictorymeaningsbehindtheactionsoffigureswhichinitiallyappeartobecastintransparentroles.Hisclassicnovel,TheScarletLetter(1850),concernedacaseofadulteryinPuritanpartner.ThemoralambivalenceinherentintheplotoftheworkisrepresentativeofthethemesfoundthroughoutHawthorne’swriting.WhatisthemaintopicoftheThewritingsofNathanielThemotivationsofNathanielThelifeofNawthorneTherelationshipbetweenHawthorneandItcanbeinferredthatthemost inthesociallifeofHawthorne’stie Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwaywereHawthorne’sbeliefssimilartotheTheyattributedguilttoTheysawallactionsasTheysawmotivationsarisingfromTheyallowedformoralAllofthefollowingarementionedasimagesfromHawthorne’sstoriesEXCEPT HesterTheScarletLettermayconcernallofthefollowingthemesEXCEPT PassageOneofthemostinfluentialpositionsregardingthenatureofpsychologyandhowitcanbeappliedtoeducationisexemplifiedbytheworkofB.F.Skinner.Skinner’ssystemprobablyrepresentsthemostcompleteandsystematicstatementoftheassociationist,behaviorist,environmentalist,anddeterministpositioninpsychologytoday.Becauseofhispreoccupationwithstrictscientificcontrols,Skinnerhasperformedmostofhisexperimentswithloweranimals---principallythepigeonandthewhiterat.Hedevelopedwhat eknownasthe“Skinnerbox”asasuitabledeviceforanimalstudy.Typically,aratiscedinaclosedboxwhichcontainsonlyaleverandafooddispenser.Whentheratpressestheleverundertheconditionsestablishedbytheexperimenter,afoodpelletdropsintothefoodtray,thusrewardingtherat.Oncetherathasacquiredthisresponse,theexperimentercanbringtherat’sbehaviorunderthecontrolofavarietyofstimulusconditions.Furthermore,behaviorcanbegraduallymodifiedorshapeduntilnewresponsesnotordinarilyintherat’sbehavioralrepertoryappear.SuccessintheseendeavorshasledSkinnertobelievethatthelawoflearningappliestoallorganisms.Inschoolthebehaviorofpupilsmaybeshapedbycarefulsequencingofmaterialsandbythepresentationofappropriaterewardsorreins.Programmedlearningandteachingmachinesarethemostappropriatemeansof plishingschoollearning.Whatiscommontoman,pigeons,andratsisaworldinwhichcertaincontingenciesreinmentsprevail.Skinnerestablishedhimselfasoneofthecountry’slearningbehavioristswiththepublicationofhisBehaviorofOrganismsin1938.AlthoughobviouslyinfluencedbyWatson’sbehaviorism,Skinner’ssystemappearstofollowprimarilyfromtheworkofPavlovandThorndike.UnlikesomeotherfollowersofWatson,whostudiedbehaviorinordertounderstandthe“workingsofthemind,”Skinnerrestrictedhimselftothestudyofovertormeasurablebehavior.Withoutdenyingeithermentalorphysiologicalprocesses,hefindsthatastudyofbehaviordoesnotdependonconclusionsaboutwhatisgoingoninsidetheorganism.Everyscience,hepointsout,haslookedforcausesofactioninsidethethingsithasstudied.Althoughthepracticehasprovedusefulattimes,theproblemisthateventswhicharelocatedinsideasystemarelikelytobedifficulttoobserve.Weareinclinedtoprovideinnerexnationswithoutjustificationandinventcauseswithoutfearofcontradiction.Itisespeciallytemptingtoattributehumanbehaviortothebehaviorofsomeinneragent.Becausewehaveforsolonglookedinsidetheorganismforanneglectedthevariableswhichareimmediayavailableforascientificysis.Thesevariableslieoutsidetheorganism.Theyarefoundinitsimmediateenvironmentorinitsenvironmentalhistory.Manyofthevariablesorstimuliaremeasurableandcontrollableand,consequently,theymakeitpossibletoexinbehaviorasothersubjectsareexinedinscience.Itisevidentthatthemethodsofsciencehavebeenhighlysuccessful.Skinnerbelievesthatthemethodsofscienceshouldbeappliedtothefieldofhumanaffairs.Weareallcontrolledbytheworld,partofwhichisconstructedbymen.Isthiscontroltooccurbyaccident,bytyrants,orbyourselves?Ascientificsocietyshouldrejectaccidentalmanipulation.Heassertsthataspecificnisneededtopromotefullythedevelopmentofmanandsociety.Wecannotmakewisedecisionsifwecontinuetopretendthatwearenotcontrolled.AsSkinnerpointsout,thepossibilityofbehavioralcontrolisoffensivetomanypeople.Wehavetraditionallyregardedmanasaagentwhosebehavioroccursbyvirtueofspontaneousinnerchanges.Wearereluctanttoabandontheinternal“will”whichmakespredictionandcontrolofbehaviorimpossible.Accordingtothepassage,Skinnerwouldagreewitheachofthefollowingstatements BehaviorswenormallyexhibitarenottheonlyoneswearecapableRatsandpigeonsareappropriateanimalsforbehavioralTheconceptofbehavioralcontrolhaspopular mentswillaffectlearninginTheauthorimpliesthatSkinnerfeelsthatthescientificprocedureheadvocatesmightbeeffectiveas apoliticalawaytounderstandthehumanan nationofthecausesofameansfor cingteacherswithWhichofthefollowingstatementswouldmostappropria ycontinuetheparagraphattheendofthepassage?TheoffensivequalitiesofSkinner’stheorymakeseriousattentiontoitalmostButthescientificmethodshasshownusthatbehaviorcanbepredicted;soweareinaAndsoSkinner’stheoryis cedbythemorerationalvoiceofpopularSkinnersimplydeniestheexistenceof alityWhichofthefollowingstatementswouldweakenSkinner’stheoryasdescribedbytheSkinner’sexperimentsarealwayscarefulandThenumberofratsandpigeonsavailableforresearchisCertainhumantraitsaresimilartothoseofratsandModerntechnologyhasdiscoveredmethodsofmeasuringtheinternalworkingsoftheWhatcanyouinferaboutWatson’sItwasidenticaltoSkinner’sIthaspartiallyinfluencedSkinner’sItprecededandpreemptedSkinner’sIthasfocusedontheinnerworkingsofthePassageThenewurbanclassemergedfromasocietythathadheretoforebeenalmostexclusivelyagrarian.Thetowndwellersweredrawnprimarilyfromthewealthierpeasantrybutalsoincludedvagabonds,runawayserfs,ambitiousyoungeroffspringofthelessernobility,andingeneral,thesurplusofamushroomingpopulation.Atanearlydatetradesbegantoformthemselvesintomerchantguildstoprotectthemselvesagainstexorbitanttollsandotherexactionsleviedbythelandedaristocracy.Atownwasalmostalwayssituatedontheterritoriesofsomelord---baron,bishop,count,duke,orking.Andthemerchantsfoundthatonlybycollectiveactioncouldtheywintheprivilegesessentialtotheircalling: aldomfromservilestatus,domofowntownproperty,tobejudgedbythetowncourtratherthanthelord’scourt,toexecutecommercialcontracts,andtobuyandsellly.Bythetwelfthcentury,lordswereissuingcharterstotheirtownsthatguaranteedmanyoralloftheseprivileges.Somelordsweredtodosoinresponsetourbanriotsandrevolts,othersdidsovoluntarily,recognizingtheeconomicadvantagesofhavingflourishingcommercialcentersintheirterritories.Indeed,somefarsightedlordsbeganfoundingandcharteringnewtownsontheirowninitiative,layingoutstreetsonagridironnwithinthenewwalls,andattractingcommercialsettlersbyofferinggenerousprivileges.Thefirsturbanchartersvariedgreatlyfromoneanother,butintimeitbecamecommontopatternthemaftercertainwell-knownmodels.TheprivilegesenjoyedbytheburghersofNewcastle-on-TyneunderKingHenryIofEngland,andthechartergrantedbytheFrenchkingLouisVItothecommunityofLarris,werecopiedrepeatedlythroughoutEnglandandFrance. ernment,itsowncourt,itsowntax-collectingagencies,anditsowncustoms.Theseurbancommunespaidwellfortheircharters torenderregulartaxestotheir -andthisisall-important---theydidsoaspoliticalunits.Individualmerchan theharassmentsoftheirlord’sagents.Townspeopleendtheirownlawintheirowncourts,collectedtheirowntaxes,andpaidtheirduestotheirlordinalumpsum.Inshort,theyhadwontheinvaluableprivilegeofhandlingtheirownaffairs.Oneshouldnotconclude,however,thatthemedievaltownswereevenremoydemocratic.Itwastheprosperousmerchantsandmastercraftsmenwhoprofitedchieflyfromthecharters,anditwastheywhocametocontrolthetwoernments,rulingasnarrowoligarchiesoverthetowns’lessexaltedinhabitants.Sometownswitnessedthebeginningsofasignificantsplitbetweenlarge-scaleproducersandwage-earningworkers.Indeed,themedievaltownwasthebirthceofEuropeancapitalism.Forastimesprogressedtownstendedto ecentersofindustryaswellascommerce.M rade.Andalthoughmostindustrialproductiontookmanufacturersemployedconsiderablenumbersofworkerstoproducegoods,usuallytextiles,onalargescale.Normally,theseworkersdidnotlaborinafactorybutinsteadworkedintheirownshopsorhomes.Sincetheentrepreneursentrawmaterialsouttotheworkers,ratherthanbringingtheworkerstothematerials,thismodeofproductionhasbeencalledthe“putting-outsystem.”Asadirectantecedentofthefactorysystem,itwasacrucialphaseintheearlyhistoryofcapitalism.Accordingtothepassage,thelargestportionofthepopulationofanearlytownwaslikelytobed