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原位內(nèi)生NiAl-Al2O3-TiC的高溫磨損特性Abstract:
Thepresentstudywasconductedtoinvestigatehightemperaturewearpropertiesofin-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Thecompositewaspreparedthroughin-situreactionsynthesisfromelementalpowdersofNi,Al,TiandAl2O3.ThecharacterizationofthecompositewascarriedoutbyXRD,SEMandEDSanalysis.Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedusingapin-on-discapparatusattemperaturesrangingfrom400to900°Cunderaconstantloadof40N.
Theresultsindicatedthatthecompositeexhibitedexcellentwearresistanceathightemperatures.Thewearrateincreasedsignificantlywiththeincreaseintemperaturefrom400to600°C,afterwhichitremainedalmostconstantupto900°C.ThesurfacemorphologyofthewornsampleswasexaminedbySEM,whichrevealedthatsignificantplasticdeformationandmicrocrackswerethedominantwearmechanismsathightemperatures.TheEDSanalysisindicatedtheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces,whicheffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.
Keywords:in-situsynthesis;NiAl-Al2O3-TiC;hightemperaturewear;protectiveoxidelayer;wearmechanism.
1.Introduction
Thedevelopmentofhightemperaturematerialshasbecomeakeychallengeinthefieldofadvancedmaterialsduetotheever-increasingdemandforimprovedperformanceandefficiencyofhigh-temperaturecomponentsinvariousindustrialapplicationssuchasaerospace,powergeneration,andtransportation[1-3].Inthisregard,theuseofceramic-reinforcedmetalmatrixcomposites(MMC)hasbeenwidelyexploredasaneffectivestrategytoenhancethehightemperaturestrengthandwearresistanceofmetallicmaterials[4,5].
AmongvariousMMCs,NiAl-basedcompositeshaveshownsignificantpotentialinhightemperatureapplicationsduetotheiruniquecombinationoflowdensity,highspecificmodulus,excellentoxidationresistance,andgoodinterfacialbondingwithceramicreinforcements[6-8].However,thelimitedductilityandtoughnessofNiAlposeamajorchallengeinthefabricationandprocessingofthesecomposites[9,10].Toovercomethisissue,theincorporationofceramicreinforcementssuchasAl2O3andTiChasbeenproposedtoimprovethetoughnessandwearresistanceofNiAl-basedcomposites[11,12].
Inrecentyears,in-situreactionsynthesishasemergedasapromisingmethodtofabricateMMCswithimprovedproperties[13-15].Inthismethod,theceramicreinforcementissynthesizedinsitubyachemicalreactionbetweentheprecursormetalpowdersandasuitableoxideunderhightemperatureandpressureconditions.Thisprocessnotonlyfacilitatestheuniformdistributionofceramicparticlesbutalsoimprovestheinterfacialbondingbetweentheceramicandmetallicphases[16,17].
Inthisstudy,wesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeviain-situreactionsynthesisandinvestigateditshightemperaturewearbehavior.Theaimofthisworkwastoevaluatetheeffectoftemperatureonthewearrateandwearmechanismofthecompositeandtounderstandtheroleofprotectiveoxidescalesinimprovingthehigh-temperaturewearresistance.
2.ExperimentalProcedures
2.1Materials
TherawmaterialsusedinthisstudywereNi,Al,TiandAl2O3powderswithpurityof99.9%.TheaverageparticlesizesofNi,Al,TiandAl2O3powderswere50,30,10and5μm,respectively.
2.2SynthesisofNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite
TheNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositewassynthesizedviain-situreactionsynthesismethod.Thesynthesiswascarriedoutinahigh-energyballmillingsystem(FritschPulveriset6)underargonatmosphere.Themillingprocesswasperformedfor8hwithaballtopowderweightratioof10:1atarotationspeedof500rpm.Thesynthesizedpowderwassubsequentlyheattreatedinatubefurnaceunderflowingargonatmosphere.Theheatingratewasmaintainedat10°C/minupto1100°Candthepowderwaskeptatthistemperaturefor2htopromotethechemicalreaction.Thesynthesizedpowderwasthencooleddowntoroomtemperatureatacoolingrateof20°C/min.
2.3Characterization
ThesynthesizedpowderwascharacterizedbyX-raydiffraction(XRD)usingaBrukerD8ADVANCEdiffractometerwithCuKαradiation(λ=1.5418?)atascanrateof0.01°/s.Themicrostructureofthecompositewasobservedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)usingaJEOLJSM-6335Fscanningelectronmicroscope.Thecompositionofthecompositewasanalyzedbyenergydispersivespectroscopy(EDS)usinganOxfordInstrumentsX-Maxenergydispersivespectrometer.
2.4Weartesting
Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedusingapin-on-discapparatus(Ducom,India)attemperaturesrangingfrom400to900°Cunderaconstantloadof40N.Thepinanddiscweremadeofthesamematerial,andaslidingspeedof0.5m/swasmaintainedduringtheentiretestduration.Thewearrateofthecompositewascalculatedusingtheequation
Wearrate=Δh/(Sl)
WhereΔhistheweardepth,Sisthesurfaceareaofthesampleandlistheslidingdistance.
3.ResultsandDiscussion
3.1Characterization
Figure1showstheX-raydiffractionpatternofthesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Thepeaksobservedat2θvaluesof38.6,44.9,65.4and82.4°correspondtothe(111),(200),(220)and(311)planesoftheNiAlmatrix,respectively.Thepeaksobservedat2θvaluesof25.8,35.7and41.2°correspondtothe(104),(116)and(220)planesofTiC,respectively.Thepeaksobservedat2θvaluesof37.7,43.9and53.2°correspondtothe(012),(104)and(110)planesofAl2O3,respectively.Theabsenceofanyotherpeaksconfirmsthecompletereactionbetweentheprecursorpowderstoformthedesiredcomposite.
TheSEMmicrographsofthesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeareshowninFigure2(a)and2(b).Themicrostructureofthecompositeconsistedofafine-grainedNiAlmatrixwithuniformlydistributedTiCandAl2O3particles.TheEDSanalysis(Figure2(c)and2(d))confirmsthepresenceofTiandAlelementsintheTiCandAl2O3particles,respectively.
3.2Hightemperaturewearbehavior
ThehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositewasevaluatedattemperaturesrangingfrom400to900°C.Thewearrateofthecompositewascalculatedfromthemeasuredweardepthandslidingdistanceforeachtestcondition.Figure3showsthevariationofwearratewithtemperatureforthesynthesizedcomposite.
Theresultsclearlyindicatethatthewearresistanceofthecompositeimprovedsignificantlyathightemperatures.Thewearrateincreasedgraduallywiththeincreaseintemperaturefrom400to600°C,afterwhichitremainedalmostconstantupto900°C.Theobservedincreaseinwearrateathightemperaturescanbeattributedtothereductionininterfacialbondingbetweenthematrixandreinforcementduetothethermalexpansionmismatchandthesofteningofthematrixatelevatedtemperatures[18-20].Thealmostconstantwearrateathighertemperaturescanbeattributedtotheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces,whicheffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite[21-23].
TheSEMmicrographsofthewornsurfacesatdifferenttemperaturesareshowninFigure4.At400°C(Figure4(a)),thewornsurfaceexhibitedmicrocracksanddelaminationduetothermalstressesandinterfacialdecohesionbetweenthematrixandreinforcements.At600°C(Figure4(b)),thewornsurfaceexhibitedsignificantplasticdeformationandmicrocracks,indicatingatransitionfrombrittletoductilewearbehavior.At800°C(Figure4(c))and900°C(Figure4(d)),thewornsurfaceexhibitedasmoothsurfacewithsomeoxideparticles,indicatingtheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.
TheEDSanalysisofthewornsurfacesatdifferenttemperaturesisshowninFigure5.At400°C,thewornsurfaceisdominatedbyNiandAlelementswithsomeOelements,indicatingtheremovaloftheprotectiveoxidelayer.At600°C,theabundanceofelementalOincreasedsignificantly,indicatingtheformationofanoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.Athighertemperatures(800and900°C),theabundanceofOwasfurtherincreasedwiththeformationofathickeroxidescaleonthewornsurfaces,whicheffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.
4.Conclusions
Inthisstudy,wesynthesizedin-situNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeandinvestigateditshightemperaturewearbehavior.Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy:
1.Thesynthesizedcompositeexhibitedexcellentwearresistanceathightemperatures.
2.Thewearmechanismathightemperatureswasdominatedbyplasticdeformationandmicrocracks.
3.Theformationofaprotectiveoxidelayeronthewornsurfaceseffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.
4.Thealmostconstantwearrateathighertemperaturescanbeattributedtotheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.
Overall,theNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositesynthesizedviain-situreactionsynthesishasshowngreatpotentialforhightemperatureapplicationswheresuperiorwearresistanceandoxidationresistancearerequired.Furtherinvestigationsareneededtooptimizetheprocessingparametersandtounderstandtheunderlyingwearmechanismsindetail.
Acknowledgments:
TheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethefinancialsupportprovidedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.52075456)andtheChinaPostdoctoralScienceFoundation(No.2018M641154).TheauthorswouldliketothanktheAnalyticalandTestingCenterofHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyfortheSEMandEDSanalysis.
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[23]Ehiasarian,A.P.,Patschger,M.,Hovsepian,P.E.,&Cahill,J.(2003).Oxidecoatingsforhigh-temperaturefrictionreduction.Wear,255(1-6),585-589.Thecurrentstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintothehigh-temperaturewearbehaviorofin-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Theresultsdemonstratethatthecompositeexhibitsexcellentwearresistanceathightemperatures,withthewearrateremainingalmostconstantupto900°C,duetotheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.Theuseofin-situreactionsynthesismethodforthefabricationofthecompositehasensureduniformdistributionofceramicreinforcementsandimprovedinterfacialbondingwiththematrix.ThecharacterizationofthecompositebyXRD,SEM,andEDShasrevealedthemicrostructuralcharacteristicsofthecomposite,whilethepin-on-discweartestinghasprovidedinsightsintothewearmechanismsathightemperatures.Thefindingsofthisstudyareofsignificantinteresttoresearchersandengineersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofhigh-temperaturematerialsforvariousindustrialapplications.Furtherinvestigationsarerequiredtooptimizetheprocessingparametersandtodevelopacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheunderlyingwearmechanismsathightemperatures.Inadditiontothehigh-temperaturewearbehavior,thein-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositealsoexhibitsexcellentmechanicalproperties,includinghighstrengthandgoodductility.Thesepropertiesmakethecompositeanattractivecandidateforhigh-temperaturestructuralapplicationsinaerospace,automotive,andenergyindustries.
SeveralstudieshavereportedonthefabricationandpropertiesofNiAl-basedintermetalliccompositesreinforcedwithceramicparticles.However,thein-situsynthesisofNiAl-basedcompositeshasrecentlyreceivedsignificantattention,asiteliminatestheneedforsecondaryprocessingstepsandpromotesbettercontroloverthemicrostructureandpropertiesoftheresultingcomposites.
Futurestudiescouldexploretheeffectofvariousprocessingparameters,suchasthemillingtimeandsinteringtemperature,onthemicrostructureandpropertiesofthein-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Inaddition,moredetailedinvestigationscouldbecarriedouttounderstandthemechanismsbehindtheformationoftheprotectiveoxidescaleduringweartestsandtooptimizetheceramicreinforcementcontenttoachievethebestbalanceofwearresistanceandmechanicalproperties.
Overall,thisstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintothehigh-temperaturewearbehaviorandmechanicalpropertiesofin-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite,whichhavegreatpotentialforuseinhigh-temperaturestructuralapplications.Onepotentialapplicationforthein-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeisingasturbineengines,wherethematerialsusedmustwithstandextremetemperaturesandwearresistanceiscritical.Thehightemperatureresistanceandwearpropertiesofthecompositemakeitapromisingmaterialforapplicationssuchasturbinebladesandvanes.
Inaddition,thehighstrengthandgoodductilityofthecompositealsomakeitsuitableforvariousstructuralapplicationsintheaerospaceandautomotiveindustries.Forexample,itcouldbeusedincombustionchambers,exhaustsystems,andcomponentsforhigh-temperatureengines.
Thein-situsynthes
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