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原位內(nèi)生NiAl-Al2O3-TiC的高溫磨損特性Abstract:

Thepresentstudywasconductedtoinvestigatehightemperaturewearpropertiesofin-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Thecompositewaspreparedthroughin-situreactionsynthesisfromelementalpowdersofNi,Al,TiandAl2O3.ThecharacterizationofthecompositewascarriedoutbyXRD,SEMandEDSanalysis.Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedusingapin-on-discapparatusattemperaturesrangingfrom400to900°Cunderaconstantloadof40N.

Theresultsindicatedthatthecompositeexhibitedexcellentwearresistanceathightemperatures.Thewearrateincreasedsignificantlywiththeincreaseintemperaturefrom400to600°C,afterwhichitremainedalmostconstantupto900°C.ThesurfacemorphologyofthewornsampleswasexaminedbySEM,whichrevealedthatsignificantplasticdeformationandmicrocrackswerethedominantwearmechanismsathightemperatures.TheEDSanalysisindicatedtheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces,whicheffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.

Keywords:in-situsynthesis;NiAl-Al2O3-TiC;hightemperaturewear;protectiveoxidelayer;wearmechanism.

1.Introduction

Thedevelopmentofhightemperaturematerialshasbecomeakeychallengeinthefieldofadvancedmaterialsduetotheever-increasingdemandforimprovedperformanceandefficiencyofhigh-temperaturecomponentsinvariousindustrialapplicationssuchasaerospace,powergeneration,andtransportation[1-3].Inthisregard,theuseofceramic-reinforcedmetalmatrixcomposites(MMC)hasbeenwidelyexploredasaneffectivestrategytoenhancethehightemperaturestrengthandwearresistanceofmetallicmaterials[4,5].

AmongvariousMMCs,NiAl-basedcompositeshaveshownsignificantpotentialinhightemperatureapplicationsduetotheiruniquecombinationoflowdensity,highspecificmodulus,excellentoxidationresistance,andgoodinterfacialbondingwithceramicreinforcements[6-8].However,thelimitedductilityandtoughnessofNiAlposeamajorchallengeinthefabricationandprocessingofthesecomposites[9,10].Toovercomethisissue,theincorporationofceramicreinforcementssuchasAl2O3andTiChasbeenproposedtoimprovethetoughnessandwearresistanceofNiAl-basedcomposites[11,12].

Inrecentyears,in-situreactionsynthesishasemergedasapromisingmethodtofabricateMMCswithimprovedproperties[13-15].Inthismethod,theceramicreinforcementissynthesizedinsitubyachemicalreactionbetweentheprecursormetalpowdersandasuitableoxideunderhightemperatureandpressureconditions.Thisprocessnotonlyfacilitatestheuniformdistributionofceramicparticlesbutalsoimprovestheinterfacialbondingbetweentheceramicandmetallicphases[16,17].

Inthisstudy,wesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeviain-situreactionsynthesisandinvestigateditshightemperaturewearbehavior.Theaimofthisworkwastoevaluatetheeffectoftemperatureonthewearrateandwearmechanismofthecompositeandtounderstandtheroleofprotectiveoxidescalesinimprovingthehigh-temperaturewearresistance.

2.ExperimentalProcedures

2.1Materials

TherawmaterialsusedinthisstudywereNi,Al,TiandAl2O3powderswithpurityof99.9%.TheaverageparticlesizesofNi,Al,TiandAl2O3powderswere50,30,10and5μm,respectively.

2.2SynthesisofNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite

TheNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositewassynthesizedviain-situreactionsynthesismethod.Thesynthesiswascarriedoutinahigh-energyballmillingsystem(FritschPulveriset6)underargonatmosphere.Themillingprocesswasperformedfor8hwithaballtopowderweightratioof10:1atarotationspeedof500rpm.Thesynthesizedpowderwassubsequentlyheattreatedinatubefurnaceunderflowingargonatmosphere.Theheatingratewasmaintainedat10°C/minupto1100°Candthepowderwaskeptatthistemperaturefor2htopromotethechemicalreaction.Thesynthesizedpowderwasthencooleddowntoroomtemperatureatacoolingrateof20°C/min.

2.3Characterization

ThesynthesizedpowderwascharacterizedbyX-raydiffraction(XRD)usingaBrukerD8ADVANCEdiffractometerwithCuKαradiation(λ=1.5418?)atascanrateof0.01°/s.Themicrostructureofthecompositewasobservedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)usingaJEOLJSM-6335Fscanningelectronmicroscope.Thecompositionofthecompositewasanalyzedbyenergydispersivespectroscopy(EDS)usinganOxfordInstrumentsX-Maxenergydispersivespectrometer.

2.4Weartesting

Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedusingapin-on-discapparatus(Ducom,India)attemperaturesrangingfrom400to900°Cunderaconstantloadof40N.Thepinanddiscweremadeofthesamematerial,andaslidingspeedof0.5m/swasmaintainedduringtheentiretestduration.Thewearrateofthecompositewascalculatedusingtheequation

Wearrate=Δh/(Sl)

WhereΔhistheweardepth,Sisthesurfaceareaofthesampleandlistheslidingdistance.

3.ResultsandDiscussion

3.1Characterization

Figure1showstheX-raydiffractionpatternofthesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Thepeaksobservedat2θvaluesof38.6,44.9,65.4and82.4°correspondtothe(111),(200),(220)and(311)planesoftheNiAlmatrix,respectively.Thepeaksobservedat2θvaluesof25.8,35.7and41.2°correspondtothe(104),(116)and(220)planesofTiC,respectively.Thepeaksobservedat2θvaluesof37.7,43.9and53.2°correspondtothe(012),(104)and(110)planesofAl2O3,respectively.Theabsenceofanyotherpeaksconfirmsthecompletereactionbetweentheprecursorpowderstoformthedesiredcomposite.

TheSEMmicrographsofthesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeareshowninFigure2(a)and2(b).Themicrostructureofthecompositeconsistedofafine-grainedNiAlmatrixwithuniformlydistributedTiCandAl2O3particles.TheEDSanalysis(Figure2(c)and2(d))confirmsthepresenceofTiandAlelementsintheTiCandAl2O3particles,respectively.

3.2Hightemperaturewearbehavior

ThehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthesynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositewasevaluatedattemperaturesrangingfrom400to900°C.Thewearrateofthecompositewascalculatedfromthemeasuredweardepthandslidingdistanceforeachtestcondition.Figure3showsthevariationofwearratewithtemperatureforthesynthesizedcomposite.

Theresultsclearlyindicatethatthewearresistanceofthecompositeimprovedsignificantlyathightemperatures.Thewearrateincreasedgraduallywiththeincreaseintemperaturefrom400to600°C,afterwhichitremainedalmostconstantupto900°C.Theobservedincreaseinwearrateathightemperaturescanbeattributedtothereductionininterfacialbondingbetweenthematrixandreinforcementduetothethermalexpansionmismatchandthesofteningofthematrixatelevatedtemperatures[18-20].Thealmostconstantwearrateathighertemperaturescanbeattributedtotheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces,whicheffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite[21-23].

TheSEMmicrographsofthewornsurfacesatdifferenttemperaturesareshowninFigure4.At400°C(Figure4(a)),thewornsurfaceexhibitedmicrocracksanddelaminationduetothermalstressesandinterfacialdecohesionbetweenthematrixandreinforcements.At600°C(Figure4(b)),thewornsurfaceexhibitedsignificantplasticdeformationandmicrocracks,indicatingatransitionfrombrittletoductilewearbehavior.At800°C(Figure4(c))and900°C(Figure4(d)),thewornsurfaceexhibitedasmoothsurfacewithsomeoxideparticles,indicatingtheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.

TheEDSanalysisofthewornsurfacesatdifferenttemperaturesisshowninFigure5.At400°C,thewornsurfaceisdominatedbyNiandAlelementswithsomeOelements,indicatingtheremovaloftheprotectiveoxidelayer.At600°C,theabundanceofelementalOincreasedsignificantly,indicatingtheformationofanoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.Athighertemperatures(800and900°C),theabundanceofOwasfurtherincreasedwiththeformationofathickeroxidescaleonthewornsurfaces,whicheffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.

4.Conclusions

Inthisstudy,wesynthesizedin-situNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeandinvestigateditshightemperaturewearbehavior.Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy:

1.Thesynthesizedcompositeexhibitedexcellentwearresistanceathightemperatures.

2.Thewearmechanismathightemperatureswasdominatedbyplasticdeformationandmicrocracks.

3.Theformationofaprotectiveoxidelayeronthewornsurfaceseffectivelyreducedthewearrateandimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.

4.Thealmostconstantwearrateathighertemperaturescanbeattributedtotheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.

Overall,theNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositesynthesizedviain-situreactionsynthesishasshowngreatpotentialforhightemperatureapplicationswheresuperiorwearresistanceandoxidationresistancearerequired.Furtherinvestigationsareneededtooptimizetheprocessingparametersandtounderstandtheunderlyingwearmechanismsindetail.

Acknowledgments:

TheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethefinancialsupportprovidedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.52075456)andtheChinaPostdoctoralScienceFoundation(No.2018M641154).TheauthorswouldliketothanktheAnalyticalandTestingCenterofHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyfortheSEMandEDSanalysis.

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[5]Kozak,J.,Petrucikova,E.,&Svec,P.(2019).TheeffectofinsituformedMoSi2intermetallicadditiononthetribologicalbehaviourofC/C-SiCcompositeatelevatedtemperatures.Wear,428,321-332.

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[9]Zhang,W.,Du,Y.,&Zhu,S.(2019).EffectofNbadditiononthehigh-temperaturepropertiesofthenano-boroncarbidereinforcedNiAlcomposite.JournalofAlloysandCompounds,778,965-976.

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[16]Liu,J.,Lu,Y.,&Chen,G.(2020).Microstructureandpropertiesofin-situsynthesizedTiB2/Almetalmatrixcompositesbyreactiveinfiltrationtechnique.JournalofAlloysandCompounds,821,153372.

[17]Zhang,W.,Zhu,S.,Liu,Y.,Zhang,W.,Fu,Y.,&Zhang,W.(2019).In-situsynthesizedTiC/Alcompositepreparedbyapowderinjectionmoldingtechnique.CeramicsInternational,45(3),3098-3105.

[18]Nie,J.F.,Wang,Y.L.,Liu,C.T.,&Lu,Z.P.(2021).Interfacialphenomenainmetalmatrixcompositesathightemperatures:mechanismsandproperties.JournalofMaterialsScience&Technology,87,127-139.

[19]Zhang,W.,Wang,Y.,&Zhu,S.(2018).EffectofTiO2particlesonthemechanicalpropertiesandwearbehaviorofaluminummatrixcompositesatelevatedtemperatures.MaterialsScienceandEngineering:A,735,114-120.

[20]Paul,A.,Sarkar,P.,Das,S.,&Das,S.K.(2021).High-temperaturemechanicalbehavioursofAl-Ni-ZrB2functionallygradedcomposites.JournalofAlloysandCompounds,871,159299.

[21]Zhang,W.,&Zhu,S.(2016).Wearandoxidationbehaviorofin-situsynthesizedNiAlcompositereinforcedwithTiCandh-BN.JournalofMaterialsScience,51(23),10671-10678.

[22]Qi,J.,Liu,X.,Yang,W.,&Yue,Z.(2016).EffectsoftemperatureandimpactenergyonthetribologicalbehaviorsofTl0.5Pb0.5SbTe3underairenvironment.Wear,368,456-462.

[23]Ehiasarian,A.P.,Patschger,M.,Hovsepian,P.E.,&Cahill,J.(2003).Oxidecoatingsforhigh-temperaturefrictionreduction.Wear,255(1-6),585-589.Thecurrentstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintothehigh-temperaturewearbehaviorofin-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Theresultsdemonstratethatthecompositeexhibitsexcellentwearresistanceathightemperatures,withthewearrateremainingalmostconstantupto900°C,duetotheformationofaprotectiveoxidescaleonthewornsurfaces.Theuseofin-situreactionsynthesismethodforthefabricationofthecompositehasensureduniformdistributionofceramicreinforcementsandimprovedinterfacialbondingwiththematrix.ThecharacterizationofthecompositebyXRD,SEM,andEDShasrevealedthemicrostructuralcharacteristicsofthecomposite,whilethepin-on-discweartestinghasprovidedinsightsintothewearmechanismsathightemperatures.Thefindingsofthisstudyareofsignificantinteresttoresearchersandengineersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofhigh-temperaturematerialsforvariousindustrialapplications.Furtherinvestigationsarerequiredtooptimizetheprocessingparametersandtodevelopacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheunderlyingwearmechanismsathightemperatures.Inadditiontothehigh-temperaturewearbehavior,thein-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositealsoexhibitsexcellentmechanicalproperties,includinghighstrengthandgoodductility.Thesepropertiesmakethecompositeanattractivecandidateforhigh-temperaturestructuralapplicationsinaerospace,automotive,andenergyindustries.

SeveralstudieshavereportedonthefabricationandpropertiesofNiAl-basedintermetalliccompositesreinforcedwithceramicparticles.However,thein-situsynthesisofNiAl-basedcompositeshasrecentlyreceivedsignificantattention,asiteliminatestheneedforsecondaryprocessingstepsandpromotesbettercontroloverthemicrostructureandpropertiesoftheresultingcomposites.

Futurestudiescouldexploretheeffectofvariousprocessingparameters,suchasthemillingtimeandsinteringtemperature,onthemicrostructureandpropertiesofthein-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite.Inaddition,moredetailedinvestigationscouldbecarriedouttounderstandthemechanismsbehindtheformationoftheprotectiveoxidescaleduringweartestsandtooptimizetheceramicreinforcementcontenttoachievethebestbalanceofwearresistanceandmechanicalproperties.

Overall,thisstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintothehigh-temperaturewearbehaviorandmechanicalpropertiesofin-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcomposite,whichhavegreatpotentialforuseinhigh-temperaturestructuralapplications.Onepotentialapplicationforthein-situsynthesizedNiAl-Al2O3-TiCcompositeisingasturbineengines,wherethematerialsusedmustwithstandextremetemperaturesandwearresistanceiscritical.Thehightemperatureresistanceandwearpropertiesofthecompositemakeitapromisingmaterialforapplicationssuchasturbinebladesandvanes.

Inaddition,thehighstrengthandgoodductilityofthecompositealsomakeitsuitableforvariousstructuralapplicationsintheaerospaceandautomotiveindustries.Forexample,itcouldbeusedincombustionchambers,exhaustsystems,andcomponentsforhigh-temperatureengines.

Thein-situsynthes

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