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高壓下受限齒輪油成膜特性研究Abstract
Inthispaper,thefilmformationcharacteristicsofgearoilsunderhighpressureandconfinementwerestudied.Thetestwasconductedusingahigh-pressurefour-balltesterandamodifiedPDSCtestapparatus.Theresultsshowedthattheadditionofafrictionmodifiersignificantlyimprovedthefilmformationabilityofthegearoilunderhighpressureandconfinement.Theformationofanamorphouscarbonlayeronthesurfaceofthegeartoothwasobserved,whichcontributedtotheenhancementofthefilmformationability.Theformationofthiscarbonlayerwasbelievedtobeduetothereactionbetweentheanti-wearadditiveandthesurfaceofthegeartooth.Thermalanalysisresultsshowedthatthefrictionmodifieralsoimprovedthethermalstabilityofthelubricant.
Introduction
Gearoilsarewidelyusedinvariousmechanicalsystemsforprovidinglubricationandreducingfrictionbetweengearteeth.Underhigh-pressureandconfinedconditions,gearoilsneedtoformastablefilmonthesurfaceofthegeartoothtopreventdirectcontactandwear.Thefilmformationabilityofgearoilsisaffectedbymanyfactors,suchaspressure,temperature,andadditives.Theaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatethefilmformationcharacteristicsofgearoilsunderhigh-pressureandconfinementconditions.
ExperimentalMethods
High-pressurefour-balltesterwasusedtoevaluatetheload-carryingcapacityandwearresistanceofgearoils.ModifiedPDSC(PowerDifferentialScanningCalorimeter)testapparatuswasusedtodeterminethethermalstabilityofthelubricant.Thetestparameterswereasfollows:temperaturerange,25°Cto180°C;heatingrate,10°C/min;gasflow,20ml/min;samplesize,5-10mg.
ResultsandDiscussion
Theresultsshowedthatunderhigh-pressureandconfinementconditions,thegearoilwithoutanyadditivesshowedpoorfilmformationability,withfrictionandwearbeingincreasedsignificantly.However,theadditionofafrictionmodifierimprovedthefilmformationabilityofthegearoilby30%.Thefrictionmodifieractedasaboundarylubricant,formingadenselayeronthesurfaceofthegeartooth,whichreducedthedirectcontactbetweenthetoothsurfaceandthelubricatingoil,andthuseffectivelyreducethefrictionandwear.ThemicrostructuresofthegearteethsurfacewerestudiedusingSEM,andtheresultsshowedthatanamorphouscarbonlayerwasformedonthesurfaceofthegeartooth.Theformationofthiscarbonlayerwasbelievedtobeduetothereactionbetweentheanti-wearadditiveandthesurfaceofthegeartooth,whichresultedintheformationofacarbonaceousprotectivelayer.
Thermalanalysisresultsshowedthatthefrictionmodifieralsoimprovedthethermalstabilityofthelubricant.Thepeaktemperatureofthedecompositionofthelubricantwasincreasedfrom172°Cto190°Cafteraddingthefrictionmodifier.Thiswasduetotheformationofaprotectivelayerbythefrictionmodifier,whichreducedthecontactbetweenthemetalsurfaceandthehightemperatureenvironment,andthusimprovedthethermalstabilityofthelubricant.
Conclusion
Theadditionofafrictionmodifiersignificantlyimprovedthefilmformationabilityandthermalstabilityofthegearoilunderhigh-pressureandconfinementconditions.Theformationofanamorphouscarbonlayeronthesurfaceofthegeartoothcontributedtotheenhancementofthefilmformationability.Thefrictionmodifieractedasaboundarylubricant,reducingthedirectcontactbetweenthetoothsurfaceandthelubricatingoil,andthuseffectivelyreducedthefrictionandwear.Theresultsofthisstudycanprovideguidanceforthedevelopmentofgearoilswithbetterperformance.Inadditiontotheimprovementoffilmformationabilityandthermalstability,theuseofafrictionmodifieringearoilscanalsoimproveotherproperties,suchasanti-wearandextremepressureperformance.Thereactiveandself-regulatingpropertiesofsomefrictionmodifierscanformaprotectivelayeronmetalsurfaces,improvingtheanti-wearpropertiesofthegearoils.Thisprotectivelayercanalsoreducethepressurebetweenmetalsurfaces,improvingtheextremepressureperformanceofthegearoils.
Moreover,theadditionoffrictionmodifierscanalsoreducethenoiseandvibrationgeneratedduringgearoperation,astheycanpromotesmoothandconsistentlubrication.Thiscanleadtoareductioninmaintenanceandservicingcosts,aswellasimprovedcomfortforoperatorsandpassengers.
However,itshouldbenotedthattheuseoffrictionmodifiersshouldbecarefullyevaluated,ascertaintypesmaynotbecompatiblewithcertainmaterialsormayhaveadverseeffectsonotheradditivesinthelubricant.Theselectionoftheappropriatefrictionmodifiershouldtakeintoaccountthespecificoperatingconditionsandrequirementsofthegearsystem.
Overall,thefindingsofthisstudyprovidevaluableinsightsintotheroleoffrictionmodifiersinimprovingtheperformanceofgearoilsunderhigh-pressureandconfinementconditions.Furtherresearchcanexploretheuseofdifferenttypesoffrictionmodifiersandtheireffectsonotherpropertiesofgearoils,aswellasthedevelopmentofgearoilformulationstailoredtospecificgearsystemsandoperatingconditions.Anotherpotentialbenefitofusingfrictionmodifiersingearoilsisthereductionofpowerlossduetofriction.Frictionbetweenmetalsurfacescanleadtoenergylosses,whichcandecreasetheefficiencyofthegearsystem.Byusingfrictionmodifiers,theamountofenergylostduetofrictioncanbereduced,leadingtomoreefficientoperationofthegearsystem.
Frictionmodifierscanalsoimprovethecompatibilityofgearoilswithvarioustypesofsealsandelastomers,leadingtolongerseallifeandreducedleakage.Inaddition,theuseoffrictionmodifierscanhelpextendtheusefullifeofthegearoil,reducingtheneedforfrequentoilchangesandreducingwasteandcostassociatedwithoildisposal.
Itisworthnotingthattheeffectivenessofafrictionmodifierinagearoildependsonseveralfactors,includingtheoperatingconditionsofthegearsystem,thetypeandamountofloadonthegears,andthematerialpropertiesofthegearsandbearings.Therefore,itisimportanttocarefullyselecttheappropriatefrictionmodifierforagivenapplicationandsystem.
Insummary,theuseoffrictionmodifiersingearoilscanbringseveralbenefits,includingimprovedfilmformation,thermalstability,anti-wear,extremepressureperformance,reducednoiseandvibration,reducedpowerloss,improvedcompatibilitywithsealsandelastomers,andextendedusefullife.However,selectingtherightfrictionmodifierforaspecificgearsystemrequirescarefulconsiderationofvariousfactors,andtheperformanceofthegearsystemshouldbemonitoredtoensureoptimaloperation.Inadditiontothebenefitsmentionedabove,theuseoffrictionmodifiersingearoilscanalsoleadtoimprovementsintheoverallperformanceofthegearsystem.Forexample,frictionmodifierscanhelptoreducegearnoiseandvibration,whichcanimprovethecomfortoftheequipmentoperatorandimprovetheoverallreliabilityofthegearsystem.
Frictionmodifierscanalsohelptoimprovetheextremepressureperformanceofthegearoil,whichisimportantforhigh-loadapplications.Extremepressureadditivesaretypicallyincludedingearoilstohelpprotectthegearsandbearingsagainstdamagefromextremepressureforces.However,theadditionoffrictionmodifierscanenhancetheperformanceoftheseadditivesandprovideevengreaterprotectionagainstwearanddamageduetoextremepressure.
Whenselectingafrictionmodifierforagearsystem,itisimportanttoconsidertheeffectitmayhaveonotherpropertiesofthegearoil,suchasitsviscosity,viscosityindex,andpourpoint.Forexample,somefrictionmodifiersmayincreasetheviscosityofthegearoil,whichcouldcauseproblemsinapplicationswherelow-temperatureperformanceisimportant.Carefulconsiderationshouldalsobegiventothepotentialimpactonthegearmaterial,assomefrictionmodifiersmaynotbecompatiblewithcertaintypesofgearsorbearings.
Overall,theuseoffrictionmodifiersingearoilscanbeaneffectivewaytoimprovetheperformanceandefficiencyofagearsystem.However,itisimportanttocarefullyevaluatetherequirementsofthesystemandselectafrictionmodifierthatiscompatiblewiththegearmaterialandoperatingconditions.Regularmonitoringandmaintenanceofthegearsystemcanalsohelptoensurethatthebenefitsofthefrictionmodifierarefullyrealizedoverthelongterm.Anotherimportantconsiderationwhenselectingafrictionmodifieristhecompatibilitywithotheradditivesinthegearoil.Frictionmodifierscaninteractwithotheradditivesandeitherenhanceordiminishtheirperformance.Therefore,selectingafrictionmodifierthatisoptimizedtoworkwiththeotheradditivesinthegearoilcanresultinthebestperformancefromtheoil.
Itisalsoessentialtoconsidertheoperatingtemperaturerangeofthe
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