中英具有混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料片的混凝土梁–柱聯(lián)接部位的加固節(jié)選

PAGE49-外文翻譯1外文原文出處：KennethZammit,UniversityofMalta.June2003具有混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料片的混凝土梁–柱聯(lián)接部位的加固（節(jié)選）摘要：本篇文章描述了對加固后標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，該試件代表平面框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的梁–柱聯(lián)接部位。設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)的目的是為了研究在靜載條件下纖維增強(qiáng)塑料被應(yīng)用到梁–柱聯(lián)接部位外表面附近時(shí)對所測試件的影響。特別令人感興趣的是在靜載條件下應(yīng)用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料對增強(qiáng)梁–柱聯(lián)接部位所起的作用。作為研究的關(guān)鍵，為了從外部對混凝土的連接部分進(jìn)行加固，設(shè)計(jì)了帶有E玻璃無捻粗紗布和碳布的混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料復(fù)合物，并且該復(fù)合物結(jié)合了短貼原絲氈和帶有乙烯基酯樹脂的玻璃纖維帶。結(jié)果顯示，對于應(yīng)用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料改進(jìn)過的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵部分能夠?qū)炷两Y(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和硬度起到增強(qiáng)的作用，同時(shí)也能夠起到在不同類型荷載條件下增強(qiáng)它們的效果。同時(shí)，本篇文章也討論了為改進(jìn)和增強(qiáng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和硬度而如何選擇纖維增強(qiáng)塑料和結(jié)構(gòu)類型。關(guān)鍵詞：混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)；加固；修復(fù)；混合纖維增強(qiáng)塑料；繞接技術(shù)1.前言為了對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，一個(gè)被廣泛采用的技術(shù)是使用鋼外套管放置于現(xiàn)有混凝土柱的周圍，這種使混凝土產(chǎn)生側(cè)向限制的技術(shù)已經(jīng)被廣泛的研究[1，2]；而且已經(jīng)顯示重縮載重承載量和混凝土柱的延性增加。然而，這一個(gè)技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)是它在實(shí)際的應(yīng)用受到來自腐蝕和固有的缺點(diǎn)。另一方面，纖維增強(qiáng)塑料日益被采用來加固混凝土，磚石和木結(jié)構(gòu)。通過關(guān)鍵部分的外表面采用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料來加固結(jié)構(gòu)，能夠很明顯提高結(jié)構(gòu)的載重量和結(jié)構(gòu)的效用。最近幾年，纖維增強(qiáng)塑料的材料類型更加的廣泛，有玻璃纖維、碳纖維等。它們提供給設(shè)計(jì)者一個(gè)使用的、有效的構(gòu)造材料，這些材料具有范圍很廣的模數(shù)和強(qiáng)度的特性。和傳統(tǒng)的加固技術(shù)相比，纖維增強(qiáng)塑料復(fù)合物具有特別高的強(qiáng)度和硬度，以及設(shè)計(jì)上的靈活性、在不利的環(huán)境中的可替代性、較強(qiáng)的韌性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。通過優(yōu)化材料組成和結(jié)構(gòu)，使得纖維增強(qiáng)塑料達(dá)到最好的加固效果是可能的，同時(shí)也是必要的。為了在實(shí)際的加固過程中充分利用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，優(yōu)化組成材料和結(jié)構(gòu)是非常必要的。研究表明，正方形混凝土柱周圍的碳纖維/環(huán)氧基樹脂能夠使其負(fù)載能力增加8%—22%，而這種能力的增強(qiáng)是依賴于大量纖維的使用以及對基層表面的處理。樹脂注入技術(shù)的使用表明其對繞接效果的改進(jìn)起了非常重要的作用,研究表明，當(dāng)使用玻璃無捻粗紗布來增強(qiáng)繞接效果時(shí)，不僅能顯著提高混凝土的負(fù)載能力同時(shí)也能夠增加混凝土短支柱的變形抵抗能力。此外，通過使用帶有環(huán)氧樹脂的玻璃/碳混合增強(qiáng)材料來加固混凝土，當(dāng)對混凝土柱進(jìn)行反復(fù)的試驗(yàn)來檢測它的最初性能時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)它的負(fù)載能力進(jìn)一步的提高了。根據(jù)復(fù)合物彎曲的方位和厚度，表明在套箍位置處進(jìn)行加固會(huì)產(chǎn)生更好的效果。盡管已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了大量的研究，但是大多數(shù)研究中都存在一個(gè)不足之處，即他們所做的試驗(yàn)僅限于形狀較小較簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)，如混凝土圓柱體，而不是真正的結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，有必要根據(jù)成本其中包括材料和處理方法來研究使組合結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到最優(yōu)化。這就表明，當(dāng)使用纖維增強(qiáng)塑料來進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)加固時(shí)，應(yīng)該使用各種材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，不僅僅是帶有環(huán)氧樹脂的碳纖維，同時(shí)也應(yīng)該包括玻璃纖維或帶有其它聚合樹脂的碳/玻璃纖維的復(fù)合物，在這個(gè)試驗(yàn)中為了加固一個(gè)典型的建筑部分，即梁–柱聯(lián)接部位，設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)帶有乙烯基酯樹脂的碳/E玻璃復(fù)合物。為了研究帖有纖維增強(qiáng)塑料對構(gòu)件的影響，在靜載條件下，分別對通過纖維增強(qiáng)塑料加固后的試件和沒有加固的試件進(jìn)行了大量的試驗(yàn)。研究報(bào)告是一個(gè)合作研究項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)組成部分，該項(xiàng)目是有悉尼理工大學(xué)、高級材料技術(shù)中心和悉尼大學(xué)共同合作研究的關(guān)于應(yīng)用高級纖維復(fù)合物來增大混凝土的強(qiáng)度和硬度，由此來對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行加固。4．結(jié)論作為研究的結(jié)果，列出了以下結(jié)論：1．對加固后標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)被成功地處理，所設(shè)計(jì)的試件代表了平面框架結(jié)構(gòu)中的梁–柱聯(lián)接部位。通過平衡校核證明了由該試驗(yàn)所得出的結(jié)論。2.由無捻粗紗布、碳布、短貼原絲氈和玻璃纖維帶組成的復(fù)合物有效地證明了纖維增強(qiáng)塑料對混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件的加固效果。試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明由于使用了纖維增強(qiáng)塑料復(fù)合物使得混凝土的硬度和負(fù)載能力有了明顯的提高。結(jié)果也表明用較低的成本加強(qiáng)混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)并且使其達(dá)到較好的效果，使結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到最優(yōu)化是很重要的。3.靜載試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果也表明具有較低彈性模量的混合碳/E玻璃纖維復(fù)合物可能會(huì)提供更好的連接。然而，這需要被更多的試驗(yàn)證明。4．研究也表明應(yīng)該進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究，其中包括加固被破壞的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)試件，循環(huán)荷載和使用不同的結(jié)構(gòu)類型。外文原文1Reinforcementofconcretebeam–columnconnectionswithhybridFRPsheetKennethZammit,UniversityofMalta.June2003Abstract：Thepaperdescribestheresultsoftestsonprototypesizereinforcedconcreteframespecimenswhichweredesignedtorepresentthecolumn–beamconnectionsinplaneframes.Thetestsweredevisedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceoffibrereinforcedplastic(FRPreinforcementappliedtoexternalsurfacesadjacenttothebeam–columnconnectiononthebehaviourofthetestspecimensunderstaticloading.OfparticularinterestunderstaticloadingwastheinfluenceofFRPreinforcementonthestrengthandstiffnessofbeam–columnconnection.Asakeytothestudy,thehybridFRPcompositesofE-glasswovenroving(WR)andplaincarboncloth,combinedwithchoppedstrandmat(CSM),glassfibertape(GFT)withavinyl-esterresinweredesignedtoexternallyreinforcethejointoftheconcreteframe.TheresultsshowthatretrofittingcriticalsectionsofconcreteframeswithFRPreinforcementcanprovidesignificationstrengtheningandstiffeningtoconcreteframesandimprovetheirbehaviourunderdifferenttypesofloading.TheselectionsoftypesofFRPandthearchitectureofcompositesinordertoimprovethebondingandstrengthoftheretro-fittingwerealsodiscussed.AuthorKeywords:Concretestructure;Strengthening;Rehabilitation;HybridFRPcomposite;Wrappingtechnique1.IntroductionAwidelyadoptedtechniqueforretrofittingconcretestructureistousesteeljacketsplacedaroundexistingconcretecolumns[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"1and2].Theuseofsteelencasementtoprovidelateralconfinementtotheconcreteincompressionhasbeenstudiedextensively[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"3andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"4],andhasshownincreaseinthecompressionloadcarryingcapacityandductilityoftheconcretecolumns.However,theshortcomingsofthistechniquearethatitsuffersfromcorrosionsaswellasinherentdifficultiesduringpracticalapplications.Fibrereinforcedplastic(FRP),ontheotherhand,isincreasinglybeingusedtoreinforceconcrete,masonryandtimberstructures.TheloadcarryingcapacityandserviceabilityofexistingstructurescanbesignificantlyaugmentedthroughexternallyretrofittingcriticalsectionswithFRPsheeting.InrecentyearsFRPmaterialswithwiderangeoffibretypesofglass,aramidorcarbonprovidedesignerswithanadaptableandcost-effectiveconstructionmaterialwithalargerangeofmodulusandstrengthcharacteristics.Comparingwithtraditionalrehabilitationtechniques,theFRPcompositeshavehighspecificstrength/stiffness,flexibilityindesignandreplacementaswellasrobustnessinunfriendlyenvironments.WithFRPcompositesitispossibleandalsonecessarytoachievethebeststrengtheningresultsbyoptimisingtheconstitutematerialsandarchitecture.OptimisationoftheconstitutematerialsandarchitecturebecomesessentialinordertoutilisethesuperiorityofFRPcompositesinapplicationofrehabilitation[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"5,HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"6,HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"7,HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"8andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"9].Itwasfoundthatwindingofcarbonfiber/epoxycompositesaroundsquareconcretecolumnscanincreasetheloadcarryingcapacityby8–22%,dependingontheamountoffibresusedandtreatmentsofsubstratesurface[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"10].Theuseofresininfusiontechniquewasshowntocontributetosubstantialimprovementsincompositewrappingefficiency,andtheuseofwovenglassroving,asthereinforcementincompositeswrapping,wasfoundtosignificantlyincreasebothloadcarryingcapacityanddeformationresistancecapacityoftheconcretestubs[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"2].Furthermore,throughtheuseofglass/carbonhybridreinforcementswithanepoxyresin,replicationofinitialperformanceofconcretestubssubjectedtodeteriorationwasshownpossible,withasimultaneousfurtherimprovementinloadcarryingcapacity.Intermsoftheeffectsoforientationandthicknessofthecompositeswarps,itwasfoundthatthepredominantuseofreinforcementsinthehoopdirectionwouldresultinhighefficiency[HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"11].Despitethelargenumberofresearchcarriedout,oneshortcomingofmoststudieshasbeenthattheywerelimitedtosimplesmallsizecomponents,suchasconcretecylinders,ratherthanrealstructures.Furthermore,itisessentialtostudytheoptimisationofcompositesarchitecturesintermsofcosteffectivenessincludingmaterialsandprocessingmethods.ThisimpliesthatthereinforcementofinfrastructurewithFRPcompositesshouldutilisetheadvantagesofvariousmaterials,notonlycarbonfiberswithepoxyresin,butalsoglassfiberorhybridofcarbon/glassfibreswithotherpolymerresins.Inthisexperimentalinvestigation,ahybridofcarbon/E-glasswithvinyl-esterresincompositesjacketwasdesignedtoreinforceatypicalbuildingcomponents,namelyacolumn–beamconnection.StatictestswerethenconductedonFRPreinforcedandnon-reinforcedspecimenswithextensiveinstrumentationtostudytheinfluenceofthedesignedcompositereinforcement.TheinvestigationreportedinthepaperformspartofacollaborativeresearchprogrambetweentheUniversityofTechnology,SydneyandtheCentreforAdvancedMaterialsTechnology,theUniversityofSydneyinrelationtoapplicationofadvancedfibrecompositestostrengthen,stiffenandhencerehabilitateconcretestructures.2.ExperimentalproceduresThreeprototypesizereinforcedconcreteframespecimens,representingtypicalconcretecolumn–beamconnection,weredesignedforthisstudy.GeometryofthespecimenswithlocationofFRPcompositereinforcementisillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.Amongthreespecimens,twoofthemareas-isconcretebeam–columnconnectiontype(nonecomposites-reinforced(Non-CR)specimens)andonespecimenwasreinforcedbythehybridofcarbonfiberandglassfibrecompositesaroundthecolumn–beamjoint(composites-reinforced(CR)specimen).Allthreespecimenswerepre-castusingstandardcommercialmixgrade40concrete.ThesteelreinforcementoftheconcretespecimensarealsoshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.1.ConcretecompressiontestsbasedontheAustralianStandard(AS1012–1986)wereconductedonthesamplestakenduringtheconcretepourinordertodeterminethemodulusofelasticityandultimatecompressionstrength(UCS)oftheconcrete.HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_image=fig1&_ba=1&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_orig=search&_fmt=full&_cdi=5568&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=0c49402791786537eb846748ffedb64c"Fig.1.Geometrydetailsoftestspecimens(notoscale).2.1.CompositesarchitectureOneofthethreeconcreteframespecimenswasreinforcedwithhybridcomposites.Thehybridcompositesconsistsoffourbasicarchitectures,namelyE-glasswovenroving(WR/600g/m2),choppedstrandmat(CSM-300g/m2),carboncloth(plainweave-200g/m2)andglassfibretape(GFT-250g/mm2).ThedetailsofthecompositesarchitectureareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Table1andHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.2.Detailsoflay-upareillustratedinHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.3.WRandcarbonclothareamulti-directionalreinforcementwithbiaxialplainweavingwhichprovideequivalentstrengthinbothaxialandhoopdirections.Theyplaythebasicreinforcementroleinthiscompositesarchitecture.GFTapplyingathoopdirectionprovidesverygoodconfinementandenhancesstructuralintegrity.Theselectionofresincuringsystemsismainlyconcernedwiththeresingel-timeatambienttemperature,whichiscriticaltowrappingprocess.Ingeneral,coldsettingresinsystems(ambienttemperaturecuring)canbeusedwhenwetlay-upprocessisapplied.Sincenolay-upmachineisavailableforthewrappingprocessdescribedinthisstudy,thehandlay-upmethodwasused.Thevinyl-esterresin,Dastar-R/VERPVE/SW/TP,wasmixedwith1.5%ofMEKP(methyl-ethyl-ketone-peroxide),0.4%ofCoNap(Cobaltnapthenate),and0.5%ofDMA(Dimethylaniline)atambienttemperature.Theresincuresatambienttemperature.Theweightratiobetweenresinandfibrelayerswas1:1.5forWR/CSMlayersand1:0.8forcarboncloth,respectively.Theconcreteframewaswrappedbyalames-woolrollerandaconsolidatingroller.Beforelayingthefirstfibrelayer,theconcretesurfaceswerecleanedupusingacetone,andathinresincoatwasappliedtosealmicroholesonthesurfaceofconcretecolumns.However,furthersurfacetreatmentsuchassandingsurfacetoexposetheaggregateswasintentionallyavoided.Eachcompositelayerwaswettedwiththeresinandrolledontotheconcreteframetoensurefullconsolidation.Table1.DetailsoffivecompositesystemswithacompositearchitecturesFig.2.SchematicillustrationofFRPcompositesarchitectureusedinthisstudy.Fig.3.SomedetailsofFRPcompositeslay-up.2.2.DesignofstatictestsThestatictestsoftheconcreteframespecimensweresetupinahorizontalplane.Thethreesupportsoftheconcreteframe(noloadapplied)wererollertypeasshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.4.Theendatwhichloadwasappliedwasalsoarollertypesupport,however,horizontalmovementswereobviouslynotprevented.Inordertoprovidetheidealrollertypeboundaryconditionsateachendasdesigned,aspecialsetupwasdevelopedwithcombinationofrollersandaswivelheadateachsupporting/loadingpoint(HYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.5).Four1000-kN-hydraulicjackswereusedinthetests.Amongthem,theonlyactivejackwasthejackthatappliedloads,whileothersweresimplyactingasadjustablepackingtoprovidingthereactions.Fig.4.Illustrativesketchoftestset-upforstatictest.Fig.5.Set-upforstatictestofconcreteframe.2.3.InstrumentationanddataloggingAppliedloadaswellasreactionforcesweremeasuredusingfour998.8kNloadcellslocatedineachoffoursupporting/loadingpositions.Inordertoobtaindetailedflexuraldeflectioncurvesfortheconcreteframespecimens,twelvelinearvariabledisplacementtransducers(LVDTs)witharangefrom±2.5to±50mmwereusedatstrategiclocationstomeasuretheflexuraldeflections.ExtensivestraingaugingwasdesignedtocapturethestressdistributionofthetestingspecimensinordertovalidatetestsandgainaninsightintothebehaviouroftheconcreteframewithorwithoutFRPreinforcement.Thetotalnumberofstraingaugeswas56foreachspecimen,inwhich28straingauges(5mm)werelocatedonsteelrebarsandtherest(30mmstraingauges)werelocatedontheexternalsurfaceoftheconcreteframespecimens.Locationsofthestraingaugeswerearrangedsothatthestrainsonvariouspointsofthecrosssectionscouldbecaptured.AtypicalstraingaugearrangementformostmeasuredcrosssectionsisshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.6.LocationsofstraingaugesinsidethesectionareshowninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Fig.7.Fig.6.Locationofcrosssectionsoftheconcreteframeforstraingauging.Fig.7.Locationofstraingaugesinbothbeamandcolumnsections.2.4.TestprocedureDesignationsoftestspecimensandabriefdescriptionaregiveninHYPERLINK"/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45""/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_aset=V-WA-A-W-AB-MsSAYZW-UUW-U-AAWAZAABDY-AAAEAEWADY-ADDEWAZZU-AB-U&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_udi=B6TWP-41360RS-1R&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1999&_cdi=5568&_orig=search&_st=13&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000056859&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2307323&md5=a3ef11fb6af9c8277114994d566bed45"Table2.Priortobeingformallytestedatserviceloadlevel,thefirstnon-CRspecimenwassubjectedtoaseriesofinvestigativetestsmostlyloadedattheserviceloadlevelof40kNwithonesingleoverloadupto50kN.Thesecondnon-CRspecimenandtheCRspecimenswerenotsubjectedtoanyloadinguntiltheinitialserviceloadleveltests.Allultimateloadtestswereconductedaftereveryspecimenwasexposedtoabout100cyclesofcyclicloadingatserviceloadlevels.Table2.Appliedloadandreactionsfortypicaltests(unit:kN)3.ResultsandanalysisInordertodeterminetheinfluenceofFRPcomposites,fivesetsoftestswereconductedonthethreespecimensincludingthreetestsatserviceloadlevelsandtwoat