AmericanNaturalism美國文學(xué)自然主義

AmericanNaturalism美國文學(xué)自然主義演示文稿當(dāng)前1頁，總共29頁。NaturalismItisamoredeliberatekindofrealism,involvingaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Thenaturalistwritersattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity（遺傳）.RepresentativewritersareStephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondonandTheodoreDreiser.

TheRedBadgeofCouragebyCraneSisterCarriebyDreiser當(dāng)前2頁，總共29頁。AmericanNaturalism

1.Origin(1)Industrialism:createdalargegroupofverypoorpeople;livedinslumsandcouldnotcontroltheirlives;self-reliancedisappearedinthefastdevelopmentofeconomy(2)TheOriginofSpecies(CharlesDarwin,1859)godlessworld,humanbeast,thesurvivalofthefittest,cruelnaturallawcorrespondwithcruelsocialrealities當(dāng)前3頁，總共29頁。AmericanNaturalism

(3)HerbertSpencer:SocialDarwinism(humancontrolledbyheredityandoutsidesocialpower)(4)Howells’“smilingaspect”realismseemstoogenteelandevenfalse.Theterm“naturalism”wascreatedbyFrenchwriterEmileZola,whoinfluencedofFrenchnaturalism;TolstoyandTurgenevcametoAmericanliterature.2.Naturalismisapessimisticformofrealism,aharsherone,withdeterministicviewofmanandsociety.當(dāng)前4頁，總共29頁。AmericanNaturalism

3.Naturalistsattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Theworldwasamoral,andpeoplehadnofreewill.4.Significance(1)Breakingthroughsomeforbiddenareainliterature(violence,death,sex,etc.)(2)Greatlyinfluencingthe20thcenturywriterssuchasHemingwayandFaulkner.當(dāng)前5頁，總共29頁。StephenCrane(1871-1900)

ThePioneerofAmericannaturalism1893Maggie:AGirloftheStreets,theFirstAmericanbookwithoutproviding“wayout”ormoralizingonsocialinjustice(resistanceofherslumlifeandatlastsuicide)1894TheRedBadgeofCourage(HenryFlaming,ayoungfarmerboy,thechangesofayoungman’spsychologicalstateintheCivilWar)當(dāng)前6頁，總共29頁。StephenCrane1895TheBlackRiders(poemcollection)1897“TheOpenBoat”,“TheBlueHotel”1898poems:“WarIsKind”,etc.CraneandEmilyDickinsonweretwoforerunnersofImagism.Basicmotif:environmentandheredityoverwhelmmen當(dāng)前7頁，總共29頁。AManSaidtotheUniverse

Amansaidtotheuniverse:

"SirIexist!"

"However,"repliedtheuniverse,

"Thefacthasnotcreatedinme

Asenseofobligation."當(dāng)前8頁，總共29頁。AManSawaBallofGoldAmansawaballofgoldinthesky;

Heclimbedforit,

Andeventuallyheachievedit--

Itwasclay.Nowthisisthestrangepart:

Whenthemanwenttotheearth

Andlookedagain,

Lo,therewastheballofgold.Nowthisisthestrangepart:

Itwasaballofgold.

Aye,bytheheavens,itwasaballofgold.當(dāng)前9頁，總共29頁。ISawaManIsawamanpursuingthehorizon;

Roundandroundtheysped.

Iwasdisturbedatthis;

Iaccostedtheman.(招呼，搭訕)

"Itisfutile,"Isaid,

"Youcannever--"

"Youlie,"hecried,

Andranon.當(dāng)前10頁，總共29頁。IWalkedinaDesertIwalkedinadesert.

AndIcried,

"Ah,God,takemefromthisplace!"

Avoicesaid,"Itisnodesert."

Icried,"Well,But--

Thesand,theheat,thevacanthorizon."

Avoicesaid,"Itisnodesert."

當(dāng)前11頁，總共29頁。IntheDesertInthedesert

Isawacreature,naked,bestial,

who,squattingupontheground,

Heldhisheartinhishands,

Andateofit.

Isaid,"Isitgood,friend?"

"Itisbitter--bitter,"heanswered;

"ButIlikeit

Becauseitisbitter,

Andbecauseitismyheart."

Bestial['bestj?l]

adj.殘忍的，野蠻的，缺乏智慧的

當(dāng)前12頁，總共29頁。TheOpenBoatHumanbeingsinfrontofnaturaldisasterNatureandman:indifferentBrotherhood當(dāng)前13頁，總共29頁。FrankNorris(1870-1902)AleaderoftheNaturalismmovement.Norrisbelievedthatanovelshouldserveamoralpurpose."Thenovelwithapurpose,"heexplained,"bringsthetragediesandgriefsofotherstonotice"and"prove(s)thatinjustice,crime,andinequalitydoexist."1899McTeague,tellshoweconomiccircumstances,alcoholism,heredity,andchancecompelamantobecomeamurderer.當(dāng)前14頁，總共29頁。Wheattrilogy：TheOctopus:AStoryofCalifornia(《章魚》1901):theconflictofpowerofNature(thefarmers)andthemechanicforces(therailroad),andthefarmersaredefeatedby“inevitable”economicforcesThePit:AStoryofChicago(《深淵》1902)

Hischaractersareoftenunabletocontroltheirownlives.Theyaremovedaroundbypassionsorbyfate.Thewholeworld,naturalandhuman,isabattlefieldbetweenuncontrollableforces.TheWolf:AStoryofEurope(unfinished)當(dāng)前15頁，總共29頁。TheodoreDreiser(1871–1945)Life(1)Indiana,German-speakingfamily(2)Extremelypoorchildhood(3)WorkedasareporterandhisfirstbookSisterCarriewasrejectedmanytimes(4)Inhislaterlife,heturnedtoCommunism.當(dāng)前16頁，總共29頁。Works(1)SisterCarrie(CarrieMeeber,Drouet,Hurstwood,Ames;nocontrolofherownlife;drivingblindlytocatchallopportunitiestomakelifebetter)(2)AnAmericanTragedy,themasterpieceofDreiser

(ClydeGriffiths)(3)CowperwoodtrilogyHisinfluenceisevidentintheworksofSherwoodAnderson,SinclairLewisandErnestHemingway當(dāng)前17頁，總共29頁。Analysis(1)SocialDarwinism(manonlydrivebydesire;onlyfittestcanliveinthesociety)(2)Style:formless,dull,crude(粗糙的),solemnandponderous(笨重的),“theworld’sworstgreatwriter”(3)PowerfuldepictionofAmericansociallifeandmovingcharacters當(dāng)前18頁，總共29頁。JackLondon

(1876–1916)LifeborninSanFranciscolivedinthelowestpartofsocietyinhisyouthdecidedtochangehislifebyintellectualefforthisworkswererejectedmanytimesatlastsucceededandbecameamillionaireFameandupperclasslifemadehimfeelboring;committedsuicide當(dāng)前19頁，總共29頁。Works1903TheCalloftheWild(storyofBuck,adog)WhiteFang(storyofawolf)1904TheSeaWolfMartinEden,autobiographicalAsolidcraftsman,esp.ofshortstories“Loveoflife”當(dāng)前20頁，總共29頁。3.Analysis(1)SocialDarwinism,Neitzcheansuperman,socialistdoctrinesofMarx(2)NaturalismmingledwithRomanticism(3)Limitations:formless,clumsyyetvigorousstyle;stiffandstereotypedcharactersanddialoguesSympathetictreatmentoftheconvictandtramp,hencecalledthe“spokesmanoftheworkingclass”當(dāng)前21頁，總共29頁。O.HenryOriginalname:WilliamSidneyPorterHewasgoodatwritingclevershortstoriesandemployNewYorkCityasthebackground.Hisstoriesshowedhissympathywiththelowerclass.Healwayscreatedthespecialeffectdescribedas“tearswithsmile”forhisstoriesandalwayswithsurprisingendings.Hisfamousstoriesinclude“TheGiftoftheMagi”,“TheLastLeaf”and“TheCopandtheAnthem”.HisshortstoriesaresomewhatlikethoseofFrenchwriterMaupassant.當(dāng)前22頁，總共29頁。E.A.Robinson(1896-1935)1896ChildrenoftheNight1910TheTowndowntheRiver“ErosTurannos”(meansinGreek:Love,theTyrant)“RichardCory”“MiniverCheevy”當(dāng)前23頁，總共29頁。RichardCoryWheneverRichardCorywentdowntown,Wepeopleonthepavementlookedathim:Hewasagentlemanfromsoletocrown,Cleanfavored,andimperiallyslim.

Andhewasalwaysquietlyarrayed,Andhewasalwayshumanwhenhetalked;Butstillheflutteredpulseswhenhesaid,"Good-morning,"andheglitteredwhenhewalked.

Notes:“cleanfavored”mayimplyboththatCoryiswellgroomedandthatheisclearlyamanofprivilege.Conservativelybutverywelldressed當(dāng)前24頁，總共29頁。Andhewasrich—yes,richerthanaking—Andadmirablyschooledineverygrace:Infine,wethoughtthathewaseverythingTomakeuswishthatwewereinhisplace.

Soonweworked,andwaitedforthelight,Andwentwithoutthemeat,andcursedthebread;AndRichardCory,onecalmsummernight,Wenthomeandputabulletthroughhishead.當(dāng)前25頁，總共29頁。Questions:WhatkindofmanisRichardCory?Whatkindofmanisthespeaker?Whatisthespeaker’sattitudetoRichardCory?WhathappenedtoRichardCoryandwhy?當(dāng)前26頁，總共29頁。MiniverCheevy

MiniverCheevy,childofscorn,Grewleanwhileheassailedtheseasons;(猛烈攻擊)Heweptthathewaseverborn,Andhehadreasons.

Miniverloved