新sat考試備考材料-第6部分可汗學(xué)院全真試題?？季?2套題khan

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SharinganyquestionsisaviolationofTestSecurityandFairnesspoliciesandmayresultinyourscoresbeingSATReading65MINUTES,54TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthisEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinpanyinggraphics(suchasatableor最的新SAT課程,請(qǐng)關(guān)注Roy老師 公眾平臺(tái)Question1-10arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisexcerptedfromJulesVerne,AroundtheWorldinEightyDays.Originallypublishedin1873.ThemansioninSavilleRow,thoughnotsumptuous,wasexceedinglycomfortable.Thehabitsofitsoccupantweresuchastodemandbutlittlefromthesoledomestic,butLinePhileasFoggrequiredhimtobealmost5promptandregular.Onthisvery2ndofOctoberhedismissedJamesForster,becausethatlucklessyouthhadbroughthimshaving-waterateighty-fourdegreesFahrenheitinsteadofeighty-six;andhewasawaitinghissuccessor,whowasdueatthehousebetweenelevenandhalf-past. PhileasFoggwasseatedsquarelyinhisarmchair,hisfeetclosetogetherlikethoseofagrenadieronparade,hishandsrestingonhisknees,hisbodystraight,hisheaderect;hewassteadilywatchingacomplicatedclockwhichindicatedthehours,theminutes,theseconds,thedays,themonths,andthe

"Youarefourminutestooslow.Nomatter;it'senoughtomentiontheerror.Nowfromthismoment,twenty-nineminutesaftereleven,a.m.,thisWednesday,2ndOctober,youareinmyservice." PhileasFogggotup,tookhishatinhislefthand,putitonhisheadwithanautomaticmotion,andwentoffwithoutaPassepartoutheardthestreetdoorshutonce;itwashisnewmastergoingout.Hehearditshutagain;itwashis60predecessor,JamesForster,departinginhisturn.PassepartoutremainedaloneinthehouseinSavilleRow.1Aprivatemembers’clubin2AFrench3AFrenchtightropewalkerand15years.Atexactlyhalf-pastelevenMr.Foggwould,accordingtohisdailyhabit,quitSavilleRow,andrepairtotheReform.1ArapatthismomentsoundedonthedoorofthecosyapartmentwherePhileasFoggwasseated,andJamesForster,20thedismissedservant,appeared."Thenewservant,"saidhe.Ayoungmanofthirtyadvancedand"YouareaFren an,Ibelieve,"askedPhileasFogg,"andyournameisJohn?" n,ifmonsieurpleases,"repliedthe er," Passepartout,asurnamewhichhasclungtomebecauseIhaveanaturalaptnessforgoingoutofonebusinessintoanother.IbelieveI'mhonest,monsieur,but,tobeoutspoken,I'vehadseveraltrades.I'vebeenanitinerantsinger,a30rider,whenIusedtovaultlikeLeotard,2anddanceonaropelikeBlondin.3ThenIgottobeaprofessorofgymnastics,soastomakebetteruseofmytalents;andthenIwasasergeantfiremanatParis,andassistedatmanyabigfire.ButIquittedFrancefiveyearsago,and,wishingtotastethesweetsof35domesticlife,tookserviceasavalethereinEngland.Findingmyselfoutofce,andhearingthatMonsieurPhileasFoggwasthemostexactandsettledgentlemanintheUnitedKingdom,Ihavecometomonsieurinthehopeoflivingwithhimatranquillife,andforgettingeventhename40of"Passepartoutsuitsme,"respondedMr.Fogg."Youare mendedtome;Ihearagoodreportofyou.Youknowmyconditions?"45"Good!Whattimeis"Twenty-twominutesaftereleven,"returnedPassepartout,drawinganenormoussilverwatchfromthedepthsofhis"Youaretooslow,"saidMr.

"Pardonme,monsieur,itisimpossible-11Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsadescriptionofonecharactertoanillustrationofthatcharacter’sin ctionswithanothercharacter.acharacterizationoftheupperclassestoanexposureofproblemswiththesocialorder.adepictionofaparticularceandtimetoapredictionaboutoneman’sfuture.opinionsheldbyanemployertotheviewsassertedbyapotentialemployee.2ThenarratordescribesthecircumstancesunderwhichJamesForsterwasfiredmostlikelyinorderto2emphasizethestandardsthatPhileasFoggdemandsfromhisemployees.demonstratetheunfairnessofPhileasFogg’srepresentsocialconditionsthatPhileasFoggshowPhileasFogg’srandomactsof3Inparagraphtwo(lines10–17),thenarratorcharacterizesMr.Foggassomeonewho3lacksfriendsandunwillinglyspendsmostofhistimein ejadedandpredictableaftertimespentinthehashighstandardsforbothcomportmentandesboredeasilybecauseofhislackof4Asusedinline22,“advanced”mostnearly455Intheseventhparagraph(lines33–40),thewords“sweets,”“settled,”and“tranquil”primarilyservetorevealPassepartout’sharshandmanipulativedescribePassepartout’sapproachtoallofhiscareer

Inthefinaltwoparagraphs(lines55–61),thedescriptionofMr.Fogg’sdeparturemainlyservestoshowthatPassepartoutalreadyhasfullcontroloverFogg’shousehold.demonstrateFogg’srudenesstowardsanyoneofalowerhighlighttheplightofthepreviousemphasizetheabruptdecisionFogghasmadetohire6Mr.Fogg's"conditions"(line43)canreasonablybeinferredtoinclude6theexactingandprecisestandardsheexpectsofhishisemployee’swillingnesstotakeonavarietyofdifferentjobs.excellentreferencesfromformeranamethathefinds77Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines4–5(“Phileas...lines26–28(“I...line41(“Passepartout...lines41–42(“Youare...88Attheendofthepassage,thediscussionaboutthetimesuggeststhatMr.Fogg’sattitudetowardshisnewemployeewillbestrictandharshlyexactingbutinitiallypleasantandconstantlyannoyedbutfrequently99Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?line49(“You...line50(“Pardon...line51(“You...lines51–52(“No...Question11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisexcerptedfromLeyraCastroandEdWasserman,“CrowsUnderstandogies,”?ScientificAmerican2015.Arecentresearchcollaborationhasdiscoveredthatcrowsexhibitstrongbehavioralsignsofogicalreasoning—theabilitytosolvepuzzleslike“birdistoairasfishisto

thinking.EdWasserman,oneoftheauthorsofthisarticle,andhiscolleaguesinMoscow,AnnaSmirnova,ZoyaZorina,andTanyaObozova,firsttrainedhoodedcrowsonseveraltasksinwhichtheyhadtomatchitemsthatwerethesameasoneanother.Thecrowswerepresentedwithatraycontainingthreecups.Themiddlecupwascoveredbyacardpicturingacolor,ashape,oranumberofitems.Theothertwosidecupswerealsocoveredbycards—onethesameasandonedifferentfromthemiddlecard.Thecupunderthematchingcardcontainedfood,butthecupunderthenonmatchingcard ogicalreasoningisconsideredtobethepinnacle 60wasempty.Crowsquicklylearnedtochoosethe5cognitionanditonlydevelopsinhumansbetweentheagesofthreeandfour.Whymightcrowsbepromisinganimalstostudy?Ofcourse,crowsarereputedtobeclever.Aesop’sfamousfable“TheCrowandthePitcher”lsofacrowsolving10challengingproblem:thethirstycrowdropspebblesinto pitcherwithwaternearthebottom,therebyraisingthefluidlevelhighenoughtopermitthebirdtodrink.Suchtalesarecharmingandprovocative,butsciencecannotrelyonRecentscientificresearchsoughttocorroboratethisfable.15Itfoundthatcrowsgivenasimilarproblemdroppedintoatubecontainingwater,butnotintoatubecontainingsand.Crowsalsochosetodropsolidratherthanhollowobjectsintothewatertube.Itthusseemsthatcrowsdoindeedunderstandbasiccause-effect But,whathappenswhencrowsaregivenproblems requiremore thinking?Beforesettingoursightsonogicalreasoning,wemightbeginwithasimplertask.Forexample,samenessanddifferentnessareideas,becausetwoormoreitemsofany 25coins,cups,caps,orcars—canbethesameasorfromoneanother.Becausesamenessanddifferentnesscanbedetectedvisually,perhapsthatmayprovideanelegantwaytostudytheirapprehensionbynonverbalanimals.Todoso,wepresentvisualstimuliona30monitor.Werewardanimalswithfoodforcontactingonebuttonwhensetscontainidenticalitemsandwerewardanimalsforcontactingasecondbuttonwhensetscontainnon-identicalitems.Severalspeciesofbirdsandm learnthistaskandalsotransfertheirlearningtonewstimuli,35showingthattheyhavelearnedan concept,whichextendsthetrainingitems.Devisingatasktostudy ogicalthinkinginanimalsisthenextstep.Here,thegistofogycanbecapturedbyarrangingamatchingtaskinwhichtherelevantlogical40argumentsarepresentedintheformofvisualstimuli.Usinglettersofthealphabetforexnatorypurposes,choosingtestpairBBwouldbecorrectifthesamplepairwereAA,whereaschoosingtestpairEFwouldbecorrectifthesamplepairwereCD.Statedlogically,A:AasB:B(same=same)45andC:DasE:F(different=different).Critically,noitemsinthecorrecttestpairphysicallymatchanyoftheitemsinthesamplepair;so,onlytheogicalrelationofsamenesscanbeusedtosolvethetask.

Now,wehavefoundthatcrowstoocanexhibitcardandtodosomorequicklyfromonetasktotheThen,thecriticaltestwasgiven.Eachcardnowpicturedapairofitems.ThemiddlecardwoulddisypairsAAorCD,andthetwosidecardswoulddisypairBBandpairEF.Therelationbetweenonepairofitemsmustbeappreciatedandthenappliedtoanewpairofitemstogeneratethecorrectanswer:theBBcardinthecaseofAAortheEFcardinthecaseofCD.Forinstance,ifthemiddlecarddisyedacircleandacross,thenthecorrectchoicewouldbethesidecardcontainingasquareandatriangleratherthanthesidecardcontainingtwosquares.Notonlycouldthecrowscorrectlyperformthistask,buttheydidsospontaneously,fromtheveryfirstpresentations,withouteverbeingtrainedtodoso.Itseemsthatinitialtrainingtomatchidenticalitemsenabledthecrowstograspabroadlyapplicableconceptofsamenessthatcouldapplytothenoveltwo-itemogytask.Suchrobustanduninstructedbehaviorrepresentsthemostconvincingevidenceyetofogicalreasoninginanon-primateanimal.PercentageofCrowsCorrectResponsesin8SessionsofIdentical-AdaptedfromAnnaSmirnovaetal.,"CrowsSpontaneouslyExhibit Reasoning."(C)2015byElsevier Themainpurposeofthepassageispresentresearchapproachesusedtodeterminethatcrowsmaybeabletothinkogically.showthatcrowshavebeenproventobethesmartestofallnon-primateanimals.arguethatcrowsneedpropertraininginordertoperformcomplexandadvancedtasks.exinthatscientists’understandingofcrowslikelywillprogressrapidlyfollowingarecentstudy.

Basedontheauthors’initialex nationofthe matchingtask,asamplepairwithatriangleandasquarewouldmostcorrectlybeAcircleandaAsquareandaAsusedinline2,“strong”mostnearlyInthe paragraph,thephrase“samenessanddifferentness”primarilyservestointroduceaconceptthatiscentraltotheexperimentsdescribedlater.refertothetopicthatledresearcherstobeginstudyingreasoninginanimals.revealthatexpertscientistssometimesuseeverydaylanguageintheirreports.emphasizethatcertaintermsmustbeusedwhendescribingin ligentanimals.Thediscussionofanimals’abilitytoapplyalearnedskillinvarioustestingscenariossuggeststhatsomeanimalsgraspconceptsbecausetheyaresimilartothingstheyexperienceinthewild.arecapableofunderstandingthesharedconceptthatunderliesdifferenttasks.cannotdifferentiatebetween“sameness”and“difference”afterbeingtrained.learnanewtaskmostquicklywhentheyhavejustrepeatedadifferenttaskmanytimes.

ItcanbereasonablyinferredthatakeydifferencebetweenthetwopartsofthestudydonebyEdWassermanandhiscolleaguesisthatthesecondpartrequiredamorecomplexinvolveddirectobservation,whilethefirstexperimentwasviewedonamonitor.involveda ogicaltestedlearnedabilities,whilethesecondexperimenttestednaturalabilities.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines54–58(“Thecrows...lines58–60(“Thecup...lines62–67(“Each...lines72–74(“Not...Theaveragedresultsforsessions1-8asshowninthechartrevealthatCrow1wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingsizeandCrow2wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingCrow1wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingshapeandCrow2wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingCrow1wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingshapeandCrow2wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingCrow1wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingcolorandCrow2wasgenerallymoresuccessfulatmatchingWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines26–28(“Because...lines30–33(“Wereward...lines33–36(“Severalspecies...lines38–40(“Here...Whichstatementcanbereasonablyinferredfromtheinformationinthepassageandthegraph?Crows’abilitytomatchobjectssteadilyimprovesasnewdimensionsareintroduced.Researcherscanseeevidenceoflearningevenwhenananimal’sperformanceonataskisinconsistentduringCrowsperformdifferentlyonmatchingtaskswhentheyareawarethattheyarebeingobserved.Researchersmayinfluencethe eofscientifictrialswithanimalsbyvaryingtheirteachingmethods.Theinformationfromthechartbestsupportstheauthors’claimthatthecrowseasilyunderstoodtherelationshipbetweentwounlikerecognizedthatalearnedskillcouldbeappliedtoanewquicklylearnedtocompletethematchinggraspedtheconceptofcause-effect 的新SAT課程,請(qǐng)關(guān)注Roy老師 公眾平臺(tái)Question22-32arebasedonthefollowingAdaptedfrom"NASA'sNuSTARHelpsSolveRiddleofBlackHoleSpin."?2013byNASA.TwoX-rayspaceobservatories,NASA'sNuclearSpectroscopicescopeArray(NuSTAR)andtheEuropeanSpaceAgency'sXMM-Newton,haveteameduptoLineforthefirsttime,thespinrateofablackholewitha 5twomilliontimesthatofourThesupermassiveblackholeliesatthedust-andgas-filledheartofagalaxycalledNGC1365,anditisspinningalmostasfastasEinstein'stheoryofgravitywillallow.

Cambridge,Mass.,andtheItalianNationalInstituteforSupermassiveblackholesaresurroundedbypancake-likeaccretiondisks,formedastheirgravitypullsmatterinward.Einstein'stheorypredictsthatthefasterablackholespins,theclosertheaccretiondiskliestotheblackhole.Theclosertheaccretiondiskis,themoregravityfromtheblackholewillwarpX-raylightstreamingoffthedisk.AstronomerslookforthesewareffectsbyyzingX-raylightemittedbyironcirculatingintheaccretiondisk.Inthenewstudy,theyusedbothXMM-NewtonandNuSTARtosimultaneouslyobservetheblackholeinNGC1365.WhileXMM-Newtonrevealedthatlightfromtheironwasbeingwarped,NuSTARprovedthatthisdistortionfindings,whichappearinanewstudyinthejournal10resolvealong-standingdebateaboutsimilarmeasurementsinotherblackholesandwillleadtoabetterunderstandingofhowblackholesandgalaxiesevolve."Thisishugelyimportanttothefieldofblack

65comingfromthegravityoftheblackholeandnotgasinthevicinity.NuSTAR'shigher-energyX-raydatashowedthattheironwassoclosetotheblackholethatitsgravitymustbecausingthewareffects.Withthepossibilityofobscuringcloudsruledscience,"saidLouKaluzienski,aNuSTARprogramscientist15atNASAHeadquartersinTheobservationsalsoareapowerfultestofEinstein'stheoryofgeneralrelativity,whichsaysgravitycanbendspace-time,thefabricthatshapesouruniverse,andthelightthattravelsthroughit. "WecantracematterasitswirlsintoablackholeusingX-raysemittedfromregionsveryclosetotheblackhole,"saidthecoauthorofanewstudy,NuSTARprincipalinvestigatorFionaHarrisonoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena."Theradiationweseeiswarpedanddistortedby25themotionsofparticlesandtheblackhole'sincrediblystrongNuSTAR,anExplorer-classmissionlaunchedinJune2012,isdesignedtodetectthehighest-energyX-raylightingreatdetail.Itcomplements escopesthatobservelower-

scientistscannowusethedistortionsintheironsignaturetomeasuretheblackhole'sspinrate.Thefindingsapplytoseveralotherblackholesaswell,removingtheuncertaintyinthepreviouslymeasuredspinrates.Themainpurposeofthepassageisdiscussthefindingsandimplicationsofarecentshowhowmoderntechnologycanimprovescientificinformreadersaboutthehistoryofa30energyX-raylight,suchasXMM-NewtonandNASA'sChandraX-rayObservatory.ScientistsusetheseandotherescopestoestimatetheratesatwhichblackholesUntilnow,thesemeasurementswerenotcertainbecausecloudsofgascouldhavebeenobscuringtheblackholesand35confusingtheresults.WithhelpfromXMM-Newton,NuSTARwasabletoseeabroaderrangeofX-rayenergiesandpenetratedeeperintotheregionaroundtheblackhole.ThenewdatademonstratethatX-raysarenotbeingwarpedbytheclouds,butbythetremendousgravityoftheblack40hole.Thisprovesthatspinratesofsupermassiveblackholescanbedeterminedconclusively.Measuringthespinofasupermassiveblackholeisfundamentaltounderstandingitspasthistoryandthatofitshostgalaxy. "Thesemonsters,withmassesfrommillionstobillionsoftimesthatofthesun,areformedassmallseedsintheearlyuniverseandgrowbyswallowingstarsandgasintheirhost

galaxies,mergingwithothergiantblackholeswhengalaxiescollide,orboth,"saidthestudy'sleadauthor,GuidoRisalitiIndesigningtheirstudy,thescientistsmostprobablythoughtofEinstein'stheoryofgravityasanoutdatedmodelwhichneededtobeupdatedtoincorporatenew.ascientificbreakthroughthathadyettobetestedandprovencorrect.abaselinehypothesisthattheyhopedtovalidatethroughthestudy’sexperiments.50oftheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics

amajorscientificdiscoverythattheywantedtoupdateandreviseintheirstudy.Asusedinline39,“tremendous”mostnearlyWhateffectdoestheword“monsters”(line45)haveonthetoneofthepassage?Itcreatesaheightenedtonethatreinsthemassivesizeofblackholes.Itcreatesafrighteningtonethatsuggeststhatblackholesaresomethingtofear.Itcreatesanalarmingtonethatimpliesthatmeasuringblackholesisimpossible.Itcreatesamenacingtonethathintsatthedestructivepowerofblackholes.

Thebestrestatementoftheauthor'sviewofthestudy'sfindingsisthattheauthorbelievesthefindingseliminatepreviousisconcernedthatthereisnotenoughevidencetoprovethescientists’theory.acceptsthatthestudy’sfindingsrequirenofurtherconcludesthatmorequestionsthananswershavebeenAccordingtothepassage,gascloudsarerelevanttothefieldofblackholescienceduetotheeffectthattheyhavehadinpreventingtheaccuratecollectionofblackholedata.extenttowhichtheyarelinkedinasymbioticrelationshipwithblackholes.abilitytheyhavetowarptheviewofthestudy’sescopesinspace.degreetowhichtheyareconnectedtoEinstein’stheoryregardingaccretiondisks.Whichbestdescribestheroles yedinthestudybyNuSTARandXMM-Newton?NuSTARprovidedmorepreciseinformationaboutafindingmadebyXMM-Newton.XMM-NewtonwasabletoseemoredeeplyintospacethanNuSTAR.XMM-NewtonvalidatedafindingfirstmadebyWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines1–5(“Two...lines27–29(“NuSTAR...lines61–63(“In...lines63–66(“While...

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines38–40(“The...lines42–44(“Measuring...lines69–71(“With...lines71–73(“The...ThepassagemakesthemostextensiveuseofwhichtypeofExpert TheauthorincludesaquotefromGuidoRisaliti(lines45–49)mostlikelytohelpreadersunderstandblackholesasunknowableandsupporttheclaimthatsupermassiveblackholeshaveawareffect.backuptheargumentthatblackholesandgalaxiesremainamystery.addcontexttothediscussionoftheimportanceofspinQuestion1-11arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisexcerptedfromThreRoosevelt’sspeechtotheworkersonthePanamaC,originallywrittenin1906.ThePanamaC,whichprovidesapassagewayforshipstravelingbetweentheAtlanticandPacificOceans,isoneofthelargestandmostdifficultengineeringprojectseverundertaken.RooseveltgavethisspeechduringhisvisittotheC zonetocheckontheprogressofthework.ItwaswithoutprecedentforatoleavetheUnitedStates,butthisworkiswithoutprecedent.Youarengthebiggestthingofthekindthathaseverbeendone,LineandIwantedtoseehowyou ngit.Iam5thankfulthatIshallbeabletotakebacktotheUnitedthemessagethatthenation'spickedsonsarecarryingthemselvessowellherethatIcanabsoluyguaranteethesuccessofthemightyworkwhichtheyare ng.Itisnotaneasytask.Mightyfewthingsthatareworthngareeasy..10Iwanttosaythiswordtoyoumen,--rightthrough,--toallofyouwhoareengagedintheworkofdiggingthiscwhetheryouarehereassuperintendent,foreman,chiefclerk,machinist,conductor,engineer,-shovelman(andheistheAmericanwhoissettingthemarkfortherestofyouto15liveupto,bytheway),whoeveryouare,ifyouare yourduty,youareputtingyourcountryunderanobligationtoyoujustasasoldierwhodoeshisworkwellinagreatwarputsthecountryunderanobligationtohim.AsIhaveseenyouatwork,seenwhatyouhavedoneandareng,noted20thespiritinwhichyouareapproachingthetaskyettobedone,IhavefeltjustexactlyasIshouldfeelifIsawthepickedmenofmycountryengagedinsomegreatwar.IamweighingmywordswhenIsaythatyouhere,whodoyourworkwellinbringingtocompletionthisgreatenterprise,will25standexactlyasthesoldiersofafew,andonlyafew,ofthemostfamousarmiesofallthenationsstandinhistory.Thisisoneofthegreatworksoftheworld;itisagreaterworkthanyou,yourselves,atthemomentrealize.Someofyou,agoodmanyofyou,aresonsofmenwhofoughtintheCivilWar.30Whenyourfatherswereinthefighting,theythoughtagooddealofthefactthattheblanketwastooheavybynoonandnotquiteheavyenoughbynight;thattheporkwasnotasgoodasitmightbe;andthehardtackwassometimesinsufficientinamount;andtheywerenotalwayssatisfied35withthewayinwhichtheregimentswereThosewerethethingstheytalkedaboutagooddealofthetime.Butwhenthewarwasdone-whentheycamehome,whentheylookedatwhathadbeen thosethingssankintoinsignificance,andthegreatfact40remainedthattheyhadyedapartlikemenamongmen;thattheyhadbornethemselvessothatwhenpeopleaskedwhattheyhaddoneofworthinthosegreatyears,alltheyhadtosaywasthattheyhadserveddecentlyandfaithfullyinthegreatarmies.Soyoumenhere,inthefuture,eachmanof

45you,willhavetherighttofeel,ifhehasdonehisdutyandalittlemorethanhisdutyrightuptothehandleintheworkhereontheIsthmus,thathehasmadehiscountryhisdebtor;thathehasdonemorethanhisfullshareinaddingrenowntothenationunderwhoseflagthecisbeingbuilt.50..Inclosing,allIhavetosayisthis:Youare ngtheworkthelikeofwhichhasnotbeforebeenseenintheages,aworkthatshalllastthroughtheagestocome,andIpledgetoyouasoftheUnitedStates,everyounceofsupport55helpandassistance,thatitisinmypowertogiveyou,sothatwetogether,youbackedbythepeopleoftheUnitedStates,mayspeedilybringthisgreatestofworkstoatriumphantThemainpurposeofthespeechis.stresstheimportanceofthePanamaC.reportontheprogressofthePanama inspirethePanama proclaimthePanamaCprojectaWhatmaineffectdoesthephrase“nation’spickedsons,”(line6),haveonthetoneofthepassage?ItcreatesanhistoricaltonethatrecallspastItcreatesanupliftingtonethatboostsconfidenceintheItcreatesaialtonethatreinsRoosevelt’sItcreatesapatriotictonethatstimulatesThemainpurposeofRoosevelt’scommentabouttheshovelman(lines12–13)ismostlikelytostressthesignificanceofeverycontributiontothestresstheimportanceoftechnologytotheproject’spraisethequalityoftheworkdonebythemanualencouragethemanuallaborerstoworktothebestoftheirability.Asusedinline24,“enterprise”mostnearlyThemaincomparisonRooseveltdrawsbetweentheCivilWarandthePanamaCprojectisintermsoftheirhistoricalfundamentalpolitical

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines26–28(“Thisis...lines39–40(Thegreat...amonglines51–52(“You...lines53–55(“Ipledge...Whichchoicebestex insRoosevelt’spraisefortheHeappreciatesthemfortheirdeterminationtoprovetheUnitedStates’superiority.HeadmiresthemfortheirsuccessatrekindlingnationalHerespectsthemfortheirselflessservicetotheHevaluesthemfortheircontributiontotheworld’s

RooseveltusestheinformationinthelastparagraphmainlytosupporthisassertionthattheprojecthasbeenpromotedasabeaconofmoreAmericanworkershavebeensecuredforthethemostdifficultworkontheprojecthasbeenAmericanshaveshownunprecedentedsupportforItcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph(lines36–49)thatRooseveltbelievesthattheUnitedStatesshouldcometotheaidtheworkersonthePanamaCwillreapthebenefitsoftheworkdoneonthePanamawillfailtogivetheworkersonthePanamaCthecredittheydeserve.shouldsupportthePanamaCoutofrespectforitsWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines36–37(“Those...lines37–39(“whenthey...lines42–44(“allthey...lines47–49(“hehas...Basedonthepassage,theproject’spotentialsuccesswouldbeconsideredallthemoreatriumph,becausemanyofthemostcapablemenwereatmuchoftheworldwasinvestedin theworkersinitiallyfeltunattachedtothethewasslowtogivehisfullQuestion1-11arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisexcerptedfromKasleyKillam,“AHugADayKeepstheDoctorAway,”?ScientificAmerican2015.Duringmyfinalsemesterofundergrad,Imadetwosignsthatread,“Feelingstressedaboutexams?Haveahug!”ThenIrecruitedafriendandwestoodintheentranceofLinecampuslibrary,heldupthesigns,andwaited.5hadoneoftworeactions:Eithertheyquicklylookeddowntheirphonesandawkwardlyshuffledby,ortheirfaceslitupastheyembracedus.Mostpeoplewereenthusiastic.Someexclaimed,“Youmademyday!”or“Thankyou.Ineededthis.”O(jiān)neleaptintomyarms,nearlytopplingmeover.After10twohoursofwarmin ctions,myfriendandIcouldn’tbelievehowenergizedandhappywefelt.Astudypublishedearlierthismonthsuggeststhat,inadditiontomakingusfeelconnectedwithothers,allthosehugsmayhavepreventedusfromgettingsick.Atfirst,15findingprobablyseemscounterintuitive(nottomentionbizarre).Youmightthink,likeIdid,thathugginghundredsofstrangerswouldincreaseyourexposuretogermsandthereforethelikelihoodoffallingill.ButthenewresearchoutofCarnegieMellonindicatesthatfeelingconnectedto20others,especiallythroughphysicaltouch,protectsusfromstress-inducedsickness.ThisresearchaddstoalargeamountofevidenceforthepositiveinfluenceofsocialsupportonSocialsupportcanbroadlybedefinedastheperception25meaningfulrelationshipsthatserveasapsychologicalresourceduringtoughtimes.Morespecifically,thismeansemotionalsupport,suchasexpressionsofcompassion,andmayincludeaccesstoinformationorotherassistance.Theresearchersmeasuredsocialsupportbygivingouta30questionnaireinwhichparticipantsrateddifferentstatements(e.g.“IfeelthatthereisnooneIcansharemymostprivateworriesandfearswith.”).Then,theyconductedinterviewseverynightfortwoweekstofindouthowoftenparticipantsexperiencedwithothersandhowoftentheyreceived35hugs.Finally,theresearchersinfectedparticipantswithacommoncold andobservedwhathappened.Severalinterestingresultsemerged.Encouragingly,peopleoverallhadastrongsenseofsocialsupport,asshownbyahighmedianscoreonthequestionnaire.Similarly,theywere40morelikelytobehugged(whichhappenedonanaverageof68%ofdaysduringthetwo-weekinterviewperiod)thantoexperience(7%ofdays).Themostimportantresults,however,werewhattheresearchersdeemeda“stress-bufferingeffect.”Keepin45thatinter cancausepeoplealotofstressandtherebyweakentheirimmunesystems.Yetregardlessofhowmuchtheyen