《歐洲、北美和中亞碳中和路線圖》

UNITEDNATIONSECONOMICCOMMISSIONFOREUROPE

CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegionTechnologyInterplayunderthe

CarbonNeutralityConcept

?2022UnitedNations

UNITEDNATIONSECONOMICCOMMISSIONFOREUROPE

CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion:TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

UNITEDNATIONS

GENEVA,2022

4

CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion

Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNations,itsofficials,orMemberStates.ThedesignationemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,city,orareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Mentionofanyfirm,licensedprocess,orcommercial

productsdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNations.

ThispublicationisissuedinEnglishandRussian.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thisdocumentsupportsimplementationoftheprojectcalled“EnhancingunderstandingoftheimplicationsandopportunitiesofmovingtocarbonneutralityintheUNECEregionacrossthepowerandenergyintensiveindustriesby2050–CarbonNeutralityproject”.

ThisreportwaspreparedbyWalkerDarkeunderstrategicguidanceandadviceofIvaBrkic,ProjectLead.

TheprojectteamthankstoHolgerRognerandBehnamZakerifromtheInternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis(IIASA)forprovidingdataanalysisaswellastheUNECETaskForceonCarbonNeutralityforthevariouscommentsandsupportthroughnumerousconsultations.TheprojectteamalsowishestothankShuyueLiforprovidingvisualcommunicationanddesignservicesforthispublication.

Disclaimer

Thepublicationdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthepositionofthereviewersandpartnerslistedabovewhohelpedtodevelopthispublication.

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TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

ABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMS

Acronym

Expansion

AdditionalInformation

AFOLU

Agriculture,Forestry,andOtherLandUse

BCM

BillionCubicMeters

BECCS

BiomassEnergywithCarbonCaptureandStorage

CCUS

CarbonCapture,UseandStorage

CH4

Methane

CO2

Carbondioxide

CRL

CommercialReadinessLevel

COP26

26thUNClimateChangeConferenceoftheParties

DAC

DirectAirCarbonCaptureandStorage

DH

DistrictHeat

EJ

Exajoule

1018joulesUnitofEnergy

EOR

EnhancedOilRecovery

GDP

GrossDomesticProduct

HELE

High-Efficiency,Low-Emissions

LCA

LifeCycleAssessment

MTCO2Eq.

MetricTonnesofCarbonDioxideequivalent

MW

Megawatt

106W(watt)=106J/s,unitofpower

NDCs

NationalDeterminedContributions

SMRs

SmallModularReactors(Nuclear)

SRL

SocialReadinessLevels

TRL

TechnologyReadinessLevel

UNECE

UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope

UNDP

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UNEP

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

UNFC

UnitedNationsFrameworkClassificationfor

Resources

UNRMS

UnitedNationsResourceManagementSystem

6

CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 4

Abbreviations 5

andacronyms

Foreword 7

Executive 8

summary

Objectives 10

Key 10

takeaways

Introduction 12

Defining 13

carbonneutrality

Howiscarbonneutralityachievableandwhyareinnovativetechnologiesneeded?

15

Energy 18

technologiesmodelledandanalyzed

- 19

Modellingofscenarios:atoolforinformeddecisionmaking

Carbon 21

neutralityataglance

CO2emissionsbysectors 23

CH4emissionsbysectors 24

Technology, 27

commercialandsocialreadinesslevels

Investments 29

areneededacrossalllowandzerocarbontechnologies

InvestingUNECE

incleanenergyinfrastructureacrosssubregions

30

EnergyUNECE 31

systemsofthefuture:region

Final 32

energysupply

Electricity 3

generationmix4

36

Primaryenergysupply

Innovative- 3

solutionsforacarbonneutralenergysystem8

Nuclear 39

power

Carbon 42

capture,use,andstorage

Hydrogen 45

Trusted 48

technologiesorinnovation?

Industry 49

Buildings 50

Transport 51

References 53

Annex

57

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TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

FOREWORD

Alongsidemyteamofexperts,Iattendedthe26thUNClimateChangeConferenceoftheParties(COP26)in2021tomeetwithactivists,diplomats,andHeadsofStatefromtheUNECEregionandbeyondtofindcommongroundonarangeoftopicsessentialtodeliveringontheParisAgreementtargetsandthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.ThecompromiseagreementsatCOP26reflectedthewidevarietyofinterests,contradictions,andpoliticalwillthatweseetoday.Thisincludedsustainableenergy.IampleasedtonotethatUNECEdeliveredrealactiontomovethedialonsustainableenergy,our

CommitmentTrifecta

,andthe

PushtoPivot

.

Energyiscriticaltosupportingpeace,cooperation,sustainability,andqualityoflifeinourregion.Expertshavefoundclearpathwaysforpolicymakerstoattainacarbon-neutralenergysystem.Energyefficiencyimprovements,renewableenergy,high-efficiencyfossilfueltechnologieswithcarboncapture,use,andstorage,nuclearpower,hydrogenandintegratedandsustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesareallpartofthesolutiontoattaincarbonneutrality.However,onlybold,immediate,andsustainedactioncandecarbonizeenergyintimetoavoidaclimatedisaster.

IremainconvincedthatinternationalcooperationisessentialtosupportallcountriesintheUNECEregiontobuildresilientenergysystemsandacceleratetheenergytransitiontowardattainingcarbonneutrality.UNECEcontinuestoofferaplatformforitsmemberStatestoengageininclusiveandtransparentdialogue,exchangebestpractices,andlearnfromeachothertoattainenergytargetsaspartoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

Inactionisapolicychoicethatwillleadtogreater,possiblyinsurmountable,challengesinthefuture.Policyactionsareneedednowtopreparesocietyandbuildthenecessaryinfrastructuretomakethebestuseofournaturalresources.Thescaleandcomplexityofthesechallengesarebecomingmoreapparenteveryday,asisavoidingdisastrousclimatechangeandmeetingthetargetoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°C.

Thispublicationcallsforambitiousandboldactionfromgovernments,theprivatesectorandregulators.Developmentoftechnologieswillrequirenewregulatoryframeworkstosupportimmediatecommercialization.Policyframeworksshouldalsoincorporatelegallybindingcommitmentsforincreasedinternationaltechnologytransfer,harmonizedstandards,anddefinitionsfor‘green’hydrogen,energyefficiency,andconservation.Alldecisionsshouldbeassessedagainstexistingandupcomingnet-zeroandclimateneutralitytargets,withallenergyinfrastructurebuilttobenet-zerocompliant.Integratinginnovativeenergytechnologies,alongsidethetransformationofenergymarketsanddownstreamindustries,isachallengeandanopportunity.

Theinvestmentrequiredtoachievealow-carboneconomywillhaveitsfinancialreturnandavoidtheincalculablecostofeconomic,social,andhumandisruptionduetoaclimatecatastrophe.

Approximately80%oftheprimaryenergymixintheUNECEregioniscurrentlyfossilfuel-based.Althoughdifferentcountrieswillsupportvarioustechnologiesindiverseways,weneedtodeliversustainableenergytoaddressclimatechangeandensurequalityoflifeatagloballevel.Inshort:inactionisnotaviableoption.UNECEwillcontinuetosupportallmemberStatestotakeactiontoacceleratetheirtransformationandsharegoodpracticesinurbanandruraldevelopments,particularlycities,industry,buildings,andtransportwhiledeliveringonthe2030AgendaonSustainableDevelopmentandtheParisAgreementtargets.

OlgaALGAYEROVA

ExecutiveSecretaryoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope

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CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

LOW-ANDZERO-CARBONTECHNOLOGYINTERPLAY

TheRoadmaptoCarbonNeutralityby2050forEurope,NorthAmericaandCentralAsia

9

Coal0%

Electricity26%

Biomass4.9%

Electricity44%

(extraction,

Nuclear1.5%

(incl.biomassCCS)

Total

28,193billion$

transmission,andprocessing)

transmission,andprocessing)

TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

Whatenergysourceswillbeatthecoreoffutureenergysystems?

Diversifyingandinnovatingresourcebasetoattainresilientenergysystemsisthekey

Coal2.1%

Biomass1.7%

Heat2.2%

Hydrogen0.3%

Electricity51%

Solar5%

Heat5%

Gas22%

Hydrogen3%

Solar7%

Total

Total

194EJ

Gas8%

128EJ

Liquids19%

Liquids41%

ReferenceScenarioFinalEnergySupply2050

CarbonNeutralityScenarioFinalEnergySupply2050

Coal0%

Biomass2.4%

Heat6%

Hydrogen14%

Solar7%

Total

127EJ

Gas9%

17%

Liquids

CarbonNeutralityInnovationScenario

FinalEnergySupply2050

*ReferenceScenarioisbasedonhistoricaltrendsandcurrentpolicies.

*CarbonNeutralityScenarioreachesnet-zerocarbonemissionsby2050andaimstolimittemperaturerisestolessthan1.5oCby2100.

*CarbonNeutralityInnovationScenarioacceleratesmarketuptakeofinnovativetechnologiesincludingcarboncapture,useandstorage(CCUS),nuclearpower(large-andsmallmodularreactordesigns),andhydrogen.

Howmuchwillthetransitiontonet-zerocost?

Thecosttotransitiontocarbonneutralenergysystemsismuchlowerthanperceived.Thecostofinactionisfargreaterasvulnerableenergysystemsaresusceptibletotheenvironmental,economic,andsocialconsequencesofclimatechange.

Hydrogen0.1%

Fossilfuel53%

Fossilelectricitygeneration7%

Renewables9%

Transmission,

Distribution

andStorage

30%

FossilCCS0%

Energyefficiency&intensity0%

Hydrogen0.7%

FossilCCS1.6%

Fossilelectricitygeneration2.7%

Fossilfuel19%

(extraction,

Nuclear6%

Renewables19%(incl.biomassCCS)

Total

44,783billion$

Transmission,

Distribution

andStorage28%

Energyefficiency&intensity24%

Fossilfuel19%

Hydrogen2.9%

(extraction,

transmission,

andprocessing)

FossilCCS8%

Fossilelectricity

generation2.5%

Nuclear8%

Total

47,345billion$

Renewables15%

(incl.biomassCCS)

Transmission,

Distribution

andStorage

21%

Energyefficiency

&intensity24%

ReferenceScenario

TotalInvestmentneeds2050

CarbonNeutralityScenario

TotalInvestmentneeds2050

CarbonNeutralityInnovationScenario

TotalInvestmentneeds2050

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CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion

Objectives

ThispublicationbuildsontherecommendationsfromthePathwaystoSustainableEnergyProjectandtheUNECECarbonNeutralityProject.

ThepublicationbuildsuponaseriesoftechnologybriefsthatdirectlysupporttheimplementationoftheCarbonNeutralityProject.Theunderlyingobjectivesofthispublicationareto:

?Informpolicymakersaboutarangeofoptionsandsolutionstoattaincarbonneutrality

?Supportcountries’effortstoreachcarbonneutralityandattractinvestmentsintocleaninfrastructureprojects

?BuildcapacityineconomiesacrosstheUNECEregiontoreachcommongoals

KeyTakeaways

?Problem

ClimatemodelsindicatethatcurrentnationalactionsandinternationalclimatetargetssetintheParisAgreementandatCOP26fallshortofdeliveringoncarbonneutralityandlimitingglobalwarmingto1.5–2°C.

?Missionpossible

Thereareachievablepathwaysforgovernmentstodesignandachievecarbon-neutralenergysystemsthroughtechnologyinterplayofalllow-andzero-carbontechnologies.

?Technologyinterplay

Carbon-neutralenergysystemsconsistof:I)thediversificationofprimaryandfinalenergysupply;II)anacceleratedphase-outofunabatedfossilfuels;III)theelectrificationofallsectorsthroughrenewableenergyandnuclearpower;IV)thewidespreadinnovationoflow-andzero-carbontechnologies(incl.CCUS,hydrogenandadvancednuclearpower,energystoragesolutions).

?ImplicationsfortheUNECEregion

TheUNECEregionmustincrease:I)technologytransferanddeployment;II)institutionalcapacitytoplananddriveambitioustransformationofenergysystems;III)buy-inandadoptionfromallstakeholderstobuildsecure,affordable,andcarbon-neutralenergysystems.

?ImmediateActions

Actionmuststartnowtomaximizetheuseofalllow-andzero-carbontechnologiestoachievecarbonneutralityby2050.Governmentsneedto:I)raiseawarenessaboutthemeritsofalllow-andzero-carbontechnologies;II)developpolicyframeworksinsupportofcarbonneutrality;III)createalevel-playingfieldtofinanceajusttransitiontowardcarbon-neutralenergysystemsalignedtotheneedsofmemberStates.

?RoleofUNECE

Coordinatedinternationalcooperationwillbeessentialtoattaincarbon-neutralenergysystems.UNECEprovidesamuch-neededinclusiveandneutralplatformfordevelopingrules,standards,andnormsforsystemiclifestyleandinfrastructuralchanges.Supportivepolicies,incentives,andregulatoryframeworksencourageregionalandsub-regionaltechnicalcooperationacrosspower,industry,buildings,andtransportsectorsforprojectsofcommoninterestandpublic-privatepartnerships.

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TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

Thefuturecarbonneutralenergysystem

Policymakershaveclearpathwaystoattaincarbon-neutralenergysystemsbycombiningexistingandnewtechnologieswithinintegratedenergysystems.Alllow-andzero-carbontechnologieswillplayaroleininterconnectedsystemswherenoenergysystemwillexistinisolation.Innovationanddigitalizationenableenergysystemsthatareefficient,resilient,andcapableofdeliveringanet-zeroregion.

FIGURE1

CarbonNeutralEnergySystemoftheFuture

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CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion

INTRODUCTION

AstherecentIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)reportconfirms,itisunequivocalthathumaninfluencehaswarmedtheatmosphere,ocean,andland.Itisnoworneverifwewanttolimitglobalwarmingto1.5°C;itwillbeimpossiblewithoutimmediateanddeepemissionsreductionsacrossallsectors.Climatechangeleadstoextremeweatherandsubsequentsocialandeconomicdisruptionineveryregionoftheworld.Atthesametime,sustainableenergysystemsarecriticalforassuringqualityoflifeanditunderpinstheattainmentofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment(2030Agenda).

ClimatemodelsindicatethatthecurrentcarbonemissionreductionpoliciesandNationalDeterminedContributions(NDCs)fallshortofwhatisrequiredtomeetthegoaloflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5–2oC.Thereisadisconnectbetweencountries’agreedenergyandclimatetargetspertheParisAgreementandtheactualprogressmade.Wearerunningoutoftimetolimittheimpactsofclimatechange.

Inactionisapolicychoicethatcouldleadtomoresignificant,potentiallyinsurmountable,challengesinthefuture.Complexglobalenergysystemsareattheheartofalleconomies.Onthesupplyside,nationalenergysystemsarenotisolatedbutarepartofoptimizedinterconnectedintra-andinter-regionalsystems.Thesesystemsarecharacterizedbynaturalresourcesandtechnologiesthatcanimpactsustainablegrowth.Achangingtechnologylandscapedrivenbylow-costtechnologiesaswellasenvironmentalandgeopoliticalconcernsthatsignificantlyaffectenergysystemdesignandpolicyoptions.Onceenergysystemsstarttochange,downstreamindustrialusersandconsumerswillneedconsiderabletimetoadjusttheiractivitiestonewenergysystems.

Cleanandlow-costenergytechnologiesaregrowingquickly,butmostarestillatanearlydeploymentstage.Whiletechnologyoptionsexistformoststates,prohibitivecosts,regulatorybarriers,andsocialpressuresprohibitlarge-scaledeployment.

Onthesupplyside,thereareinnovativewaystoproducelow-andzero-carbonenergy,includingrenewableenergytechnologies,hydrogen,fossilfuelswithcarboncapture,useandstorage(CCUS),andnuclearpower.Themultiplicityofchoicesmakesitalsoimperativethatthereshouldbeanintegratedapproachtowarddecidingontheoptimummixoftechnologies.Thedemandsidehasalsoexperiencedsomedecarbonizationthroughsystemefficiency,electrificationoftheenergysystem,anddigitalization.Innovativemeasuresinindustry,transportandbuildingsplayapivotalrole.

2021providedmuch-neededimpetustowardcarbonneutralityamidincreasinglyurgentcallsforaction.InSeptember2021,theUNHigh-levelDialogueonEnergyconvenedthefirstglobalgatheringonenergyundertheauspicesoftheGeneralAssemblysince1981.ItwastheUnitedNationsYearofGlobalEnergyAction,andtheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeheldits26thConferenceoftheParties(COP26).AtCOP26,thefinalagreement:

CallsuponPartiestoacceleratethedevelopment,deployment,anddisseminationoftechnologies,andtheadoptionofpolicies,totransitiontowardslow-emissionenergysystems,includingbyrapidlyscalingupthedeploymentofcleanpowergenerationandenergyefficiencymeasures,includingacceleratingeffortstowardthephasedownofunabatedcoalpowerandphase-outofinefficientfossilfuelsubsidies,whileprovidingtargetedsupporttothepoorestandmostvulnerableinlinewithnationalcircumstancesandrecognizingtheneedforhelptowardsajusttransition.

Thisreportpresentsananalysisbasedonmodellingresultsandexploresvariouspathwaysforpolicymakerstoattaincarbonneutralitythroughtechnologyinterplayandtoimplementthe2030Agenda.Itneedstobenotedthatthemodellingexerciseconductedforthepurposesofthisreportassumedthatalltechnologiesdeliverdecarbonizationintimeandinfull.Ifthetechnologydevelopmentanddeploymentaredelayedinanyway,orifatechnologyisremovedfromanagenda,theforecastforachievingcarbonneutralitywillneedtoberevisited.

ThechangingenergytechnologylandscapeimpactsUNECEenergysystems.Thepathwaystoattaincarbonneutralityarecompatiblewithnationalinterests.Nonetheless,policymakersmusturgentlyfinalizetheircurrentpathwaysandadapttheirenergysystemstocomplywiththeParisAgreementtargets.Thetransformationofenergysystemsneedstostartnowandcannotbedoneinisolation.

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TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

Definingcarbonneutrality

CarbonNeutralityreferstoachievingnet-zerocarbonemissionswithagoalofconstrainingglobalwarmingto2°C(strivingto1.5°C)inlinewiththeParisAgreement.Carbonneutralityrequiresacarefulbalancingofactualcarbonemissionswithcarbonremovalthroughnaturalsinks,engineeredcarbonremovaltechnologiesandeliminatingcarbonemissions.

AccordingtotheParisAgreement,carbonneutralityisdefinedasachievingabalancebetweenanthropogenicemissionsbysourcesandremovalsbysinksofgreenhousegasemissionsinthesecondhalfofthiscentury.Inthecontextofthisproject,CarbonNeutralityrefersto‘a(chǎn)chievingnet-zerocarbonemissionsthatconstrainglobalwarmingto1.5–2°Cbybalancingreportedcarbonemissions(mainlycarbondioxideandmethane)withcarbonremovalthroughnaturalsinksorengineeredcarbonremovaltechnologies,suchasCCUS,bioenergywithcarboncaptureandstorage(BECCS)anddirectaircapture(DAC),andbyeliminatingcarbonemissionsthroughatransitiontoapost-carboneconomy.

Carbonneutralityisnotanendstate.Itisanessentialpartofthejourneytostabilizingtheconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheclimate.Asastandalonepolicytarget,however,carbonneutralitywillnotbeenoughtolimitglobalwarming.Ifcarbonneutralityisachievedtoolate,net-negativecarbonemissionswillberequiredtoaddresstheovershoot.Inthefuture,itishopedthatattainingcarbonneutralitywillenablethemanagingofcarbonemissionsovertimeandwillneedtobeperiodicallyrevisitedandaddressissuessuchashistoricalemissions.

FIGURE2

CarbonNeutralityFramework

14

CarbonNeutralityintheUNECERegion

Buildingresilientenergysystemsbasedonthesustainableenergyandcarbonneutralityframeworks

Resilientenergysystemsbasedonthethreepillarsofenergysecurity,qualityoflife,andenvironmentalsustainabilitywouldprotectsocietyfromfuturerisks.Energysecurityrelatestosecuringtheenergyneededforeconomicdevelopment;qualityoflifereferstotheprovisionofaffordableenergyavailabletoallatalltimes;andenvironmentalsustainabilityreferstolimitingtheimpactofenergysystemsonclimate,ecosystems,andhealth.Therapidtransitiontowardsustainableenergywillrequirecarefuldecision-makingtofindthebalancebetweenallthreepillarstodelivertotheuniversallyagreed2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.

Sustainableenergyandcarbonneutralityframeworksareessentialforanalyzingtechnologyinterplay.

ThemodellingandexpertcommentsassumethatthepaceofeconomicdevelopmentineachmemberstateoftheUNECEwillbemaintainedandthateachcountrywillhaveitsenergypreferencesandtransitionpathwaysbasedonitsnaturalresourceendowments,technologicalandinfrastructurebase,culturalheritage,historicalpatternsofeconomicdevelopment,andlegalandregulatorystructure.

Acommitmenttoensuringaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainable,andmodernenergyforallisincludedintheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).ThisapproachembracestheSDGsandhighlightstheinterconnectivityamongthedifferentfacetsofsustainableenergyandtrade-offsbetweenthethreepillars.

Findingabalancebetweenthethreepillarsisacomplexsocial,political,economic,andtechnologicalchallenge.AdialogueundertheUNECECommitteeonSustainableEnergywouldconstituteasignificantstepfornationstoidentifytrade-offsandsynergiestodeliveronenergysecurity,qualityoflife,andenvironmentalsustainability.Whiletherearenoeasyanswers,thereisanurgentneedtofindabalancebetweenthosecompetingyetinterrelatedinterests.

FIGURE3

TheEnergyTrilemmaasaFrameworktoattainCarbonNeutrality

15

TechnologyInterplayundertheCarbonNeutralityConcept

Howiscarbonneutralityachievableandwhyareinnovative

technologiesneeded?

Reachingconsensusontheenergytransitiontowardscarbonneutralityisacomplexproblem.Policychoiceshaveeffectsonexistingandnewenergytechnologiesandeconomicgrowth,andtheyaresubjecttotheavailabilityofnationalenergyresources.Increasinglytighttimescalesmeanthatidealpathwaystocarbonneutralityareincreasinglylessfeasiblewithoutimposingdisruptiontosociety.Aseachcountryhasuniquecircumstances,equitableaccesstoresourcesmustbedevelopedtoattaincarbonneutrality.

Adaptabilityinsuchacomplextransitionisvitaltodevelopmechanismstodriveconsensusamongstinterestedpartiesonensuringtimely,rapiddecisionmaking.Arapidtransitionislikelytodisruptsocietyunlesspolicymakersusealltheavailableoptions.Evenundesirableoptionsmaybenecessary.

Carbonneutralityisachievablebyusingamixtureoflow-andzero-carbontechnologiesandchangesinsocialbehavior.Energydemandwillbedrivenbyeconomicactivity,lifestylechangesandimprovementsinenergyefficiency,low-carbonfuels,smarttechnologies,andtheelectrificationofallsectors.UNECEsupportsanintegratedapproachtoenergytechnologiestorepresentallmembercountries’interestsandmaximizethesynergiesofdiverseenergysources.

AcrosstheUNECEregion,fossilfuelscurrentlydominatetheenergysupplyduetolegacyinfrastructure,easeoftransportation,storage,infrastructure,andenergydensity.Existingandnewalternativelow-andzero-carbontechnologiesneedtobeusedtosupportsustainabledevelopment.Sustainableinnovativesolutions,suchasCCUS,hydrogenandtheadvancednuclearpower,mustbescaled-uptomatchtraditionaltechnologies’costandtechnicalcompetitivenessthroughtechnologicaladvances,economiesofscale,andcloseralignmentwithmarketdemand.

Thisreportpresentstheanalysisbasedonmodellingresultsandshowsanexpandedsetoftechnicaloptionsavailabletosupportpolicymakingandinternationalenergycooperation.Thesolutionsandtechnologiesanalyzedincludeenergyefficiency,renewableenergy,fossilfuels,nuclearpowerandhydrogen,andcarbonsequestrationapproachessuchasCCUS,BECCS,anddirectaircapture.

Policymakersshoulduse

LifeCycleAssessment(LCA)

studiestovalidatetheirapproach.LCAcomparestechnologiesonthebasisoflifetimeenvironmentalimpactfromthosewiththelowestcarbonfootprinttothosethatrequiresignificantcarboncaptureandstoragetobecarbonneutral.Itisalmostcertain