EconomicsOpportunityCost機會成本簡介

EconomicsOpportunityCost機會成本簡介第1頁/共36頁ContentsIntroductionHistoryCalculationofopportunitycostRealworldexampleWillingnesstopayAccountingcostWorkcitedSunkcostExplicit&ImplicitcostsBenchmarkYieldNote:Clickthelink第2頁/共36頁First:Whatiscost?Theconceptofcostisfarricherthanthedollarsandcentsyouhandoveratthecashregister.Therealcostofsomethingiswhatyoumustgiveupinordertogetit,whichisalmostalwaysmorethanjustcash.Reference:Wheelan,Charles.NakedEconomics.NewYork:Norton,2010.Print.Page11.第3頁/共36頁Definition

of

opportunity

costAmeasureoftheeconomiccostofusingscarceresources(FactorInputs)toproduceoneparticulargoodorserviceintermsofthealternativestherebyforegone.

Reference:ChristopherPass,BryanLowes,LeslieDavies.CollinsEconomicsDictionary.Shanghai:SHANGHAIUNIVERSITYOFFINANCEANDECONOMICSPRESS,2008.Print.Page520.第4頁/共36頁

Inaword——What

must

be

sacrificed

to

obtain

something.Imagescomefrom:<http:///i?tn=baiduimage&ps=1&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&word=%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9&ie=utf-8>第5頁/共36頁Whichone???Thiscatcomesfrom:</w/2012-06-13/083924584197.shtml>第6頁/共36頁AustrianeconomistFriedrichvonWiesercreatedthisterminhisbookTheoriedergesellschaftlichenWirtschaftin1914.HistoryofOpportunitycostReferences:Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.<http:///wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser>第7頁/共36頁FrenchclassicaleconomistFrédéricBastiatfirstmentionedtheopportunitycostinhisessay"Cequ'onvoitetcequ'onnevoitpas

(WhatIsSeenandWhatIsUnseen)

"in1848.HistoryReferences:

Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.<http:///wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat#.22What_is_Seen_and_What_is_Unseen.22>第8頁/共36頁WillingnesstopayWillingnesstopay(WTP)isthemaximumamountanindividualiswillingtosacrificetoprocureagoodoravoidsomethingundesirable.Reference:Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.<http:///wiki/Willingness_to_accept>第9頁/共36頁Relationwith

ConsumersurplusEachpointonthedemandcurvethatconsumersinacertainnumberofthehighestwillingnesstopay,ifthepurchasepriceislowerthanthedemandprice(willingnesstopay),thedifferenceisthattheconsumersurplus.Reference:<http:///article/4a8f1bc8-67d5-4e04-b900-aaecd2d81829.htm>第10頁/共36頁Onetwothree……？？？AccountingCost第11頁/共36頁Accountingcost

=Accountpayments

=Haveconsumed+NotconsumedHaveconsumed＝cost+lossNotconsumed＝AssetsPerfectCompetition:Opportunitycost=AccountingcostReference:Baidu.Nov.12.2014<http:///view/315328.htm?fr=aladdin><http:///photo/3/billustration/2011/0323/34163.html>Difference:Opportunitycostswillinfluenceyourchoice.Accountingcostsareinfluencedbyyourchoice.第12頁/共36頁ExplicitCosts

&

ImplicitCosts

第13頁/共36頁ImplicitCosts&OpportunityCostsImplicitCost{opportunitycostoftimeopportunitycostoffinancialcapital第14頁/共36頁Relation:Economicprofit=Revenues-ExplicitCost-ImplicitCost=AccountingProfit-ImplicitCost第15頁/共36頁OpportunityCost=ExplicitCosts+ImplicitCostsReference:<http:///tag/%E8%B9%87%E5%86%A9%E6%AB%A4%E9%8D%8B%E3%83%A5%E5%8F%8F>第16頁/共36頁SunkCost

Asunkcostisaretrospective(past)costthathasalreadybeenincurredandcannotberecovered.Reference:Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.</wiki/Sunk_costs>第17頁/共36頁gambleThemoneyyoulostisyoursunkcost.Themoreyoulost,themoreyouwantitback.So……SometimesweneedtoletitgoReference:<http:///share/jui19003.html>第18頁/共36頁BenchmarkYieldBenchmarkyielddependson:SourcesoffundsTheopportunitycostofinvestment??????

benchmarkyield>theopportunitycostofinvestment>costofcapitalProjectriskInflationrate……Reference:<http:///school/2012/0210/77015.shtml>第19頁/共36頁TheCalculationofOpportunityCostReference:<http:///content/2011-12-22/20111222151613710.shtml>第20頁/共36頁NO.1Theopportunitycostofsomeoneuseshisownmoneytosetupabusiness＝theinteresthecangetifthemoneywerelenttosomeoneelseReference:<http:///yewu3.asp>第21頁/共36頁NO.2Theopportunitycostofsomeoneworksasamanager（whorunshisownbusiness）＝thesalaryhecangetifheworkforsomeoneelse（company）Reference:<http:///fj/hxwh/news371159.htm>第22頁/共36頁NO.3Ifthemachinehasneverbeenusedbefore，theopportunitycostofusingitnow＝0Reference:<http:///tuku/201306/376614.html>第23頁/共36頁NO.4IfthemachinewasusedtoproducethegoodsAandgotprofits.Now,weuseittoproducethegoodB.Theopportunitycostistheprofitswecouldget,ifitstillproducesA.Reference:<http:///news/85005.html>第24頁/共36頁NO.5Thematerialswereboughtinbefore,andnowthepricehaschanged.Theopportunitycostistherevenuewecouldgetifwesellitnow.Reference:</shtml/gtsc/20111114/206841.shtml>第25頁/共36頁NO.6Theopportunitycostofusingthematerialswhichareboughtinwiththecurrentmarketprice,theemployeeswhoarehiredwithcurrentwages,andthecapitalyouborrowedwiththecurrentinterest=Theaccountingcostofthat.Reference:<http:///2013/11/30412.html>第26頁/共36頁NO.7Theopportunitycostofdepreciation=thefront-endvalueofthemachine–theendingvalueofitReference:<http:///tk/36578.html>第27頁/共36頁RealWorldExample第28頁/共36頁ExampleStayinChinaGoabroadReference:<http:///luoxing_summer/blog/static/163832300201110114255290/>第29頁/共36頁ChoiceIfwestay……Ifwegoabroad…..Reference:<http://shijue.me/zone/show_art/515d5f4ee744f93f0a001584>第30頁/共36頁Ifwegoabroad……

Let’sseeouropportunitycostsTime:youaregoingtopaymoretimetopasstheiBT,SAT/ACT,AP……Energy:paymoreattentiononEnglishTuition:higherRelationship:notinclosetouchMoney:wecanmakeinChinaBACK第31頁/共36頁WorkCited:3.Definitionofcost:Wheelan,Charles.NakedEconomics.NewYork:Norton,2010.Print.Page11.4.Definitionofopportunitycost:ChristopherPass,BryanLowes,LeslieDavies.CollinsEconomicsDictionary.Shanghai:SHANGHAIUNIVERSITYOFFINANCEANDECONOMICSPRESS,2008.Print.Page520.5.Imagescomefrom:</i?tn=baiduimage&ps=1&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&word=%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9&ie=utf-8>6.Thiscatcomesfrom:</w/2012-06-13/083924584197.shtml>7&8.Historyofopportunitycost:Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.</wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser>Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.<http:///wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat#.22What_is_Seen_and_What_is_Unseen.22>9.Willingnesstopay:Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.<http:///wiki/Willingness_to_accept>10.Reference:</article/4a8f1bc8-67d5-4e04-b900-aaecd2d81829.htm>第32頁/共36頁12.Reference:Baidu.Nov.12.2014.<http:///view/315328.htm?fr=aladdin>

Picture:</photo/3/billustration/2011/0323/34163.html>Picture:<http:///tag/%E8%B9%87%E5%86%A9%E6%AB%A4%E9%8D%8B%E3%83%A5%E5%8F%8F>17.Reference:Wikipedia.Nov.11.2014.</wiki/Sunk_costs>18.Picture:</share/jui19003.html>19.Picture:</school/2012/0210/77015.shtml>20.Picture:</content/2011-12-22/20111222151613710.shtml>21.Pictur