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1999年SectionIIIReadingComprehension
Directions:
Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestion
therearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassages
carefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Thenmark
youransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterin
thebracketswithapencil.(40points)
Text1
It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakaleg
slippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthe
house.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,
asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothe
thinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmore
companiesliablefortheircustomers?misfortunes.
Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longer
warninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,
stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,
thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatman
capecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”
Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary一一thedangersof
druginteractions,forexample-andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederal
regulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturers
andsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentof
thecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.
Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinue
asbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especially
incaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.
InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,
successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowas
paralyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorry
hehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren,tdesignedtopreventthose
kindsofinjuries,“saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthe
game,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthe
sametime,theAmericanLawInstitute一一agroupofjudges,lawyers,and
academicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednew
guidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomers
ofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.
uImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,“says
alawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.
Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformation
onproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersand
notasprotectionagainstlegalliability.
51.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?
[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.
[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.
[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.
[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompanies
promised.
52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto.
[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts
[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts
[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability
[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcern
53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.
[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw
[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries
[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded
[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes
54.TheauthorJsattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.
[A]biased
[B]indifferent
[C]puzzling
[D]objective
Text2
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolved
aroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebproved
tobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproducts
andserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesense
becausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.
Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseof
doubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrust
thepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,“sayssenioranalystBlane
ErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskby
conductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartners
whoaregivenaccesstothecompany?sprivateintranet.
AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthe
technologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketing
activitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.
Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthat
allowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,
transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Most
notably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodelivera
continuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribersJ
computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywant
toreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany*sWebsite.Companiessuch
asVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiesto
pushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,or
otherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.
Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowing
ontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotion
beginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWeband
televisionfades.ThatJsaprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.
ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedto
resorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,
Amazon,com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkind
ofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecurity
willattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinues
tofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopin
silicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhy
sofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.
55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness.
[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket
[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion
[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket
[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso
56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthor
impliesthat.
[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers
[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions
[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy
[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners
57.IntheviewofNetpurists,.
[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture
[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb
[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset
[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests
58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat.
[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce
[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonline
customers
[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago
[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputing
power
Text3
Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersinthe
classroomonthebehalfofstudents'careerprospectsandthosearguing
forcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducational
reform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction
--indeed,contradiction-whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwith
thecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.
Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobis
atechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhy
educationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraise
everyonesjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattend
schoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionofthe
Americancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetently
assesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutside
ofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegally
requiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwas
widelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethis
kindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrialized
countries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.
Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionfora
pessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingonthe
confusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringing
computersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejob
prospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.
Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventhe
rightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptof
professionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperly
equippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,
presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomany
scientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisis
unlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalin
acountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomany
statesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.
But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbe
thewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,
canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasics
ofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakea
lifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewanted
tobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferent
story.Basiccomputerskillstake一一attheverylongest一一acoupleof
monthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementary
tothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindof
professional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocational
ornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.
59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroom
is.
[A]far-reaching
[B]dubiouslyoriented
[C]self-contradictory
[D]radicallyreformatory
60.Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren.
[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise
[B]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers
[C]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocates
[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrialized
countries
61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor?scountry
theEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.
[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates
[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections
[C]oflittlepracticalvalue
[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional
62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe.
[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool
[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications
[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse
[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwise
Text4
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3months
agothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.
Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandry
techniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedfor
suchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andasked
anindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHarold
ShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendations
foranationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup一一theNational
BioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlyto
putitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedon
anear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.
NBACwillaskthatClinton,s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhuman
cloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.But
NBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoid
newrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAor
cells一一routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreached
agreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommend
legislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedfor
humancloning.
Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17May
meeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthat
itwouldbemorallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildby
adultnuclearcloning."Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthe
moraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthe
child.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,
althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.
NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfunding
foranyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Because
currentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreate
embryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearch
ortoknowinglyendangeranembryo?slife,NBACwillremainsilenton
embryoresearch.
NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfunded
researchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnuclear
transfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingfor
afederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiro
andmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphone
interview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”
63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat.
[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans
[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning
[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique
[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel?srecommendationsoncloning
64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat.
[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw
[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol
[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning
[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing
65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause
[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning
[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch
[C]anembryo?slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch
[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw
66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.
[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely
[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime
[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC's
appeal
[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettled
Text5
Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitprepares
thanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.
SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofan
apple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousands
ofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousabout
thecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkeptthem
inplace?Whydidn,ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapple
felldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestion
hehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,the
moonandtheplanets.
Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefalling
upintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.
Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.
Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyou
don'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon,thaveresearch.Scientists
tendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthe
technicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.
Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmight
gathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”a
substituteforimaginativethought.I'veattendedresearchconferences
whereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisability
ofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedat
thegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.“Weknow
that,“themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?
Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”The
scientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.
Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethe
victimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimsso
consistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvinced
industrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsare
plannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereports
inthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalfor
managementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollars
andcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethat
scientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillget
thereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthe
cashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularity
andconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientist
asthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementto
beblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchers
infavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”
67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat
[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments
[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted
[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch
[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientific
research
68.Theauthorassertsthatscientists.
[A]shouldn,treplaceuscientificmethodvwithimaginative
thought
[B]shouldn,tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings
[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals
[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings
69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.
[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction
[B]oftenspeculateonthefuture
[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking
[D]sticktoascientificmethod”
70.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.
[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected
[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents
[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern
[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement
1999年SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)
51.[B]52.[C]53.[A]54.[D]55.[A]
56.[C]57.[D]58.[B]59.[B]60.[D]
61.[C]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]
66.[A]67.[A]68.[B]69.[D]70.[A]
1998年SectionIIIReadingComprehension
Directions:
Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestion
therearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassages
carefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Thenmark
youranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletter
inthebracketswithapencil.(40points)
Text1
Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiant
dams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodand
droughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingso
fascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Several
giantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.
Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn't
helpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievement
fornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadership
intheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey'sbidfor
FirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.
Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,
stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthat
floodsleft-一allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichis
nowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.
Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,in
theheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshort
ofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.
Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.
ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneeds
adamtoproveitself.
Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheeven
morewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughits
advisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessand
environmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,butthey
arefarfromguaranteed.
Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostand
benefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.
Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithout
buildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishard
tobeeitherproper,orscientific.Itistimethattheworldlearnedthe
lessonsofAswan.Youdon,tneedadamtobesaved.
51.ThethirdsentenceofParagraph1impliesthat.
[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality
[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted
[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings
[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight
52.InParagraph5,“thepowerlessvprobablyrefersto.
[A]areasshortofelectricity
[B]damswithoutpowersta
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