2023年考研外語(yǔ)押題預(yù)測(cè)卷12

考研外語(yǔ)押題預(yù)測(cè)卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1、Lotsofcreaturesalreadyreproducewithoutsex.SincethebirthofLouiseBrown,thefirsttest-tubebaby,in1978,(1)_____ofhumanbeings(2)_____inlaboratoryglasswareratherthaninbed.

Ifhumancloningbecomespossible—andsincethebirthofasheepcalledDolly,(3)_____doubtthatitwillbefeasibletocloneapersonby2025—eventhelinkbetweensexorgansandreproduction(4)_____.Youwillthenbeabletotakeacuttingfromyourbodyandgrowanewperson,(5)_____youwereawillowtree.

(6)_____,wehavealreadydivorcedsexfromreproduction.Inthe1960s,thecontraceptivepillfreedwomentoenjoysexforitsownsake.(7)_____,greatertoleranceofhomosexualitysignaledsociety'sacceptanceofnon-reproductivesexofanothersort.Thesechangesareonlycontinuationsofa(8)_____thatstartedperhapsamillionyearsago.

Humanbeings(9)_____theinterestininfertile,socialsexwithafewotherspecies:dolphins,apesandsomebirds.But(10)_____sexistoogoodforhumanbeingsto(11)_____,moreandmorepeoplewillabandonitasa(12)_____ofreproduction.

Inthemodernworld,youcan(13)_____havesexandparenthoodwithoutsufferingthebit(14)_____.SomeHollywoodactresses(15)_____theurgeformotheringbyelectingtoadoptchildren(16)_____spoiltheirfigures(astheyseeit)bychildbearing.Forpeopleasbeautifulasthis,thetemptationto(17)_____aclone(rearedinasurrogatewomb)couldonedaybe(18)_____.

However,humancloninganddesignerbabiesareprobablynot(19)_____.Evenassumingthattheproceduresarejudgedsafeandefficientinfarmanimals,stillalongwayoff,theywillbeheavily(20)_____,ifnotbanned,bymanygovernmentsforhumanbeings.

A.hundredsofthousands

B.hundredofthousands

C.hundredsofthousand

D.hundredofthousand

2、(2)

A.hasbeenconceived

B.hadbeenconceived

C.havebeenconceived

D.wereconceived

3、(3)

A.few

B.afew

C.quitefew

D.quiteafew

4、(4)

A.isbroken

B.willbreak

C.willbebroken

D.willhavebroken

5、(5)

A.as

B.if

C.asif

D.asyet

6、(6)

A.Incase

B.Innocase

C.Inasense

D.Innosense

7、(7)

A.But

B.However

C.Whereas

D.Atthesametime

8、(8)

A.trend

B.tend

C.program

D.procedure

9、(9)

A.have

B.possess

C.share

D.owe

10、(10)

A.as

B.if

C.even

D.evenif

11、(11)

A.giveout

B.giveup

C.giveaway

D.givein

12、(12)

A.mean

B.means

C.meaning

D.meant

13、(13)

A.even

B.still

C.yet

D.thus

14、(14)

A.in

B.between

C.among

D.inbetween

15、(15)

A.besatisfied

B.havebeensatisfied

C.maysatisfy

D.mayhavesatisfied

16、(16)

A.ratherthan

B.otherthan

C.instead

D.despite

17、(17)

A.adapt

B.haveadapted

C.adopt

D.haveadopted

18、(18)

A.resistible

B.irresistible

C.resistless

D.resistant

19、(19)

A.coming

B.nearby

C.realistic

D.imminent

20、(20)

A.encouraging

B.discouraging

C.encouraged

D.discouraged

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

TheAmazonRiverbasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromrenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531,FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempire,removingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.Eightmonthslater,thisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazon,havingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver.

AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePope,includingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrival,warningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscript.recordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccession,andsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversince,fortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhich,ifverified,wouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhidden,thinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence.

Beginninginthelateseventeenth-century,thesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreservea"window"intoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans.

PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950's,scientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitself,butmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince.

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,asmallgroupsucceeded______.

A.insearchingforfood

B.goingdowntheriver

C.provingthelengthoftheriver

D.coveringthelengthoftheAmazonRiver

2、

Fromthemissionary'smanuscript.wemayinferthat______.

A.thegreatsignaldrumswereverypopularthere

B.peopletherewerehostiletotheEuropeanstrangers

C.theAmazonRiverareawasdenselypopulatedthen

D.thetribesalongtheriverwerealwaysatodds

3、

Theeverydayobjectsrecordedandcollectedbythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersmayreveal______.

A.wheretheseobjectscamefrom

B.howtheyrottedinatropicalclimate

C.aglimpseoftheIncancivilization

D.thevicissitudeofAmazoncultures

4、

Thismistakenidea(Para.4)refersto______.

A.thesophisticatedcultureintheAmazonBasin

B.theviewthatAmazonculturederivedfromothercultureselsewhere

C.an"imitationparadise"

D.asimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife

5、

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto______.

A.introducetheAmazonRiver

B.illustratesomefactsaboutAmazonRivercultures

C.showthepresentsituationofAmazonRiver

D.comparethedifferencesbetweenworldcultures

6、Itiswidelybelievedthatournever-endingquestformaterialgoodsispartofthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings.Accordingtothepopularbelief,wemaynotlikeit,butthere'slittlewecandoaboutit.

Despiteitspopularity,thisviewofhumannatureiswrong.Whilehumanbeingsmayhaveabasicdesiretostrivetowardssomething,thereisnothinginevitableaboutmaterialgoods.Therearenumerousexamplesofsocietiesinwhichthingshaveplayedahighlyrestrictedrule.InmedievalEurope,theacquisitionofgoodswasrelativelyunimportant.Thecommonpeople,whoselivesweresurelypoorbymodernstandards,showedstrongpreferencesforleisureratherthanmoney.Inthenineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates,thereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatmanyworkingpeoplealsoexhibitedarestrictedappetiteformaterialgoods.

Materialismisnotabasictraitofhumannature,butaspecificproductofcapitalism.Withthedevelopmentofthemarketsystem,materialism"spilledover",forthefirsttime,beyondthecirclesoftherich.Thegrowthofthemiddleclasscreatedalargegroupofpotentialbuyersandthepossibilitythatmassculturecouldbeorientedaroundmaterialgoods.Thisprocesscanbeseennotonlyinhistoricalexperiencesbutisnowgoingoninsomepartsofthedevelopingworld,wherethegrowthofalargemiddleclasshascontributedtoextensivematerialismandthebreakdownoftraditionalvalues.

IntheUnitedStates,theturningpointwasthe1920s—thepointatwhichthe"psychologyofshortage"gavewaytothe"psychologyofabundance".Thiswasacrucialperiodforthedevelopmentofmodernmaterialism.Economyanddisciplinewereout;wasteandexcesswerein.Materialismflourished—bothasasocialideologyandintermsofhighratesofrealspending.Inthemidstofallthisbuying,wecandetecttheoriginsofmodernconsumerdiscontent.

ThiswasthedecadeduringwhichtheAmericandream,orwhatwasthencalled"theAmericanstandardofliving",capturedthenation'simagination.Butitwasalwayssomethingofanillusion.Americanscomplainedaboutitemstheycouldnotafford—despitethefactthatinthe1920smostfamilieshadtelephones,virtuallyallhadpurchasedlifeinsurance,two-thirdsownedtheirownhomesandtookvacations,andoverhalfhadmotorcars.

ThediscontentexpressedbymanyAmericanswaspromoted—andtoacertainextentevencreated—bymanufacturers.Theexplosionofconsumercreditmadethetaskeasier,asautomobiles,radios,electricrefrigerators,washingmachines—evenjewelryandforeigntravel—couldbepaidforininstallments.Bytheendofthe1920s,60percentofcars,radios,andfurniturewerebeingpurchasedthisway.Theabilitytobuywithoutactuallyhavingmoneyhelpedencourageaclimateofinstantsatisfaction,expandingexpectations,andultimately,materialism.

Wecanlearnfromthefirst2paragraphsthat______.

A.thequestformaterialgoodsisthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings

B.there'slittlewecandoaboutthequestformaterialgoods

C.inmanycases,thefunctionofmaterialgoodsisverylimitedinthesociety

D.thecommonpeopletendtopreferleisuretomoney

7、

Accordingtothepassage,materialism______.

A.isaby-productofcapitalism

B.originatedfromthecirclesoftherich

C.wasfirstcreatedamongthemiddleclass

D.isnotpopularinthedevelopingworld

8、

Thedevelopmentofmodernmaterialismwaspromotedby______.

A.theUnitedStatesinthe1920s

B.the"psychologyofabundance"

C.asocialideology

D.modernconsumerdiscontent

9、

Intheauthor'sviewtheAmericandreamwas______.

A.theAmericanstandardofliving

B.asheerimagination

C.somethingunrealistic

D.anillusionpeoplecouldneverattain

10、

Accordingtothepassage,thepracticeofinstallment______.

A.wasadoptedbymanufacturers

B.madeconsumercrediteasier

C.promotedconsumers'expectations

D.ultimatelyledtomaterialism

11、Althoughmanyfactorsaffecthumanhealthduringperiodsinspace,weightlessnessisthedominantandsinglemostimportantone.Thedirectandindirecteffectsofweightlessnessleadtoaseriesofrelatedresponses.Ultimately,thewholebody,frombonestobrain,kidneystobowels,reacts.

Whenspacetravelersgraspthewalloftheirspacecraftandjerktheirbodiesbackandforth,theysayitfeelsasthoughtheyarestationaryandthespacecraftismoving.Thereasonisbasedinourrelianceongravitytoperceiveoursurroundings.

Thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravityremovesitfromourdailynotice,butourbodiesneverforget.Whetherwerealizeitornot,wehaveevolvedalargenumberofsilent,automaticreactionstocopewiththeconstantstressoflivinginadownward-pullingworld.Onlywhenwedecreaseorincreasetheeffectiveforceofgravityonourbodiesdoourmindsperceiveit.

Oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofourcenterofmassandtherelativepositionsofourbodyparts.Ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromoureyesandearswithotherinformationfromtheorgansinourinnerear,fromourmusclesandjoints,andfromoursensesoftouchandpressure.

Theapparatusoftheinnerearispartitionedintotwodistinctcomponents:circular,fluid-filledtubesthatsensetheangleofthehead,andtwobagsfilledwithcalciumcrystalsembeddedinathickfluid,whichrespondtolinearmovement.Themovementofthecalciumcrystalssendsasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity.Thisisnottheonlycuethebrainreceives.Nervesinthemuscles,joints,andskin—particularlytheslainonthebottomofthefeet—respondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts.

Removinggravitytransformsthesesignals.Theinnerearnolongerperceivesadownwardtendencywhentheheadmoves.Thelimbsnolongerhaveweight,somusclesarenolongerrequiredtocontractandrelaxintheusualwaytomaintainpostureandbringaboutmovement.Nervesthatrespondtotouchandpressureinthefeetandanklesnolongersignalthedirectionofdown.Theseandotherchangescontributetoorientationillusions,suchasafeelingthatthebodyorthespacecraftspontaneouslychangesdirection.In1961aRussianastronautreportedvividsensationsofbeingupsidedown;onespaceshuttlespecialistinastronomysaid,"Whenthemainenginescutoff,Iimmediatelyfeltasthoughwehadinverted180degrees."Suchillusionscanrecurevenaftersometimeinspace.

Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthatweightlessnessiscausedby______.

A.manyfactors

B.thedominantandsinglemovement

C.jerkingthebodiesbackandforth

D.losingthedependenceofgravity

12、

Whetherwerealizeitornot(Para.3),"it"refers______.

A.weightlessness

B.thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravity

C.thefactthatourbodiesneverforget

D.thepreviousstatements

13、

Accordingtothepassagewedonotperceivegravitybecause______.

A.weliveinadownward-pullingworld

B.thereisnodecreaseorincreaseforceofgravityonourbodies

C.oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocation

D.ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromallapparatusofthebody

14、

Thefunctionofapparatusoftheinnerearis______.

A.topartitionintotwodistinctcomponents

B.torespondtolinearmovement

C.tosendasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity

D.torespondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts

15、

Whichofthefollowingapparatusofthebodymaybelessaffectedbyremovinggravity?

A.Theinnerear.

B.Thelimbs.

C.Thenerves.

D.Thebrain.

16、Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970s,Marsnowloomsashumanity'snextgreat,unknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemory,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet'sredsurface.

WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxy?

OneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportant,recentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet'senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears.

AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumans,accordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny."Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritory,"oneexpertexplains."Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions."Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuture,makinghumanexplorersredundant,heconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—"decadesifnotcenturies,"hebelieves.

Whichofthefollowingmaybethereasonforhumanity'sexploring?

A.Someurgentneeds.

B.Profitornationalpride.

C.Economicbenefitandnationalglory.

D.Internationalcompetitioninspace.

17、

AsfortheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedonMars,theauthorseemstobe______.

A.confirmative

B.doubtful

C.suspicious

D.cautious

18、

Accordingtothepassage,sendingpeopletoMarsis______.

A.economicallypossible

B.technologicallyfeasible

C.outofscientificincentive

D.alloftheabove

19、

Theaerialphotographstakenlastyearindicatethat______.

A.theredidexistliquidwateronMars

B.adrainagechannelwascutdeeplybyMartians

C.thereisn'tanylifeonMars

D.waterhadflewonMarsforhundredstothousandsofyears

20、

Accordingtotheexpert,theexplorationoftheMarsbyrobots______.

A.isnotfeasibleincenturies

B.maybedifficulttofulfill

C.mightbefulfilledsomedayinfuture

D.willtakedecadesofyears

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylives,acrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yes,thecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplantsenoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry,(41)______.

California'sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower.

(42)______.Moreover,thedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday.

(43)______.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrules,organization,andoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition.

Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddays,therewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Today,themissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdeal,irrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions.

(44)______.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboard,slowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutions,rulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork.

(45)______.

A.Overall,formorethanadecade,thepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothosewithlowerprices.

B.ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry.

C.Asaresult,thedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission.

D.Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecede,nevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Looting,too.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Nagin,whosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonths,wasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrime,notsavingpeople.

E.What'spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregions?Thetechnologyexists,andisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars.

F.Yet,despiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek'sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergrid,theregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspect,thesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflow