詳細(xì)解析單獨提取10-19英語一最2019年答案

2019考研英語（一）及答案詳SectionⅠUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacomple 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y[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D][A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[A]problem[B]option[C]view[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]For[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[A]from[B]through[C][D][A]posts[B]links[C]shades[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D][A]Finally[B]Consequently ally[D][A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D][A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]一個GPS系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都在我們的智能上輕易獲取withoutaphone，可知，此few，符合文意；【C】runon；runonbattery使用電池得以運行；其他選項的搭配為：puton（增加；假裝；使…上場）；takeon（承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)；具有；流行）；comeon（；）；語義搭配不通順，runon【B】If邏輯關(guān)系；此處考查邏輯關(guān)系。空格處所在句為“...你在沒有或if；其余選項：since（因為，自從）；though（雖然）；until（直到） lly詞義辨析題；空格處所在句為“假如你在沒有或指南針的情況 lly表示確明”，只有back 與前文的lost（迷路）形成相互呼應(yīng)，故而選擇back；【B】off因此，根據(jù)句意表達，off(）符合句意；其它選項：onto（在…之上；對…了解）；across(穿過，根穿)，aloneoff； 徑。但不是完全...的區(qū)域”，語義搭配，unfamiliar更符合要求；其他選項：unattractive(不吸引人的)；uncrowded不利擠的，寬敞的)；Cunchangedwaysite【A】so邏輯關(guān)系題；出題句“山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水為生，...so，其它選項：yet（但是，然而）；instead（反而，替代）；besides（此外，而且）；【D】eventually詞義辨析題；出題句提及“...如果你下山，沿著水走，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)eventually（最后，終于）符合題目要求，語義通順；其它選項：immediay（立即，立刻）；intentionally（故意地，有意地）；unexpectedly（出乎【A】surprisedsurprisedoption（選擇）【D】Forexample（前文提到lookforsigns體的過程），F(xiàn)orexample； 填入的動詞和lookfor 語義相近，故選擇spot（發(fā)現(xiàn)），符合語義表達；其他選項：【B】throughcarvewoods之間的關(guān)系，根據(jù)可知，路應(yīng)該是穿過森林開鑿出來的，故本句意為穿過森林BthroughgapsinthetreelineDbreaksAartificial【A】Finally語義題；文章后面假設(shè)你在人類常去的地方迷路，尋找我們在 熟悉的環(huán)境中迷 【B】mark詞義辨析題；根據(jù)，在人類常去的地方，地面上必定有很多標(biāo)志，故Bmarks【C】lead詞義辨析題；道的樹皮刻痕、輪胎印和其他特征能夠指引你去有人煙navigateCleadSectionⅡReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TextFinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrong ng.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenTheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.Inaddition,newdigitalhaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“l(fā)ong-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoainvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsin Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivesthinktheirowntimeatthe andonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleis enhancebanker’ssenseofhelpcorporationsachievelargerbuildanewsystemoffinancialguaranteethebonusesoftopAlfredMarshallisquotedto theconditionsforgeneratingquickernments’impatienceindecision-thesolidstructureofpubliclytraded“short-termism”ineconomicsItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescan TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedto theobstaclestopreventing“short-thesignificanceoflong-termtheapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-theprevalenceofshort-termWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheFailureofQuarterlyPatienceasaCorporateDecisivenessRequiredofTopFrustrationofRisk-taking【A】enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility（AccordingtoParagraph1）及相應(yīng)的信息點（onemotiveinimposingthenewrule），因此，答案來源句則為第一段的第三句（Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution這個本就很容易提取出來。選項中的“senseofresponsibility”則對應(yīng)到句中的“enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility（增加銀行的責(zé)任感）”；而其他的選項則與最佳選【D】"short-termism"ineconomicactivities；細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中的在“AlfredMarshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasacting...”，里的“thisfinancialimpatience”則是回指第二段首句的“Short-termism”，故信息點則為“Short-termism”，所以最佳選項則為"short-termism"ineconomicactivities，而其他選項在中未提及；【B】adverse；細(xì)節(jié)題。此題的為題干的“transientinvestment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty”，從四個選項的褒貶正負(fù)來看indirect、minimal 和temporary為中性的表述，只有B選項的adverse為明確的表達，意思為“不利的”，與原文中的“hinder”（阻礙打擾）對應(yīng)【C】theapproachestopromoting"long-termism"；例證題。根據(jù)題干的具體信息定位，和法國的例子是用來支撐什么論點。原文的第五、六段則提供了具體的信息，第五段國延遲才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進緩解“短期主義”【B】PatienceasaCorporateVirtue；title題詞“short-termism”和“l(fā)ong-termism”，corporateBTextGradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,related —aoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobeWhatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeThechangeofcourseStudents’indifferencetoColleges’neglectofTheinfluenceofconsumerWhatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeTohelpfreshmenadapttocollegeTomaintaincolleges’graduationTopreparegraduatesforachallengingToincrease efromAccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecolleges obtainmorefinancialboosttheirstudentimprovetheirteachingmeet ernments’Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablyTocounterbalanceeachTocomplementeachTobeidenticalwitheachTobecontradictorytoeachTheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgiveness assessingitsyzingthecausesbehindcomparingdifferentviewsonlistingitslong-run【D】Theinfluenceofconsumerculture；細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的gradeinflation可以定位到首段第一句話，此句話的句子主干：“Gradeinflationisoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation.”題干中的beregardedas對應(yīng)原文中的isconsidered，題干中的thecauseof（后邊接結(jié)果）與原文中的aproductof （前邊接結(jié)果）都表示因果關(guān)系。選項D中consumer是原文中的復(fù)現(xiàn)，其他選項都不具備干擾性，因此答案選擇D?！続】Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning；細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵gradeforgivenessthislittle-knownpracticegradeforgivenesstheoriginalpurpose第二句話:“Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.”選Afreshmen，helpgivethemasecondchance，adapttostruggledintheirtransitionto，collegelearningcollege-levelcoursesA。【A】obtainmorefinancialsupport；細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的paragraph5、gradeforgivenesscollegesgradeforgiveness他們的成功有關(guān)，得到更好地分?jǐn)?shù)意為這拿到的錢。選項A中的financialsupportstatefundsA?！綜】tobeidenticalwitheachother；猜詞題。根據(jù)題干，可以定位到第六段最后一句話：“Onthis,students’ andcolleges’ incentivesseemtobealigned.”所以解題的關(guān)鍵是找到this指代的內(nèi)容。This指代的是前一句話，即：因為學(xué)生和家長都人，或者至少看起來是那樣。由此可以的出學(xué)生和學(xué)校的目標(biāo)是一致的，選項C中的beidenticalwith表示的是與……相同，因此答案為C?！綛】yzingthecausesbehindit；主旨題。題干的字面意思是作者是通過什么B。TextThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMarySey.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbyyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialin ligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:”Whatis ligence,identify,orconsciousness?WhatmakeshumansWhatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralin ligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld” and“Humans”. howpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,alonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexiningwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tatThecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearsltheminthatmoment.AI“vision” todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.AndtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingWheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,” notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelthe ernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,other ernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.releaseditsAIethicsstrategythisOnJune7pledgednotto“designordeployAI” thatwouldcause“overallharm,” ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexinable,transparent,andToputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofinligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.MarySey’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecausefascinatesAIscientistsalloverthehasremainedpopularforaslongas200involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAIhassparkedseriousethicalInDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofhelpsexinartificialincanbemisleadingtorobotinspirespopularsci-fiTVistoolimitedforustoreproduceThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomouscanhardlyeverbeisstillourcauseslittlepublichasarousedmuchTheauthor’sattitudetoward’spledgeisoneWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheAI’sFuture:IntheHandsofTechFrankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButAIShallBeKillersOnceOutof【C】involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday； 通過題干MarySy’snovelFrankenstein及題文同序原則可定位至文章第一段，在該段尾句,fictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbyyettocome.此句中ethicalquestions可同義替換題干中的concern。故C為正選?！綝】istoolimitedforustoreproduceit；觀點細(xì)節(jié)題?？赏ㄟ^consciousness回文定位至原文第2：wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexiningwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.可知意識注入機器的能力是有【B】isstillourcapacity；根據(jù)題干可定位至文章第段,AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogramming每一種駕駛情形是一個的編程問題。由此說明，去解決人工智能所帶來的道德問題，【A】affirmation；態(tài)度題，根據(jù)題干中的 theauthor’sattitude,’spledges.回文定位到第八段，，開頭while轉(zhuǎn)折，whilethestatementisvague,與vague相反的即是觀點，所以表示正向情感的詞即是正解。affirmation表示確定。【C】Frankenstein,theNovelpredictingtheAgeofAI；主旨題。本文首段通過MarySey的書引出本文要探討的話題新技術(shù)所的道德問題。特別是在最后一段AI所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個，CTextStateswillbeabletomorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshipacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerule esfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenyingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto. ,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovidetformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheyingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdayDettebusiness’relutionswithputmostonlinebusinessinamakemoreonlineshopperspaysalesssomestatestocutsalesItcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruledhaveledtothedominance havecostconsumersalotoverthewerewidelycriticizedbyonlinewereconsideredupfavorablebyAccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehinderedeconomicbroughtprosperitytotheharmedfairmarketboostedgrowthinstatesWhoaremostlikely etheSupremeCourtInternet B.Big-chainC.Third-party D.SmallIndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,thegivesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsdescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitspresentsitsmainpointswithingviewsoncitiessomesacesrelatedtoitandyzestheir【C】makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax；本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”定位到原文第一段“StateswillbeabletomorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythat...”前半句已經(jīng)明確提出各州的購物可能要交稅，對應(yīng)選項C，原詞 online”加 【D】wereconsidered upfavorablebystates；根據(jù)題干“l(fā)earned”可知本題為推理題，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字“theoverruleddecisions”定位到原文第二段的兩句，大意為“州抱怨以前的政策使每年損失慘重，因此以前的政策很難再收取網(wǎng)上營業(yè)稅”【C】harmedfairmarketcompetition；本題為細(xì)節(jié)題，根據(jù)題干“JusticeAnthonyKennedy”“thephysicalpresencerule”定位到原文第四段的第二句和第三句，Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedfromonanevenyingfield.”該規(guī)定限制了州長期繁榮，并妨礙市場參與者參與公平競爭。對比四個選項，D選項為“破壞了公平市場競爭”和原文“competing”“marketparticipant”一一對應(yīng)，【B】Big-chairowners；根據(jù)題干“l(fā)ikely”得出本題為推理題，利用“etheSupremeCourtruling”定位到原文第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since....”對于大公司來說這項規(guī)定是一種勝利，因為...，只需找到關(guān)鍵詞“bigchain”Bcitiessomecasesrelatedtoitandyzestheirimplications；本題為主旨題，需找出作者的相應(yīng)觀點與論證，根據(jù)題干IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday”回顧每段首尾句，推測每段大意，第一段講述通過了征收營業(yè)稅的決定，第二段介紹之前的裁決及是對州不利的，第三段介紹了原來裁決涉及到的案例，第四段陳列了的觀點，即以前的裁決D:作者在講述這個時了相關(guān)案例并分析了他們的影響。PartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphCandFhavebeencorrectlyced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anOfcourse,manydiscussions arenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Carnegiewouldberightifarguments werefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Parisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“thereisonlyoneway…togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.“Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforour alandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstce.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon’tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimuminourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“yes,”andIyell.“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillbusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers. E[Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“thereisonlyoneway…togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.]接關(guān)系排除選首段。本篇文章中，Athese故根據(jù)該詞確定本選項直接排除，Bofcause，D能選項，E選項也可以作為首段的可能選項，G選項首句中含有betterway，故本DEDCarnegieEDaleCarnegieED[Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofCarnegieG[Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.該題上一段最后一句話為“Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin--inoneway.”thesetrickswinargumentsGThereisabetterwaytowinargumentsFB[Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.]G段，尾句講述的是Nowwecanunderstandeachother’sandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.而根A[Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument--notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.]上段C選項 Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemgiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.最后這幾句話主要講的是有關(guān)于談話的四種，正好與AThesetoolsAPartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalli frequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNaturalSelectionofScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety’sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhas ealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytryingtoincorporatemeasureofqualityaswellastyintotheassessmentofanapplicant’spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientificli ture,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociat