《飲食習(xí)語(yǔ)漢譯研究（英文版）》

IntroductionLanguageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandisanimportantpartofculture.Inabroadsense,languagecanreflectthedevelopmenthistory,culturalcustoms,lifestyle,andpsychologicalthinkingofanation.Idiomsaretheresultoflong-termuseoflanguages.Alllanguages??withalonghistoryintheworldcontainalargenumberofidioms.Englishisthemostwidelyusedlanguageintheworld.Itisalsooneofthelanguages??withtherichestexpressionsandthemostsplendidculturaltraditions.Idiomsarecreatedbythepeopleintheirwork,andarecloselyrelatedtopeopleandtheenvironmentinwhichtheylive.Therefore,EnglishidiomsalsoreflectmanyaspectsofBritishandAmericanculture,suchaseconomicsandpolitics,customs,religiousbeliefs,andpsychologicalstates.Idiomsareanimportantpartoflanguagevocabulary.Theyaretheconcentratedexpressionofthenationalformsoflanguageandvariousrhetoricalmeans.Theyarefixed,concise,clear,andprofoundphrasesthatarenaturallydepositedafterlong-termrepeateduseofcertainpartsofthelanguage.Orshortsentences.Idiomsarelikeamirror,whichcanclearlyreflecttheculturalcharacteristicsofanation.Therefore,idiomsprovideakeytoEnglishlearning,andidiomlearningcanhelplearnersunderstanddifferentaspectsofBritishandAmericanculture.Customsandcustomsarethewayoflifeofpeopleinaregion.Asanimportantpartofthenationalculture,thelanguageofanationmustreflectthecustomsandhabitsofthatnation.Theeatinghabitsofanationhavealottodowiththegeographicenvironmentandlivinghabitsofthenation.Bigrelationship.BylearningEnglishfoodidioms,learnerscanunderstandtheeatinghabitsandculturalconnotationsofBritishandAmericancountries.Ⅰ.Differencesindietaryidioms1.DefinitionofEnglishidiomsIdiomisaspeciallanguagephenomenoninEnglish.Itisthemostcommonlyused,expressive,andculturallyrichpartofEnglish.ItisalsotheessenceofEnglishvocabulary.Thetermidiomhasawiderangeofmeanings,andgenerallyreferstophrasesthatareoftenusedtogetherandhaveaspecificform.Themeaningofitsimplicationisoftennotinferredfromthemeaningofasinglewordinthephrase.Englishidiomscontainrichculturalconnotationsanddistinctivenationalcharacteristics.Idiomsincludeidioms,proverbs,slang,colloquialisms,idiomsandotherfixedphrasesorstereotypes.TheidiomcomesfromtheGreek"idios",whichmeans"one'sown"and"specific".ADictionaryofLinguisticandPhoneTicsdefinesanidiomlikethis:"Idiomisatermusedingrammarandlexicologytorefertoasequenceofwordswhichissemanticallyandoftensyntacticallyrestricted,sothattheyfunctionasasingleunit.(Asagrammaticalandlexicalterm,anidiomreferstoasequenceofwordsthataresemanticallyandusuallygrammaticallyrestricted.Itsfunctionisequivalenttoasingleunit.)Thescopeofidiomsisverywide.Includingidiomsandproverbs,Idioms,allegoricalsayings,idioms,allusions,etc.Foodidiomsnotonlydescribefoodproduction,processing,distribution,enjoymentandotheractivities.Italsohasculturalconnotationsbeyondmaterialneeds.Itaccumulatesthelaborandlifeofanation’spredecessorsExperience.Perspectiveofthenation’sculturalmentality.Itreflectsthenation’slanguagehabits.Containsthenation’swayofthinking.2.DevelopmentofEnglishdietaryidiomsThemainbirthplaceofEnglishidiomsistheUnitedKingdom.TheterrainoftheUnitedKingdomisdiverse.Thearablelandoccupiesone-fifthofthecountry'slandarea,mainlyintheeasternregion,andthewesternregionisdominatedbymountains,suitableforanimalhusbandry.TheUnitedKingdomislocatedinthenortherntemperatezone,affectedbythetemperatemaritimeclimate,rainyandfoggy.Thecropssuitableforthistypeofclimatearemainlybarley,wheat,andoats.Wheatisusedtogrindflourandmakebread.Barleyisusedtomakewine,andoatsareusedasfeedforlivestock.Therefore,themainfoodoftheBritishisbread,milk,butterandcheese.ThesewordsappearinlargenumbersinEnglishidioms.ⅡThemeaningofmulticulturalismanditsinfluenceonfoodculture1.ThemeaningofmulticulturalismTheemergenceofthetermmulticulturalismbeganintheUnitedStatesinthe1980s.Inthespringof1988,acurriculumreformontheStanfordUniversitycampusbecamethebeginningofwhatscholarslatercalledthe"culturalrevolution."Multiculturalismmeansthatwiththeincreasingcomplexityofhumansocietyandthedevelopmentofinformationcirculation,therenewalandtransformationofcultureisalsoaccelerating.Thedevelopmentofvariousculturesfacesdifferentopportunitiesandchallenges,andnewcultureswillemergeinendlessly.Underthemoderncomplexsocialstructure,weinevitablyneedavarietyofdifferentculturestoservethedevelopmentofsociety.Theseculturesservethedevelopmentofsociety,whichcreatesculturaldiversity,thatis,multiculturalismunderacomplexsocialbackground.2.TheinfluenceofthecustomsofdifferentfestivalsonthefoodcultureAsabigcountrywithfivethousandyearsofculturalhistory,Chinanaturallyhasmanyfestivalswithitsowncharacteristics.Thesefestivalscontainrichculturalconnotations,andthedifferencesinfestivalcustomsalsoaffecttheformationofChineseandEnglishidioms.Asacountrywithalonghistory,Chinahasseencountlessadmirableheroesandhistoricalstoriesthathavebeenpasseddownthroughtheages.Somefestivalsarederivedfromtheseheroesandhistoricalstories.Firstofall,itisnaturallythemostimportanttraditionalfestivaloftheChinesenation,theSpringFestival.TheSpringFestivalisajoyousholidayforthewholefamily.OnNewYear'sEve,thewholefamilygatherstogetherfora"reuniondinner",theeldersgiveout"newyearmoney"tothechildren,andthewholefamilysitstogetherto"savetheyear."AtthetimeofthenewyearintheYuanDynasty,firecrackerssoundedinunison,andtheactivitiesofsayinggoodbyetotheoldyearandwelcomingthenewyearreachedaclimax.Eachfamilyburnedincensetopaytribute,honoredtheheavenandearth,sacrificedtotheancestors,andthenpaidNewYeargreetingstotheeldersonebyone,andthentherelativesandfriendsofthesameracecongratulatedeachother.AfterYuanDay,theybegantovisitrelativesandfriendsandexchangegiftstocelebratetheNewYear.TheNewYear'sDayisafestivalofentertainmentandcarnivalforthepeople.AfterYuanDay,variouscolorfulentertainmentactivitieshavebeenlaunched:lionplaying,dragonandlanterndance,yangkotwisting,walkingonstilts,juggling,etc.,addingastrongfestiveatmospheretotheSpringFestival.Atthistime,aroundthe"BeginningofSpring",inancienttimes,agrandwelcomingceremonywasheldtowhiptheoxtowelcomethespringandprayforgoodweatherandagoodharvest.Allkindsofsocialfireactivitiesuntilthefifteenthofthefirstlunarmonth,singinganddancing,solively.TheDragonBoatFestivalwassetuptocommemorateQuYuan.Onthisday,peoplewouldeatricedumplings,racedragonboats,andhangwormwoodtocelebratethearrivaloftheDragonBoatFestival.ManyidiomsrelatedtotheDragonBoatFestivalhavealsoemergedinChineseculture,suchas"Zongzixiang,fragrantkitchen;AiYexiang,fragrantMantang","EatDragonBoatDumplingsbeforesendingthecotton-paddedclothes","DragonBoatFestival,theweatherishot;Wuduwakesup.",Restless".HalloweenisanimportantholidayintheWest.BeforeHalloween,childrenwillputonuniqueclothesandknockonneighbors’doorswithpumpkinlanterns.Theneighborswillalsopreparesweetstoentertainthesechildren.Accordingtothiscustom,manyidiomsrelatedtoHalloweenhavebeenformedintheWest,suchastrickortreat,thumb-the-doornight,likeabatoutofhell.),thepumpkinhasnotturnedintoacoach.EasterisanotherimportantfestivalintheWest.FigsandeggsareusedbyWesternerstocelebrateEaster.Peoplewillcooktheeggsandpainttheminvariouscolorsonthisday.ThishasproducedmanyidiomsrelatedtoEaster,suchasworthafig(notworthapenny),fromeggtoapple(frombeginningtoend),nestegg(savingsforold-agecare,contingency,etc.),haveeggsonthespit(busy)It'simpossibletopay)andsoon.ⅢTherelationshipbetweentranslationandmulticulturaldevelopmentoflanguagesandmethodrequirements1.InternalrelationshipintranslationandmulticulturaltheoryAtpresent,thetrendofglobalizationisunstoppable.AlthoughEnglishhasunquestionablybecometheworld'slinguafranca,istherenoobstacletocommunicationintheprocessofbuildingaglobalvillage?ThecollapseoftheTowerofBabelhasmadecommunicationdifficultandamulti-languagepatternhasbeenformed.Globalizationontheonehandanddiversificationontheother.Thetwocoexistatthesametime.Thereisaparadox:topreserveculturaldiversity,pureand"authentic"culturesmustbepreserved,butdifferentculturescannotAvoidmutualpenetrationandabsorption.HowtointerprettheTongtianPagodaandhowtointerpretthemulticulturalismoflanguages??arecloselyrelatedtotranslationpracticeactivities.Thereisawell-knowntheoryoflinguisticrelativity.Thedifferenceinlanguageisthedifferenceintheworld.Steinersaidinhisbook"AftertheToweroftheSky"thatinordertoseriouslydiscusstranslation,wemustfirstconsiderthemeaningoftheTower.Itisundeniablethatfromtheperspectiveofutilitarianismalone,economic,politicalandsocialdisasterscausedbythechaoscausedbymultilingualismarealsoeverywhere.TheconflictbetweenEasternandWesternculturesisthefundamentalreasonfortheobstructionofmanyinternationalizationprocessesortheinefficiencyoforganizations.Inalltheseconflicts,thefirstisthelanguagebarrier,andthedeeperisthebarrierofmulticulturalandconsciousnesscommunication.Thereisnodoubtthattherearedifferencesbetweendifferentlanguages?andcultures.Differentcountriesalsohavedifferentpolitical,economic,andlegalsystems,andglobalizationrequirestheworldtocommunicatewithinamutuallyacceptablesystem.Thisregionalindividualizationcoupledwiththediversityoflanguagesandculturesmakesmostinternationalactorsbecomeplayersintheinternationalenvironment.Uninformed.TheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationrespectivelyadoptedthe"WorldDeclarationofCulturalDiversity"and"CulturalDiversityConvention"in2001andOctober2005.Thisshowsthatintheinternationalcommunity,therearemoreandmorepeoplewhosupport"culturaldiversity"andtheirvoicesaregettinglouder.Itcanbeseenthatmankindnotonlyneedsbreadtosurvive,butalsorequiresmulti-languageculturetolive,whichcreatesaworldfortheriseoftranslationactivities.Translationistoexpressthemeaningofonelanguage(culture)inanotherlanguage.Fromtheperspectiveofmodernsemiotics,theessenceoftranslationistoexpressthesamethoughtandmeaningwithtwodifferentlanguagesigns.Humanlanguageasawholeisexpressedasaninfinitenumberofindividuallanguages,whichsometimesmanifestsasrelativedifferencesandsometimesasabsolutedifferences.Thisproductchangeswithourpositionintheworld;wearenotonlygivenlanguage,butalsoavarietyofindividuallanguages.Therefore,translationisanimportantmethodintheprocessofcross-culturalcommunicationandunderstanding.Sinceeverylanguageandwritinghasauniquewayandperspectiveofdepictingtheworld,thecontentexpressedhasauniqueculturalcontextandreaders.Itisthedifferencesofdifferentculturesthatconstituteaculturaltreasurehouse,anditispreciselyintheprocessoftranslationpracticethatdifferentlanguages??ofteninducepeople'sinspirationandstimulatenewhumanthinking,whichleadstoacertainculturalinnovation.Withoutthediversifieddevelopmentoflanguageandculture,today'scolorfulhumancivilizationcannotemerge.Thereareindeeddifferencesinlanguage,thinking,andcultureamonghumanraces,andtranslationitselfisalsoaparadox.Thedifferenceinlanguageandculturalvalues??andtheuncertaintyofmeaning(languageambiguity)leadtoeasytranslationdistortion,whichalsotriggersmanyconflictsincross-culturalcommunication.Oncethemeaningofsymbolsisconvertedbetweendifferentsystems,itisinevitabletosuffer"valueloss".Islanguageandculturetranslatable?Istheeffectoftranslationacross-cultural"understanding"or"misunderstanding"?Theauthorbelievesthattheuncertaintyofsemanticmeaninggivesenoughspacefortranslation,whichmakesthetreeoflanguageevergreen.Atthesametime,themutualtranslationofdifferentculturalvalues??alsomakessocietymoretolerant.Aswecontinuetorecord,describe,andtranslatedifferences,wearealsotranscendingdifferences.Multiculturallanguages??arealsonutritionallysupplementedanddevelopedmorein-depth.VariousmethodsofEnglish-ChinesetranslationAffectedbydifferencesincustomsandhabits,itisdifficultforChinesereaderstounderstandthedeepmeaningofEnglishidiomsbasedontheirliteralmeaning.Therefore,inmanycases,idiomtranslationcannotbedirectlytranslatedliterally.IntheprocessofChinesetranslationofEnglishidioms,translatorsshouldrecognizethedifferencesinChineseandEnglishcustoms.Ontheonehand,theymustaccuratelyunderstandthemetaphorsofEnglishidioms,andontheotherhand,theymustadaptthetranslationtotheculturalbackgroundofChinesereaders.Commonidiomtranslationmethodsincludeliteraltranslation,freetranslation,settranslation,andliteraltranslationwithannotations.Translationmethods(1).LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationisatranslationmethodandtranslatedtextthatnotonlymaintainstheoriginalcontent,butalsomaintainstheoriginalform.Asoneofthemostcommonlyusedtranslationmethods,literaltranslationhastheadvantagesofbeingabletoconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltextandreflecttheoriginalstyle.Accordingtostatistics,about70%ofsentenceswillbeprocessedthroughliteraltranslation.Reflectstheimportanceofliteraltranslation.Theliteraltranslationmethodismainlyaimedatthetranslationmethodofprofessionalterms,whichisdividedintofreetranslationmethod,transliterationmethod(suchasVataminliteraltranslationintovitamin),andshapetranslationmethod(X-raytranslationintoX-ray).However,theliteraltranslationmethodalsohasitslimitations.Theliteraltranslationmethodrequiresbothfaithfulnesstotheoriginalcontentandconformitytotheoriginalstructure.However,therearestillmanydifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Sexualityandtranslatability.Becomeadeadtranslation.Therefore,freetranslationandformtranslationareneeded.(2).FreetranslationThefreetranslationmethodmeansthatafterthetranslatorunderstandsthemetaphorofanEnglishidiom,hedoesnottranslateitwordforwordaccordingtotheEnglishliteralmeaning,butusesalanguagedifferentfromtheoriginalformtoexpressthemetaphoroftheidiom.ThefreetranslationmethodfocusesontherelativeindependenceoftheEnglishculturalsystemandtheChineseculturalsystem,andaimstoallowreaderstoreadidiomswithoutbarriersanddeeplyunderstandthemeaningofEnglishidioms.Example3:likeafishoutofwaterIfExample3isliterallytranslatedas"likeafishleavingthewater",itiseasytocausedifficultiesorevenmisunderstandingsforreadersofthetargetlanguage.Because"fish"symbolizes"surplus"inChinesecustoms,itoftenmeanscommendatorymeaninginidioms;whilefishoftenmeansderogatorymeaninginEnglishidioms.SincethereisnocorrespondingidiominChinese,thetranslatorcannotusetheparalleltranslationmethod.ThedeepmeaningofExample3is"feelinguncomfortablebecauseofleavingafamiliarenvironment."Therefore,thetranslatorcanusefreetranslationtotranslateitinto"unsuitable"or"feelingstrange",whichmakesiteasierforthetargetlanguagereaderstounderstand.Example4:theolddragonIfExample4isliterallytranslatedas"olddragon",itmaycausereaderstohaveacompletelyoppositeunderstandingfromtheoriginalmeaningandcauseunnecessarytrouble.Therefore,thetranslatorrespectsthecognitionofdragonasananimalinthecultureofthesourcetextandtranslatesitas"devil"ConclusionIdiomsarisefrompeople'spracticalactivitiesandarecloselyrelatedtopeople'sdailylives.ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncustomshavehadagreatimpactonChineseandEnglishidioms,whichalsoledtodifficultiesinunderstandingandcommunicatingbetweenChineseandEnglishlanguages.Englishfoodidiomsareveryrich,andtheconnotationoffoodcultureisalsorichandcolorful.ThebirthoflanguageisinseparablefromthecommunicationandcommunicationofChineseandWesterncultures.Idiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguagedevelopmentandtheessenceoflanguage.Itcondensesoraccumulatesmanyculturalfactors,andhasprofoundsocialandhistoricaloriginsandrichculturalconnotations.Therefore,theunderstandingoftheculturalconnotationofidiomsdirectlyaffectsandrestrictsourgraspandapplicationofidioms.Understandingtheculturalconnotationsbehindidiomshelpsustoeffectivelyandsuccessfullycarryoutcross-culturalcommunication.IntheChinesetranslationofEnglishidioms,translatorsmustavoidtextualmeaning,otherwisetheywilldistortthethoughtsandfeelingsoftheoriginaltext,causingreaderstoreadobstacles,whichisnotconducivetoculturalcommunicationanddissemination.TranslatorsshouldcorrectlyunderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncustoms,deeplyanalyzethemetaphorsofEnglishidioms,andchooseappropriatetranslationmethods.ForEnglishidiomsthathavesimilarmeaningstoChineseidioms,inshort,EnglishidiomsarethefocusanddifficultyofEnglishlearningandtranslation,requiringlong-termaccumulationandpracticebylearnersortranslators.Itisdifficultforacleverwomanto