2019年考研英語一真題及答案解析2閱讀理解

SectionIUseofEnglishrections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones. ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize. yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou can’tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourself atrail,butnotinacompletely areaofland,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater. 9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould seesignsofpeople.Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.other

:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve thewoods.Headtowardthese tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightllution. ,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan

youtocivilization.英語（一）試題-1-（共14頁）1.A.Few2.A.put3.A.Since4.A.formally5.A.around6.A.onto7.A.unattractive8.A.way9.A.Instead10.A.immediately11.A.frightened12.A.problem13.A.Aboveall14.A.spot15.A.from16.A.posts17.A.hidden18.A.Finally19.A.memories20.A.lead

B.B.takeB.UntilB.literallyB.awayB.alongB.unfamiliarB.pointB.B.eventuallyB.annoyedB.resultB.ForexampleB.avoidB.underB.breaksB.mysteriousB.ConsequentlyB.belongingsB.adapt

C.SomeC.C.ThoughC.graduallyC.backC.acrossC.unchangedC.siteC.C.unexpectedlyC.surprisedC.viewC.OnaverageC.bridgeC.beyondC.shadesC.artificialC.IncidentallyC.notesC.restrict

D.D.comeIfD.relativelyD.nextD.D.uncrowdedD.placeD.BesidesD.intentionallyD.confusedD.optionD.IncontrastD.separateD.throughD.linksD.limitedD.GenerallyD.marksD.exposeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartrections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)英語（一）試題-2-（共14頁）Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism,”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“l(fā)ong-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.英語（一）試題-3-（共14頁）21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleistoA.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.B.enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility.C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.D.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicateA.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.B.governments’impatienceindecision-making.C.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.D.“short-termism”ineconomicactivities.23.ItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbeA.minimal.B.indirect.C.adverse.D.temporary.24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrateA.theapproachestopromoting“l(fā)ong-termism.”B.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.C.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.D.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism.”25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesB.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismC.PatienceasaCorporateVirtueD.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers英語（一）試題-4-（共14頁）Text2Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.英語（一）試題-5-（共14頁）26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.Colleges’neglectofGPAs.B.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.C.Students’indifferencetoGPAs.D.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.B.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegestoA.obtainmorefinancialsupport.B.improvetheirteachingquality.C.boosttheirstudentenrollments.D.meetlocalgovernments’needs.29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.B.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D.Tocomplementeachother.30.TheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyA.assessingitsfeasibility.B.listingitslong-runeffects.C.comparingdifferentviewsonit.D.analyzingthecausesbehindit.英語（一）試題-6-（共14頁）Text3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumansans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans.”Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore agencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.英語（一）試題-7-（共14頁）31.MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseitA.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.32.InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnessA.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.33.ThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclesA.canhardlyeverbefound.B.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.C.isstillbeyondourcapacity.D.causeslittlepublicconcern.34.Theauthor’sattitudetowardGoogle’spledgesisoneofA.contempt.B.skepticism.C.respect.D.affirmation.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC.AI’sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl英語（一）試題-8-（共14頁）Text4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinerchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“l(fā)imitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”英語（一）試題-9-（共14頁）36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillA.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.B.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.D.betterbusinesses’relationswithstates.37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisionsA.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.C.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.D.wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehasA.hinderedeconomicdevelopment.B.harmedfairmarketcompetition.C.boostedgrowthinstates’revenue.D.broughtprosperitytothecountry.39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?A.Big-chainowners.B.Third-partysellers.C.Internetentrepreneurs.D.Smallretailers.40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthorA.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.B.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.C.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.D.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.英語（一）試題-10-（共14頁）Partrections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41 –45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA–Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument–notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments–fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespectandunderstanding–thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.B.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Thereisonlyoneway…togetthebestofanargument–andthatistoavoidit.”Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives–andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstace.C.Noneofthiswillbeeasy,butyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.英語（一）試題-11-（共14頁）D.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessesinyourownargumentsand sometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.E.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“Yes,”andIyell,“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon’tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin–inoneway.G.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions–like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandligion. →42. →F →43. →44. →C →45.英語（一）試題-12-（共14頁）Partrections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietarythusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?A