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UnitUnit1(1)(1)TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoAswithseriesresonance,thegreatertheinthecircuitthelowertheQand,accordingly,theflatterandbroadertheresonancecurveofeitherlinecurrentorcircuitAwirecarryingacurrentlooksexactlythesameandweighsexactlythesameasitdoeswhenitisnotcarryingacurrent.Clickmouseonthewaveformanddragittochangethepulserepetitionrate,ordirectlyenteranewvalueoftheperiodintheprovideddialoguebox,whilekeethepulsewidth提供的框中直接輸入新的周期值而保持脈沖寬度Electronicsisthescienceandthetechnologyofthepassageofchargedparticlesinagas,inavacuum,orinasemiconductor.Pleasenotethatparticlemotionconfinedwithinametalonlyisnotconsideredelectronics.Hardwaretechnologieshaveplayedvitalrolesinourabilitytouseelectronicpropertiestoprocessinformation,butsoftwareanddataprocessingaspectshavenotdevelopedatthesamespeed.However,inaproperlydesignedDCamplifiertheeffectoftransistorparametervariation,otherthanIco,maybepracticallyeliminatediftheoperationpointofeachstageisadjustedsothatitremainsinthelinearoperationrangeofthetransistorastemperaturevaries.Ico以外的晶體管參數(shù)變化所造成的影響。(2)(2)FillintheblankswiththemostappropriateAmessagesignalcan anyamplitudevaluebetween0andAvolts.A.assumeB.useC.receiveD.Eachtimeapositiveclockedgeoccurs,theflip-flopchangesstate,leadingtohalfasmanypulsesattheoutputtotheclockinput.A. B. C.dueD.soIntheprevioussectionwediscussedsine-waveorCWmodulationsystemsinwhichthemodulatingsignal ofadigitalpulseA.madeB. C.containedInthisbookweshallemphasizethelimitationsimposedontheinformationtransmittedbythesystemthroughwhichit and differentA. B.traveledC. D.Thissignaleitherdoesnotchange,oritchanges anamountequivalenttooneormorequantumsteps.A.interruptedly B.rudely C.abruptlyD.Weshallonlybe withlogicalrepresentations,absoluteA.interestedB. C.referredD.(3)Choosethephrasethatisclosestinmeaningtounderlined(3)ChoosethephrasethatisclosestinmeaningtounderlinedwhichhasbadinfluenceuponthesystemwhichisimportanttoensurecircuitwhichispossibletoenhancethesystemwhichiscrucialformaintainingthedesiredThereforetherewillbeaslighttimedelay,duetothepropagationdelayoftheflip-flopsbetweenthetimeoneflip-flopchangesstateandthetimethenextonechangesstate,i.e.,thechangeofstateripplesthroughthecounter,andthesecountersarethereforecalledripplecounters.thestatechangeispropagatedthroughthecounterlikethestatechangescauseripplesinthepassingthroughthecounter,thestateripplethestateofthecounterchangesduetoInsteadoftriggeringoneachpulse,aphaselocktechniqueexaminestherelativephasebetweeneachoscillatorandmanyofitssyncpulsesandadjustsoscillatorfrequencysothattheaveragephasediscrepancyissmall.checkseachoscillatorformanysync oscillatorsandacollectionofsyncpulseslooksattherelationsbetweenthephaseandthesyncexamineswhetherthephaseisrelativetotheoscillatorandthesyncpulsesBykeetheoffstateslightlybelowthreshold,thedelaybetweentheappliedelectricalpulseandtheresultingopticaloutputpulseisminimized;thisdelaymustindeednotbemorethanthebitintervalsothattheopticalpulsecanaccurayreproducetheinputsignal.ensuringthatthesystemisoffthethresholdbyasmallmaintainingthesystem’sshut-downstatesomewhatbelowaprescribedlevelmakingsurethesystemisbelowitsthresholdsothatthestateiskeptoffkeethesysteminashut-downstatethatisunderagivenlevelwithatinytoleranceIftheoriginalsignaliswellbehaved,thelocaloscillatorwillneedverylittleinformationtobeabletotrack,andthatinformationcanbeobtainedbyaveragingforalongperiodoftime,therebyeliminatingnoisethatcouldbeverylarge.theLOwillnotrequireanyinformationinordertokeeptheLOwillmakeuseoftrackinginformationthatisscarceinthesystemtheLOwillrequiresomeinformation,butnotmuch,sothatthesystemcantracktheLOwillusenoinformationotherthansomelittleonetomaintaintrackingThethirdsectiondescribeszationschemesthattakeaccountofthecharacteristicsofspeech.takemeasureofthespeechtakethespeechcharacteristicsintocountthespeechmakeuseofthespeechInaproperlydesignedDCamplifiertheeffectoftransistorparametervariationmaybepracticallyeliminatediftheoperatingpointofeachstageisadjustedsothatitremainsinthelinearoperationrangeofthetransistorastemperaturetheeffectivevariationofthetransistortheefforttochangetransistorthetransistorparametersthateffectivelytheresultscausedbytransistorparameterStabilityandrepeatabilityarefundamentalattributesofdigitalcircuits,however,andthenecessaryaccuracycanbeobtainedinadigitalversionofthemodulatorbyanappropriatechoiceofwordlengthtorepresentthebyexpressingthesignalswithasuitablewordbyusingawordlongenoughtodescribethebychoosetocharacterizethesignalsintermsofwordlengthappropriaybyappropriayrepresentingthesignalstochoosealengthofwordsUnitUnit2(1)TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoIfogsignalsaretobetransmitteddigitally,theyfirsthavetobesampledataspecifiedrateandfurtherconvertedtodiscreteamplitudesamplesbyzation.Linearfiltersamplifyorattenuateselectedspatialfrequencies,canachievesucheffectsassmoothingandsharpening,andusuallyformthebasisofre-samplingandboundarydetectionalgorithms.Stabilityandrepeatabilityarefundamentalattributesofdigitalcircuits,however,andthenecessaryaccuracycanbeobtainedinadigitalversionofthemodulatorbyanappropriatechoiceofwordlengthtorepresentthesignals.Thefirstobservationismadeonthefundamentalrelationshipbetweenthenatureofsystemandtheperiodicityofitsfrequencyresponse:acontinuoussystemhasanaperiodicfrequencyresponse,whileadiscretesystemhasaperiodicfrequencyresponse.從系統(tǒng)性質(zhì)和它頻率響應(yīng)的周期性之間的基本關(guān)系中Themainfunctionofthereceiveristoextracttheinputmessagesignalfromthedegradedversionofthetransmittedsignalcomingfromthechannel.的主要功能是從由信道傳輸來的了的信號中(2)Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestin(2)ChoosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtheunderlinedWhilethirdpartydesigntoolswereavailable,therewasnotaneffectivelinkfromthethirdpartydesigntoolstothelayoutandactualsemiconductorprocessperformancecharacteristicsofthevariousASICmanufacturers.Thesesteps,implementedwithalevelofskillcommonintheindustry,almostalwaysproduceafinaldevicethatcorrectlyimplementstheoriginaldesign,unlessflawsarelaterintroducedbythephysicalfabricationprocess.practicedusingskillsgenerallyavailableinthecommonlyperformedatlevelsofskilled nelintherealizedwiththeskillfulcommonlevelinthecarriedoutbyskillscommonlyusedintheAsecondmajorstepwouldbetodevelopdesignspecificationsthatconsiderthefunctionalityofthehumanwiththesamedegreeofcarethathasbeengiventotherestofthesystem.developdesignprocedurestoaccountforthehumanbehaviorandactivitiespromotedesignarrangementsandtakethehumanfactorsintoconsiderationmakeusedofdesignstepsthatrespectthehumandraftandeffectdesignrequirementsthattakeintoaccountthehumanfunctionalityClickmouseonthewaveformanddragittochangethepulserepetitionrateordirectlyenteranewvalueoftheperiodintheprovideddialoguebox,keethepulsewidthunchanged.simplytypeanewperiodvalueinthegivendialoguedirectanentryforthenewperiodvaluetothedialoguepointastraightforwardnewperiodvaluetothedialogueboxprovidedenteradirectionofanewperiodvaluetoprovideadialogueboxComparedwithmostofthetextbooksattheintroductorylevelofRFogdesign,thisbookpresentssomehands-onexperiencesonthedesignissuesthatreallyworkandhasbeenprovedbymanufacturedchips.thisbookprovidessomeexperiencesathandontheissuesencounteredindesignthisbookprovidessomeactuallyworkingexperiencesaboutthedesignproblemsthisbookpresentssomeavailableexperiencesoverthedesignproblems experiencesthatarehandedoverForadecadetherehasbeenasearchforaprogrammableprocessorwhich,giventhecostandvolumeconstraints,isgeneralenoughtobeprogrammedwithdifferentwithcontrolledmeasuresofpriceandgiventheconditionofriskandgiventheconstantsofchargeandgiventhelimitsofpriceandInaproperlydesignedDCamplifiertheeffectoftransistorparametervariation,otherthanIco,maybepracticallyeliminatediftheoperatingpointofeachstageisadjustedsothatitremainsinthelinearoperationrangeofthetransistorastemperaturevaries.Unit (1)(1)TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoAverycommonlyusedmethodofmicrowavemeasurementsisbasedonthestudyofastandingwavepatternformedalongthelinebecauseoftheinterferenceofincidentandreflectedwaves.一個很常用的微波測量方法是基于對駐波圖型的研究，這種駐波是由入射波和反射波之間的而沿著傳輸Computationsshowareductionof6dBintheEMfieldintensitywiththedistancedoubled,andanincreaseof3dBintheintensitywiththetransmittedpowerdoubled.Thisresultprovidesverificationtothealgorithmused.6分貝；Liketransferofheatbyconduction,convectionandradiation,microwaveheatingcanbeconsideredasanothermodeofheattransfer,inwhichheatisproduceddirectlyatthelocationofthedielectriclosses.Operationoftheradarisbasedonthemeasurementofthetimeittakesforapulsetransmittedfromanantennatogetreflectedbytheobjecttobedetectedandtoreturnattheantennaandthereceiver.的工作是基于對天線發(fā)出的脈沖被所要探測的目（OthermotivationsforusingCADincircuitdesignincludes plishedbyothermeans,and,notleastinimportance,asenseofcuriosityorperhapsadesiretodiscovertheCAD的其它動機(jī)包括：想要驗(yàn)證用Thespacingbetweentherepeatingamplifiersisafunctionofthecableattenuationandthesystembandwidthsothatthegainprovidedbytheseamplifierscompensatesforthelossintroducedbythecable.Whenthecut-offfrequencyisnolessthanthealfrequencyoftheoriginalsignal,norisitgreaterthanthedifferencebetweenthesamplingfrequencyandthealfrequency,theoriginalsignalmaybecompleyrebuilt.WhilethepoliticsofthelastonehundredyearsaroundIndustrialAgetechnology,thepoliticsofthefuturewillbebasedonInformationAgeconcernsorientedtowardsthestorage,protectionandexchangeofinformation.盡管近百年來的政治活動是以工業(yè)時代的技術(shù)為中心的、保護(hù)和交換。(2)Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpart.Iftheseotherchargesandcurrentsarecomparableinsizetothesourcesproducingtheaboveelectromagneticfield,thenanewnetelectromagneticfieldwillbeproduced.makecomparisonwiththesizeofthearecomparedwiththesizeofthehavesimilarsizetothetakeacommonsizeoftheThisrangeofwavelengthshasledmanytoquestionthenamingconventionusedformicrowavesasthenamesuggestsamicrometerwavelength.hasraisedmanyquestionsaboutthenaminghascausedmanypeopletochallengethenaminghasledmanyquestionsofthenaminghasresultedinmanyproblemsinthenamingNASAworkedinthe1970sandearly1980storesearchthepossibilitiesofusingSolarPowerSalite(SPS)systemswithlargesolararraysthatwouldbeampowerdowntotheEarth’ssurfaceviamicrowaves.shedsolarenergytotheEarth’ssurfacefromthesasetthesalitedowntotheEarth’ssurfacewithshutdownthepoweron(to)theEarth’ssurfacefromtheswitchoffpowertotheEarth’ssurfacefromthesaAsDoDurgentlywantedmilitarycommandandnetworksthatcouldsurviveanuclearwar,ARPAwaschargedwithinventingatechnologythatcouldgetdatatoitsdestinationreliablyevenifarbitrarypartsofthenetworkdisappearedwithoutwarningasaresultofanuclearattack.winanuclearbeusedinpreparationofanuclearavoidanuclearbestilloperationalafteranuclearAtthepresent,stateoftheartmicrowaveamplifiersandoscillatortubescanoperateinafrequencyrangeupto40GHzandsolid-statemicrowavedevicesupto100GHz.recentandmosthightechartisticallyInsuchafiberraystravelingatlargerangleswithrespecttotheaxishavetotraversealongerpathandhencetakealongertimethanthoserayswhichpropagatewithsmalleranglestotheaxis.havetransmittedoveralongerareboundtotreatalongermusttravelthroughalongermustdealwithalongerBykeetheoffstateslightlybelowthreshold,thedelaybetweentheappliedelectricalpulseandtheresultingopticaloutputpulseisminimized;thisdelaymustindeednotbemorethanthebitintervalsothattheopticalpulsecanaccurayreproducetheinputsignal.thisdelaymustindeedbenomorethanoneinternalindeed,thisdelaymustexceedthebitofasamatteroffact,thisdelayintervalmustbealittlebitthisdelaymustindeedbekeptlessthanthespacingbetweendatabitsComputationsshowareductionof6dBintheEMfieldintensitywiththedistancedoubled,andanincreaseof3dBintheintensitywiththetransmittedpowerdoubled.Thisresultprovidesverificationtothealgorithmused.that,witha6dBreduction,theEMfieldintensityistwiceasstrongthattheEMfieldintensityisdecreasedby6dBastherangeisdoubledthat,intheEMfield,intensitywithdoubledistanceleadstoa6dBreductiona6dBintensityreductioncausesadoubledistanceintheEMfieldUnitUnit (1)TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoCommunicationmaybebroadlydefinedasthetransferofinformationfromonepointtoanother.Whentheinformationistobeconveyedoveranydistanceacommunicationsystemisusuallyrequired.Withinacommunicationsystemtheinformationtransferisfrequentlyachievedbysuperimposingormodulatingtheinformationontoanelectromagneticwavewhichactsasacarrierfortheinformationsignal.Thismodulatedcarrieristhentransmittedtotherequireddestinationwhereitisreceivedandtheoriginalinformationsignalisobtainedbydemodulation.Sophisticatedtechniqueshavebeendevelopedforthisprocessbyusingelectromagneticcarrierwavesoperatingatradiofrequenciesaswellasmicrowaveandmillimeterwavefrequencies.However,communicationmayalsobeachievedbyusinganelectromagneticcarrierthatisselectedfromtheopticalrangeoffrequencies.要將信息傳輸?shù)饺魏尉嚯x以外時就需要有一個通信系Electroniccommunicationsisthetransferandmovementofdatabetweenlocationsthroughtheuseofcomputers.Anelectroniccommunicationsystemincludestheequipmentneededtosupportthemovementofinformation,thecommunicationlinesandmediatocarrytheinformation,thecomputersoftwareandprogramstocontroltheflowofinformation,theneltoplan,implement,andoperatecommunications,andthemanagementofalltheseresources.Electroniccommunicationsestablisheslinksbetweenpeopleaswellascomputers.電子通信就是通過使用計(jì)算機(jī)在不同的地點(diǎn)之間傳輸Firstgenerationcommunicationssystemscanbecharacterizedbytheuseofogtransmissiontechniques,andtheuseofsimplemultiplexaccesstechniquessuchasfrequencydivisionmultipleaccess(FDMA).Theysufferedfromalowusercapacity,andsecurityproblemsduetothesimpleradiointerfaceused.Secondgenerationsystemswereintroducedintheearly1990’s,andallusedigitaltechnology.Thisprovidedanincreaseintheusercapacityofaroundthreetimes,achievedbycompressingthevoicewaveformsbeforetransmission.Thirdgenerationsystemsareanextensiononthecomplexityofsecond-generationsystemsandaretobeintroducedaftertheyear2000.Thesystemcapacitywillbeincreasedtoovertentimesoriginalfirstgenerationsystems,achievedbyusingcomplexmultiplexaccesstechniquessuchascodedivisionmultiplexaccess(CDMA),oranextensionofTDMA,andbyimprovingflexibilityofservicesavailable.第一代通信系統(tǒng)以模擬傳輸技術(shù)和簡單復(fù)用技術(shù)如頻2000CDMA10倍。Foreachcombinationofcommunication(modulation/detection)type,channelfadingmodel,anddiversitytype,theaveragebiterrorrate(BER)and/orsymbolerrorrate(SER)ofthesystemisobtainedandrepresentedbyanexpressioninaformthatcanreadilybeevaluated.Allcasesconsideredcorrespondtorealpracticalchannels,andinmanyinstancestheBERandSERexpressionsobtainedcanbeevaluatednumericallyonahand-heldcalculator.（SERSER表達(dá)式均可用手持計(jì)算器來計(jì)算。Modulationisthesystematicvariationofsomeattributeofacarrierwaveformsuchastheamplitude,phase,orfrequencyinaccordancewithafunctionofthemessagesignal.Itisusedincommunicationsystemsformatchingsignalcharacteristicstochannelcharacteristics,forreducingnoiseandinterference,forsimultaneouslytransmittingseveralsignalsoverasinglechannel,andfor someequipmentlimitations.Aconsiderableportionofthisbookisdevotedtothestudyofhowmodulationschemesaredeignedtoachievetheabovetasks.Thesuccessofacommunicationsystemdependstoalargeextentonthe相當(dāng)大部分內(nèi)容是研究如何設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)制方案以實(shí)現(xiàn)上述underlinedThereceivingdevicewouldhavethewrongtimethathadbeenagreedintheprotocolforsending/receivingdata,sosomebytescould ecorruptedbylosingbits.thathadbeenconsistentwiththeprotocolofdata sending/receivingdatathathadbeeninagreementwiththeprotocolofdatathathadbeendefinedinthedatatransmissionSynchronoustransmissionusesnostartandstopbitsbutinsteadsynchronizestransmissionspeedsatboththereceivingandsendingendofthetransmissionusingclocksignalsbuiltintoeachcomponent.usingsynchronizationsignalstobuildeach usingtimingsignalsinordertobuildeachusingclocksthatcanbuildsignalInformationtheory,however,doesnotinvolvemessageimportanceormeaning,asthesearemattersofthequalityofdataratherthanthetyofdata,thelatterofwhichisdeterminedsolelybyprobabilities.whichisthelateroneofthedeterminedthelateronebeingprobablyinwhichthelateroneisdeterministicratherthanthe tybeingdeterminedbyprobabilitiesAnysmalldeformationsintheheightorwidthofthepulsesareirrelevantsinceitisonlynecessarytoknowwhetherthepulseispresentorabsentinordertoretrievetheoriginaltoreformtheoriginaltorecovertheoriginaltore-obtaintheoriginaltorepresenttheoriginalConsequently,electronicequipmentisconstantlysubjectedtounwantedsourcesofenergyandisconstantlyproducingenergythatadjacentequipmentisnotdesignedtoaccept.continuallymakingunacceptedinterferencetoadjacentcontinuouslycausingneighboringequipmentnottoacceptexpectedenergyconstantlyproducingenergythatisacceptableonlytoneighboringequipment acceptableinthedesignofadjacentequipmentEarlierweintroducedtheconceptthattheidentityofanamplitudemodulatedmessagesignalmayundercertaincircumstancesbecommunicatedbytransmittingregularsamplesofthemessage,ratherthanthecontinuoussignal.maytransmitsamplesthatareregularincommunicationsundersomeconditionsmaybeinthecircumstancesthatregularmessagesamplesarecommunicatedmaybeconveyedbysendingsignalsampledatregularintervalsundersomeconditionsmaycommunicatewithcertaincustomersbysendingregularsamplesofthemessageForeachofthebuildingblocksoftheRFtransceiver,whichhasbeenbrokenintoseparatechapters,alistofessentialreferencepublicationsalsoguaranteesdepthandacademicvalueoftheresearchachievementspresented.eachofthebasiccomponentsoftheRFeachofthegroupsthatarebuiltintotheRFtheindividualelementsintheRFeachofthebuildingsthatblockstheRFWearetodevelopacodesuchthatfewerbitsareassignedtocodewordsrepresentinggraylevelshavinghigherprobabilityofoccurrence,andviceversa.inotherwords,graylevelsthatmorefrequentlyoccuraregivenmorebits probabilityofoccurrenceotherwise,morebitsareneededinthesimilarinotherwords,moreprobablegraylevelsrequireshortercodewordsUnit (1)(1)TranslatethefollowingpassageintoOFDMconsistsofalargenumberofsubcarriersequallyspacedinafrequencyband,eachmaybedigitallymodulatedbyasameschemesuchasPSK,QAM,etc.,orbydifferentschemes.Aseriallytransmittedsequenceisdividedintoanumberofsections,eachhavingNsymbols,andtheNsymbolsineachsectionareusedtomodulateNcarriersforsimultaneoustransmission.ThereforeOFDMisessentiallyaparallelmodulationsystem.Whenthenumberofsubcarriersissufficientlylarge,thesystemcanresistmultipathinterference.Thisisbecausethat,inthetime,asymboldurationlongerthanthemultipathdelaycanbechosen,whileinthefrequency,eachsymbolonlyoccupiesasmallportionofthechannel’sfrequencyband.Thus,theeffectofmultipathfadingspreadsovermanysymbols,resultinginslightdistortiontomanysymbolsratherthancompletedestroyofafewsymbols.Inthisway,correctdemodulationisnotaffectedsothatthesignalcanbeaccurayrecoveredatthereceiver.InanOFDMsystem,theprincipleofchoosingtheintervalistomakethesubcarriersmutuallyorthogonalwithintheentiresymbolperiod.Thus,evenifspectraloverlapexistsbetweenthesubcarriers,thesymbolscanstillberecoveredwithoutloss.Inordertorealizeumspectralefficiency,theintervalbetweensubcarriersisusuallychosentoequalthereciprocalofthesymboldurationT.Thereforethesubcarrierfrequenciesinthebasebandarefn=n/T,(n=0,1,...,N1).Denotingthen-thmodulatingsymbolasX(n),theOFDMwaveformwithinasymboldurationcanbeexpressedas:x(t)N1X(n)expj2nt 0t

T T Samplingthiswaveformatt=T/Nx(k)N1X(n)expj2kTN1X(n)expj2nk

k1,2,,N

NNNN

Itisobservedfromtheaboveexpressionthatx(k)andX(n)formadiscreteFouriertransformpair,thereforethebasebandOFDMwaveformcanbegeneratedfromthediscreteFouriertransformofNmodulatingsymbols.WhenN=2mwheremisaninteger,thefastalgorithmofIDFTiseasytoimplement.載波頻率為fn=n/T,(n=0,1,...,N1)，第n個調(diào)制符號記為x(t)N1X(n)expj2nt 0t

T T 在tT/Nx(k)N1X(n)expj2kTN1X(n)expj2nk

k1,2,,N

NNNN

從上面的表示中可以看到，x(k)和X(n)構(gòu)成了一對離散傅(2)Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpart.Theprocessgainofasystemindicatesthegainorsignaltonoiseimprovementexhibitedbyaspreadspectrumsystembythenatureofthespreadinganddespreadingprocess.byvirtueofthespreading/dispreadingbyprocessingthespreading/despreadingaccordingtothespreading/despreadingusingthenaturalspreading/dispreadingDuetotheunavoidabletimingerrorsbetweentheusers,thereislittlepointinusingWalshcodesastheywillnolongerbeorthogonal.usingWalshcodeswillhavesomepointduetotheabsenceoforthogonalityusingWalshcodesismeaninglesssinceorthogonalitywillnotexistanymoreWalshcodecannotbeusedsincetheyarenot orthogonalityislostForexample,whenapartofthechannelbandwidthisfaded,frequencyinterleavingensuresthatthebiterrorsthatwouldresultfromthosesubcarriersinthefadedpartofthebandwidtharespreadoutinthebit-streamratherthanbeingthatwouldbeproducedinthosesubcarrierssufferingfromfrequencyselectivefadingthatwouldcausesomesubcarriersbeingfadedinsomepartofthebandwidththatwouldcamefromthefadingsubcarriersfallinginpartofthebandwidththatwouldresultinthosefadedsubcarrierofthepartofthebandwidthThebasicideaofapplyingthebeamformertechniquetothisapproachisverypromisingandmightgiveasignificantimprovementforsourcelocalization.mightobtainformidablegaininlocalprovidepossibilitiestosubstantiallyenhancesourcemightpresentamajoradvanceinlocalizingislikelytoconsiderablyrefinetechniquestolocateEarlyweintroducedtheconceptthattheidentityofanamplitudemodulatedmessagesignalmayundercertaincircumstancesbecommunicatedbytransmittingregularsamplesofthemessage,ratherthanthecontinuoussignal.valuesofthemessagesignaltakenatregularformallyobtainedmessagesamplesofthemessageproducedinaspecificsamplesoftheregularlyobtainedHavingdefinedthesefunctions,wewillproceedtoshowhowtheycanbeusedtoevaluatecertainintegralscharacteristicofsystemerrorperformance.evaluatecharacteristicsofcertainintegralsinsystemerrorperformanceassesscertainintegralsthataretypicalindescribingerrorperformanceofthesystemsdecidethevalueofsomecharacteristicintegralsoferrorperformanceofthesystemscarryoutevaluationsontheintegratedcharacteristicsofsystemerrorperformanceModulationisthesystematicvariationofsomeattributeofacarrierwaveformsuchastheamplitude,phase,orfrequencyinaccordancewithafunctionofthemessageintermsofamessagecarriedbytheaccordingtothebehavioroftheduetotheperformanceoftheinrelationwith tyderivedfromtheOverrecentyearsthispotentialhaslargelybeenrealizedinthecostsoftheopticalfibertransmissionmediumthatforbulkpurchasesisnow ingcompetitivewithcopperthatisspecificallyforpurchases,andis superiortocopperwiresthatisbulkilycomparableinpricewithcopperthatiscompetingwithcopperwiresintermsoftheofboughtboughtinathat ingachallengetocopperwiresUnit6(1)(1)Translatethefollowingsentencesintopointtoanother.Thistransmissionrequirestheabilitytovarysignalswithtimeinamannerwhichisunpredictabletothereceiver.Itistrueofanycommunicationsystemthattheshapeandamplitudeofthetransmittedsignalwillbecontinuouslydegradedbytheintroductionofnoise,andtheattenuationalongthetransmissionpath.傳輸?shù)男盘枙粩嗟乇辉肼暤囊牒途€的衰減所損Sincetheverybeginning,communicationssystemshaveconsistedofthreemajorparts,namely,theequipment,thethecloselinkof municationswiththecomputertechnologyhasbroughtabouttremendouschangesincommunications,fromtheconcepts,tothecontentsandthe通信從概念到內(nèi)容和都發(fā)生了重大的變化。Theavailabilityofsuchalargecollectionofsystemperformancecurvesinasinglecompilationallowstheresearcherorsystemdesignertoperformtrade-offstudiesamongthevariouscommunicationtype/fadingchannel/diversitycombinationssoastodeterminetheoptimumchoiceinthefaceofhisorheravailable系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)者能在各種通信類型、信道、分集組合之間進(jìn)行比較研究，從而在他或她所的限制之下做出Thechannelprovidestheelectricalconnectionbetweentheinformationsourceandtheuser.Thechannelcanhavemanydifferentformssuchasamicrowaveradiolinkoverfreespace,apairofwires,oranopticalfiber.Thedegradationofthetransmittedsignalisaresultofsignaldistortionduetoimperfectresponseofthechannelandduetoundesirableelectricalsignals(noise)andinterference.Noiseandsignaldistortionaretwobasicproblemsofelectricalcommunication.傳輸信號的是信號失真的結(jié)果，而這種失真又是由Choosethephrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpart.Thisispossiblebecausestationsthatarephysicallyfarenoughfromeachothercanusethesamecarrierfrequency(frequencyreuse)withnegligiblemutualinterference,exceptatsomepointinthemiddlewherethestationsarereceivedwithcomparablesignallevels.wherethesignalsfromdifferentstationsaresimilarinwherethereceivingstationscanbecomparedwiththesignallevelswherethestationscanreceivecomparativelyhighlevelSpacediversity