專四語法3講-非謂語動(dòng)詞

英語專業(yè)四級語法

第三講：非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語要點(diǎn)不定式(infinitive)

動(dòng)名詞（gerund）

分詞（participle）

非謂語動(dòng)詞Non-predicate主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、定語、狀語表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語主語、表語、定語和賓語不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作主語，不定式做主語多表目的和將來或一次性動(dòng)作，動(dòng)名詞則表示一般情況或抽象的多次動(dòng)作。非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)形式對照表：及物與不及物

語態(tài)類別時(shí)態(tài)

vt.

vi.主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)ing

一般式:(與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生)makingbeingmadegoing完成式:(先與謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)havingmade(不作定語）havingbeenmade(不作定語）havinggone(不作定語）ed只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后，只說明原因、條件等)

×made(表被動(dòng)）gone(表完成）inf一般式:(與謂語動(dòng)詞(幾乎)同時(shí)發(fā)生)tomaketobemadetogo完成式:(先與謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)tohavemadetohavebeenmadetohavegone進(jìn)行式:(在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)tobemaking

×tobegoing如果不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后（通常是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式），或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（通常是終止性動(dòng)詞的不定式），這時(shí)要用一般式。Heisdeterminedtoworkhardernextterm.他決心下學(xué)期學(xué)習(xí)更努力些。Iamsorrytohearthenews.聽到這個(gè)消息我很難過。2）如果不定式（通常是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式）表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生在統(tǒng)一時(shí)間，要用進(jìn)行式。

Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.我很高興和你在一起工作。

Theyseemtobehavingameeting.他們好像正在開會(huì)。3）如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作時(shí)間先于謂語動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。

Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrenderedtwodaysbefore.據(jù)報(bào)道，敵人在兩天前投降了。注意：有些動(dòng)詞如：wish,hope,intend,mean,plan和be的過去式＋不定式的完成式，可以表示事實(shí)上并未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。Iwastohavereturnedyouthebook,butIwastoobusythatday.我本來要將那本書還給你的，可是我那天太忙了。語態(tài)：在不定式作定語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用主動(dòng)式。Ihaveameetingtoattend.(Iattendthemeeting.)TheteachergaveJohnabooktoread.(Johnreadsthebook.)如果不定式動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不是上述情況，而是其他人，這時(shí)不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Herearetheclothestobewashed.要洗的衣服在這兒。Thisformistobefilledinink.這份表格要用墨水填寫。在無特定上下文的句子中，有時(shí)用了主動(dòng)式或被動(dòng)式，含義有所不同。Thereisalotofworktodotoday.(forthespeakertodo.)Thereisalotofworktobedonetoday.(foryouorotherstodo.)participle總體區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞----表示的意義是主動(dòng)的，進(jìn)行的過去分詞----表示的意義是被動(dòng)的，完成的Eg:a)theexploitingclass(剝削階級)theexploitedclass(被剝削階級)

b)thegirlgatheringflowers（正在采花的女孩）

theflowersgatheredthismorning(今天早晨采集的花)特別注意：一般來說及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的過去分詞主要表被動(dòng)不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的過去分詞主要表完成

fallenleaves(落葉)fadedflowers(凋謝的花)boiledwater(開水)newlyarrivedgoods(新到的商品)Vanishedcivilization失落的文明Therisensun升起的太陽Shrunkenclothes縮水的衣服Escapedprisoner逃犯說明：分詞單獨(dú)作定語一般前置，分詞短語作定語一般后置。真題練習(xí)__________shouldnotbecomeaseriousdisadvantageinlifeandwork.(2010-51)A.TobenottallB.NottobetallC.BeingnottallD.NotbeingtallD非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定形式

真題練習(xí)Thereareonlytenapplesleftinthebaskets,_______thespoiltone.(2006-63)A.notcounting B.nottocountC.don’tcount D.havingnotcount______,hecannowonlywatchitonTVathome.(1998-45)A.ObtainingnotaticketforthematchB.NotobtainingaticketforthematchC.NothavingobtainedaticketforthematchD.NotobtainedaticketforthematchAC基本特點(diǎn)☆做很多句子成分，但就是不能單獨(dú)做謂語，這也是它們被稱為"非謂語動(dòng)詞"的原因?！钏鼈兙哂懈鞣N形態(tài)：原形、主動(dòng)態(tài)、被動(dòng)態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)?！畈皇苤髡Z的人稱和數(shù)的限制。非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)一：動(dòng)詞搭配用不定式作賓補(bǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞：adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguessgethireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarnaskbegexpectintendpretendsayteachwant2.用“動(dòng)詞＋doing”結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞：resentunderstandsuggeststandresentpostponepardonpermitnecessitatemindmissmentioninvolveincludeimaginefinishfavourforbidexcuseescapeenjoyacknowledgeadviceadvocateappreciateavoidconsidercompleteconfessdelaydeny

注意：有時(shí)不定式和動(dòng)名詞做賓語都可以，但意思不同meantodo

proposetodomeandoing

proposedoingforgettodo

remembertodo forgetdoing

rememberdoinggoontodo

stoptodogoondoing

stopdoingregrettodo

regretdoing想要(做某事)

打算(做某事)意味(做某事)

建議(做某事)忘記(要做的事)

記得(要做某事)忘記(已做的事)

記得(已做過的事)繼而(做另一件事)

停下來去做另一件事繼續(xù)(做原來的事)

停止正在做的事(對將要做的事)遺憾

(對已做過的事)后悔真題練習(xí)Ineverregretted_______theoffer,foritwasnotwheremyinterestlay.(1993-53)A.nottoaccept B.nothavingacceptedC.havingnotaccepted D.notacceptingD非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)二：beVedto結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞用believe,say,suppose等的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后跟不定詞，表示“據(jù)說是…,應(yīng)該是…”，解題時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。a.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved____ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.(2004)A.thatheisthinking

B.tobethinkingC.thatheistothink

D.tothinkb.AIDissaid____thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.(2002)A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeenc.

ProfessorJohnsonissaid___somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(1999)A.havingmade

B.making

C.tohavemade

D.tomakeCCB非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)三：常見短語/句型onlyto/enoughto表示不定式的結(jié)果。suchasto/soasto，前者修飾名詞，后者修飾形容詞。Itis+adj.+for+theretobe表示不定式的行為屬性。Itis+adj.+forsbtodosth表示不定式的行為屬性。There’snodoing…表示“不可能的，無法的”。bebusy/activedoingsth

忙于做某事havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth

做…有困難It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth

做…是沒有用的haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth

做…的時(shí)間很…spend/wastetimedoingsth

做…很浪費(fèi)時(shí)間

真題練習(xí)Itisnotuncommonforthere_______problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.A.beingB.wouldbe

C.be

D.tobe（2007）b.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacross

theborderintotheneighboringcountry,

___bythepoliceeachtime.（1999）

A.hadbeencaptured

B.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecaptured

D.unfortunatelycapturedDC真題練習(xí)c.Hisremarkswere_______annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005-53)A.soasto B.suchasto

C.suchto D.asmuchastob.Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential___forthat.(2003-47）

A.forustobeprepared

B.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobeprepared

D.ourbeingpreparedBA非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)三：不定式to的省略不定式作表語時(shí)，如果主語里含有do的任一形式，此時(shí)to可有可無b.but和except跟在do＋anything／nothing／everything后面時(shí)，與不帶to的不定式連用c.Whynot后接不帶to的不定式Theonlythingtodo／wecando

is________(write)tohim.Mydogdoeseverythingbut________(speak)．There’snothingtodobut_________(wait)．__________himtomorrow?Whynottocallon B.Whydon’tcallonC.Whynotcallingon D.Whynotcallon(to)writespeakwaitD不定式的省略★部分詞語跟省掉to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)（let,make,have,see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice等）

★Theteachermakesuswriteacompositioneveryweek.(主動(dòng)態(tài))★Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.(被動(dòng)態(tài))感覺動(dòng)詞，使役動(dòng)詞。其他結(jié)構(gòu)中to省略hadbetter;wouldrather;wouldsooner;dootherthan;wouldjustassoon;mightjustaswell;cannotbut;cannothelpbut;cannotchoosebut;etc.Wemightjustaswellputupherefortonight.今晚我們不妨就在這里過夜。類似不定式，實(shí)為介詞to，常見有applyoneselfto

致力于beaccustomedto

習(xí)慣于confessto供認(rèn)cometo談到

devoteoneselfto

獻(xiàn)身于getdownto

著手做

givewayto對…讓步leadto

導(dǎo)致lookforwardto

期待nextto幾乎objectto反對payattentionto

注意stickto

堅(jiān)持standupto勇敢面對turnto求助于beusedto

習(xí)慣于非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)四：it做形式主語a.該邏輯主語一般為某人時(shí)，需要添加不定式里動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語：It’sadj./n.for主語todosth.或It’sadjof主語todosth.(此時(shí)該結(jié)構(gòu)中形容詞是描述品格特點(diǎn))。b.做find,feel,think,believe,consider,make等的賓語時(shí)，并且補(bǔ)語是adj或n.時(shí)，常常用it作形式主語，后接不定式。c.在含有no,less等否定詞的句子里，常用動(dòng)名詞作主語。d.“ItisV過去分詞that…”結(jié)構(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)換成“主語+is/was+V過去分詞+不定式”。Ithinkitimpossibleforhismother_________(reach)him.Itisnogood__________(discuss)withher.It’sverykindofher_________(help)mewithmypronunciation.Sheissaid____________（work)asaninterpreter.toreachdiscussingtohelptohaveworked非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)五：to,ing,ed作狀語to做狀語表示打算要做某事，ing做狀語表示事情已經(jīng)結(jié)束。ed做狀語表示隱含的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例1：________（get）themessage,hepackedupandleftinahurry.例2：________(see)fromtheplane,theplaceisapatchofbeautifulcolors.例3：_________（complete)thenewteam,Ihadtobuysomemarketingtalent.GettingSeenTocomplete練習(xí)_________manytimes,hestilldidn’tunderstandit.

A.Havingbeentold

B.Thoughtobetold

C.Havingtold

D.Hewastoldd._________manytimes,buthestilldidn’tunderstandit.

A.Havingbeentold

B.Thoughhewastold

C.Tohavebeentold

D.HewastoldAD真題練習(xí)a.________atinhisway,thesituationdoesnotseemsodesperate.（2007）

A.Looking

B.Looked

C.Beinglooked

D.Tolookb.___atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesn’tseemsogloomy.（2000）

A.

Looking

B.

Looked

C.

Havinglooked

D.TolookBB分清邏輯主語！非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)六：獨(dú)立主格當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時(shí)，分詞必須有自己的主語。因此，當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語不是句子主語而是有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，就叫獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢苑啪涫孜玻硎緯r(shí)間/原因/條件/方式/伴隨等。1.Today____(be)Sunday,thelibrarydoesn’topen.2.There_____(be)nobuses,wehadtowalkhome.beingbeing練習(xí)Weather_________(permit),wew