第二 三單元 基本構(gòu)詞法

EnglishLexicology(II)1ChapterTwoBasicWord-formations1.Affixation(derivation):prefixationsuffixation2.Compounding(composition)3.ConversionStructureofword

自由詞根（freeroot）詞根(root)

粘著詞根(boundroot)詞素前綴(prefix)（morpheme）詞綴(affix)

后綴(suffix)EnglishLexicology(II)31.GeneralRemarksThethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationcompositionorcompounding(27%)conversion(10.5%)EnglishLexicology(II)42.PrefixationThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestoroots.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classoftherootbutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair

Class-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,sleep—asleepEnglishLexicology(II)52.PrefixationTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:EnglishLexicology(II)62.Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism(無神論的）,anarchy（無政府狀態(tài))dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholic

un-uninformative,unexpected,unease(不舒適，不自在）,unrest（不寧，動亂）EnglishLexicology(II)72.PrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetry(對稱）GovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSane（神志正常的）RelatedAligned（結(jié)盟的）MatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmatureEnglishLexicology(II)82.Prefixation2)Reversative（反向的）de-defrost,deregulation,degeneration（墮落,退化）deformed（變形的）,denationalize（開除…的國籍）un-Undo（解開，消除）,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterestedEnglishLexicology(II)92.PrefixationCentralizeforestInfectZipcomposecountpopulateDecentralizeDeforestDisinfect(殺死細菌）Unzip（拉開拉鏈）DecomposeDiscountDepopulateEnglishLexicology(II)102.Prefixation3)Pejorative(貶低的）prefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,misforturemal-maltreatment,malfunction(故障）,malformationpseudo-Pseudonym(假名）,pseudoscience,pseudo-friend

EnglishLexicology(II)112.Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-(超，極端）ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic(超音速的）,ultraconservative，ultranationalism（極端民族主義）mini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-Outdo(超越）,outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-Subadult,subtitle,subbreed（亞品種）,subatom，subway,subgroupsuburbanEnglishLexicology(II)122.PrefixationComputerleft//rightConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberestimatecultureMinicomputerUltra-left/ultra-rightSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderestimateSubcultureEnglishLexicology(II)132.Prefixation5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-Counterclockwise,counterclaim(反訴）,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasureanti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-（親，贊成）pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,proslaveryEnglishLexicology(II)142.Prefixation6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forehead,foreword,forefathersinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transplant,transmit,transport,transfertele-telephone,telegram,telecommunication,televisionEnglishLexicology(II)152.PrefixationViewConferenceContinentaldeckCastPacificformfrontInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForedeckTelecastTranspacificTransformForefrontEnglishLexicology(II)162.Prefixation7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convict(罪犯）fore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarn,forecastpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premarital（婚前的）post-post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoralEnglishLexicology(II)172.Prefixation8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,unipolar,monoxide,monocrystal,monogamy,monologuebi-/di-bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dioxide（二氧化物）,dialogue,tri-triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,trilingualmulti-/poly-multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular（多角的）,multilingual,polyatomic,polycrystal（多晶體）semi-semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomaticEnglishLexicology(II)182.Prefixation8)Numberprefixesquadriquadricyclequadrisectionquadruple(四倍）pentaPentagonpentathlonhexaHexahedron(六正面體）HeptaoctHeptathlonoctosyllable（八音節(jié)的）octagon(八角形）EnnedecaEnneagonDecadedecathlonEnglishLexicology(II)192.PrefixationLingualLateralPolarDimensionalUnilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensionalEnglishLexicology(II)202.Prefixation9)Conversionprefixesa-aloud,asleep,aglow,awash（被浪潮沖打的）be-belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitch(施魔力于，使著迷）en-endanger,enforce,enable,embody,empowerEnglishLexicology(II)212.Prefixation10)Miscellaneous(混雜的）prefixesExtra-Extralinguistic,extraordinary,extraterrestrial（地球外的）Neo-Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism,neo-fascism,Neolithic（新石器時代的）Pan-Pan-Pacific,Pan-American(泛美的）……………..EnglishLexicology(II)223.SuffixationThedefinitionofsuffixationSuffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.However,theymayalsoaddattachedmeaningtothestem.EnglishLexicology(II)233.SuffixationTheclassificationofsuffixesSincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixesEnglishLexicology(II)243.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.Denominal（由名詞轉(zhuǎn)換的）nouns(concreteorabstract)DeverbalnounsDe-adjectivalnounsNounandadjectivesuffixesEnglishLexicology(II)253.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(concrete)-eerauctioneer,engineer,mountaineer,pamphleteer(小冊子作者）,profiteer（投機商）,racketeer（詐騙者）-erLondoner,teenager,villager-essactress,waitress,stewardess(女服務員）,hostess,lioness-letbooklet,leaflet,piglet,starletEnglishLexicology(II)263.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(abstract)-agebaggage,luggage,mileage,percentage-domkingdom,stardom(明星界）,officialdom-ery/-ryDrudgery（苦工）,slavery,nursery,machinery-ismidealism,optimism,individualism，collectivism，tourism-shipdictatorship,scholarship,friendship,sportsmanship-ocrasyAristocracy(貴族),democracy,meritocracy（知識界精英）-hoodboyhood,brotherhood,neighborhood,adulthood-fulhandful,mouthful,plateful,spoonfulEnglishLexicology(II)273.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDeverbalnouns-antcontestant,inhabitant,assistant,informant-eeinterviewee,addressee（收信人）,appointee,nominee,employee-er/-ordriver,employer,interviewer,computer,silencer,accelerator,supervisor,actor,window-shopper（溜達看櫥窗的人）,inventor,educator-ationfoundation,exploration,nomination,starvation-ingbuilding,dwelling,earnings,savings,clothing,stuffing-alrefusal,revival,survival,arrival,dismissal-mentamazement,arrangement,movement,government-agebreakage,coverage（新聞報道，覆蓋量）,shrinkage,drainage（排水系統(tǒng)）EnglishLexicology(II)283.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDe-adjectivalnouns-itydiversity,equality,rapidity,verbosity（冗長）,responsibility,actuality,regularity,popularity,respectability-nessaccurateness,falseness,kindness,selfishness,happiness,largeness,frankness,unexpectedness,thickness,goodnessEnglishLexicology(II)293.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsandadjectivesuffixes

-eseBurmese(緬甸人）,Chinese,Cantonese,officialese（公文體）,journalese（文筆草率的新聞文體）-(i)anDarwinian（達爾文主義者）,republican,Elizabethan,Shakespearean,Indonesian,Russian-istcommunist,pianist,specialist,socialistEnglishLexicology(II)303.Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-eddogged,rugged,pointed,chocolate-flavored-fuldelightful,successful,faithful,meaningful-ishchildish,foolish,snobbish,Irish,Turkish-lesshomeless,hopeless,merciless,harmless-likechildlike,ladylike,statesmanlike-lyfriendly,cowardly,motherly,daily,weekly-ymilky,sandy,hairy,meatyEnglishLexicology(II)313.Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-ic(-atic)ethnic,economic,historic,problematic（疑難的）-ous(-ious,-eous)ambitious,desirous,marvelous,courageous,erroneous,courteous（有禮貌的）-al(-ial,-ical)accidental,professional,residential,musical,philosophicalEnglishLexicology(II)323.Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDeverbalsuffixes-able(-ible,-uble)debatable,drinkable,changeable,perishable,permissible,visible,dissoluble,soluble（可溶的，可解決的）-ive(-ative,-sive)attractive,reflective,productive,negative,decorative,talkative,affirmative,expansive,explosive,decisiveEnglishLexicology(II)333.Suffixation3)AdverbSuffixes-lysmoothly,personally,extremely,publicly,naturally-ward(s)downward,eastward,homeward,forward-wiseclockwise,lengthwise縱長地,weatherwise（善于預測天氣的）,moneywiseEnglishLexicology(II)343.Suffixation4)Verbsuffixes-ateOriginate,hyphenate-enDeepen,harden,strengthen,hasten-ifySolidify,modify,beautify,classify,identify-ize(-ise)Symbolize,computerize,legalize,publicize,specializeEnglishLexicology(II)353.SuffixationFalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApologyFalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologizeEnglishLexicology(II)364.ConversionThedefinitionofconversionConversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).EnglishLexicology(II)374.ConversionMajortypesofconversionNoun-verbconversionVerb-nounconversionAdjective-nounconversionEnglishLexicology(II)384.ConversionNoun-verbconversionHeelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.Problemssnowballedbythehour.Thenewspaperheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.KissingergottheplansandhelicopteredtoCampDavid.EnglishLexicology(II)394.ConversionAbuseAdviceHouseUseBeliefGriefShelfmouthAbuseAdviseHouseUseBelieveGrieveShelveMouthChangesofpronunciationandspellingEnglishLexicology(II)404.ConversionVerb-nounconversionHewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.Itisagoodbuy.Hetookacloselookatthemachine.EnglishLexicology(II)414.ConversionVerb-nounconversionPhrasalverb-nounconversionRightbranchingLeftbranchingBreakdownBreakdownBreakoutOutbreakPickupPick-upSpilloverOverspillTakeoverTake-overStartupUpstartGettogetherGet-togetherPutinInputBreakthroughBreakthroughKeepupUpkeep(維護，保養(yǎng)）EnglishLexicology(II)424.ConversionConflictAbstractContrastDecreaseDiscountExportRebelProgressProtestTransferTransplantSurveyTormentShiftofstressEnglishLexicology(II)434.ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionCompleteconversionEnglishLexicology(II)444.ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionDenoting（表示）aqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endingin–sh,-se,-ch):theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,Denotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublime（令人崇敬的，偉大的）totheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples分詞):theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemnedEnglishLexicology(II)454.ConversionAdjective-nounconversionCompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars（老顧客）,hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotacrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment.EnglishLexicology(II)465.CompoundingThedefinitionofcompoundingCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.

EnglishLexicology(II)475.CompoundingFormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotlineEnglishLexicology(II)485.CompoundingTypesofcompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsEnglishLexicology(II)495.CompoundingNouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis（性格認同危機）EnglishLexicology(II)505.CompoundingAdjectivecompoundsWeather-beaten

(飽經(jīng)風霜的）rocks,peacelovingpeople,

everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anon–the-spot

inspection,taxfree

products,fire-proof

dressEnglishLexicology(II)515.CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeper

windowshopfromwindow-shopping

massproducefrommassproduction

hen-peckfromhen-pecked（怕老婆的）

spoon-feedfromspoon-fed.EnglishLexicology(II)525.CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk（用甜蜜的話勸導）,tojob-hop.Homework1.reviewthethreebasicword-formations2.previewchapter33.trytofindouttheprefixandsuffixinEnglish.Themore,thebetter.EnglishLexicology(II)53ChapterThree:

OtherWord-formations1.Shortening(Abbreviation)2.Backformation(逆生法）3.Onomatopoeia（擬聲法）EnglishLexicology(II)551.ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation1)clippedwords（截短詞）:thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.1.ShorteningA.apocope(截除詞尾）E.g.Doctor---docexposition---expotaxicab---taxidiscotheque---discoB.aphaeresis(截除詞首）E.g.Earthquake---quaketelephone---phonehamburger---burgerC.frontandbackclipping(截除首尾）E.g.refrigerator---fridgeinfluenza---fluD.syncope(截除詞腰）E.g.symbolology---symbologyfossilization---fossilationEnglishLexicology(II)56EnglishLexicology(II)571.ShorteninggymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilograminfluenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicabgymdormhankygaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)581.ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation2)initialisms（首字母縮略詞）:

atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.EnglishLexicology(II)591.Shortening2)InitialismsATM=AutomatedTellerMachineBBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporationUFO=UnidentifiedFlyingObjectGPS=GlobalPositioningSystemDNA=deoxyribonucleicacid(脫氧核糖核酸）EnglishLexicology(II)601.ShorteningCPUDIYCEOITAISOSGMTVIPP.S.(附言）a.m.p.m.centralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiemWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialismsEnglishLexicology(II)611.ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（縮略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音詞）:wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.EnglishLexicology(II)621.Shortening3)AcronymsDINK(丁克）=DoubleIncome,NoKidsBricks(金磚五國）=Brazil,Russia,India,China,SouthAfricaSARS=SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeAIDS=AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeEnglishLexicology(II)631.ShorteningTOEFLIELTSFIFAPETSRadarTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageInternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystemTheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationFederationInternationalFootballAssociation國際足球聯(lián)盟PublicEnglishTestSystemRadiodetectingandrangingWriteo