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二、冠詞
(一)知識概要冠詞在英語中只有3個詞,分為兩類:不定冠詞a與an,定冠詞the。a用在以輔音開始的單數名詞前,an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個或某些事物,可用于不可數名詞、可數名詞單數及可數名詞復數前。(二)正誤辨析[誤]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.[析]a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前,而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前,而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是錯句,應為:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個字母h不發(fā)音,所以應該用anhour。例如:Ineedanhourtofinishthework.Itisausefuldictionary.ItisaEuropeancountry.Iboughtausedcar.[誤]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.[析]因umbrella的第一個音素是元音,所以應用an.常用的情況有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。[誤]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,I'minhurry.”[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.I'minahurry.”[析]不定冠詞的主要用法如下:1.用來表示一類人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.2.指某一類人或事物中的一個,如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.相當于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.5.其主要的難點是用在固定詞組中:如:haveawalk/arest/alook又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙makeaface作鬼臉dosomebodyafavour幫某人忙anumberof=many又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)haveacold(感冒)haveaheadache(頭痛)haveabreak=havearest[誤]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.[析]在文章中第一次提到某物時用不定冠詞,而第二次提到時用定冠詞。[誤]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.[析]雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指,也應用定冠詞。[誤]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.[析]世上獨一無二的天體等名詞前應加定冠詞,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.[誤]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.[析]在序數詞,形容詞最高級前要用定冠詞。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.[誤]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.[析]在序數詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二,而其意在于再學一個,再來一個時,應用a,本句的意思應為:這學期我要學一門第二外語。[誤]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.[析]在河流名稱前應加定冠詞,如:theYellowRiver(黃河)。[誤]Look,thereareAlp.[誤]Look,therearetheAlp.[正]Look,therearetheAlps.[析]具體的某一座山不加定冠詞,如:MountainTai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后,其山名要加s,來表示山脈。theAlps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.[誤]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.[析]報刊名稱前應加定冠詞。[誤]Richarenotalwayshappy.[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.[析]在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人,而在姓的前面加定冠詞,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.[誤]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.[析]物質名詞特指時也應加定冠詞。[誤]Thesunrisesineast.[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.[析]在方向、方位前應用定冠詞,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture[誤]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone[析]在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞,如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峽thePanamaCanal巴拿馬運河theSuezCanal蘇伊士運河[誤]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper[析]泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。[誤]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.[析]一年四季前不用定冠詞,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.[誤]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.[析]有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時不加冠詞,如:gotoschool上學,leaveschool(輟學),afterschool(放學),但如果當建筑物講時應加冠詞,如例句中其父母來校不是上學,而是看望孩子,則要加定冠詞。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。[誤]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.[析]在慣用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。[誤]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.[析]這是英文表達法與中文的明顯不同之處,也是初學者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動詞,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(擊),hold(握),pull(拉)…動詞后應加人,再加介詞on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠詞,再加人體的某一部位。這時的定冠詞千萬不要換作his,her,their,等詞。[誤]Hewaspaidbyhour.[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.[析]by和計量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應譯為:他的工資是按小時計算的。[誤]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.[析]by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應用某種工具,而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應作相應的轉換。如:bycar(坐小汽車)bytaxi(坐出租車)bybike(騎自行車)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飛機)bysea(乘船)[誤]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.[析]在樂器前要加定冠詞,而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他們空閑時愛打橋牌)[誤]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.[析]英語中雖有一些名詞與goto連用時不加定冠詞,以表示該名詞的內涵,如:gotoschool(上學),gotobed(睡覺)等,但去看電影則例外,要用gotothecinema.這也是語言的一個特點。[誤]Iliveat105theLakestreet.[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.[析]街道名稱前不用冠詞。[誤]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.[析]country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時,一定要加定冠詞,而且只有單數形式,作國家講時則可有復數形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.[誤]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.[析]atadistance意為“離開一定距離”。而inthedistance為“遠方,遠處”。這樣常用的詞組有:asarule(照例)inahurry(匆忙)inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)inthesun(在陽光下)intherain(雨中)inthesameway(同樣)intheshade(在陰涼處)inthedaytime(白天)intheend(最終)ontheotherhand(換句話說)onthecontrary(相反)[誤]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.[析]這是英語中的習慣用法,如:bitbybit(逐漸)dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)dayandnight(日日夜夜)facetoface(面對面)fromAtoZ(自始至終)fromtimetotime(再三)handinhand(手拉手)shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)(三)例題解析1MrLiis___oldworker.AaBanCsomeD/[答案]B.[析]an用于元音音素開始的單詞前。2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the[答案]B.[析]因useful的第一個音素是[j],它是輔音音素。3What___interestingbookitis?AaBanCtheD/[答案]B.[析]這是感嘆句,因為移到原一般句前面的強調部分中有可數名詞book,所以應加冠詞,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4Hewillbebackin___hour.A/BtheCaDan[答案]D.[析]因hour的首字母h不發(fā)音。5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A[答案]C.[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物時用不定冠詞,而第二次再提到該物或人時應用定冠詞。6Lookat___picture!There's___houseinit.Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a[答案]D.[析]雖然是第一次提到,但在句中的語言是讓對方看某一特定的圖畫,所以應選擇D。7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]這里的orange是指桔汁而不是一個個的桔子。8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.AtheBanC/Da[答案]A.[析]capital之后有of結構則要用定冠詞。9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,you'llget___“A”inthetest.AanB/CtheDa[答案]A.[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.AaBanCtheD/[答案]D.[析]onfoot意為走路上學,是習慣用法三、代詞(一)知識概要英語中代詞可以分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞。人稱代詞主要有主格和賓格之別。請看下表人稱我你他她它我們你們他們主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。請看下表人稱我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的形容詞性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代詞可見下表人稱我你他她它我們你們他們反身代詞myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves指示代詞主要有this,that,these,those疑問代詞有:who,whomwhose,what,which,還有疑問副詞when,how,where,why。不定代詞在初中課本中主要有some,any,many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…(二)正誤辨析[誤]Tom'smotheristallerthanmy.[正]Tom'smotheristallerthanmine.[析]形容詞性物主代詞可以作定語,也就是講它可以作形容詞,如:mybook,而這句話的意思是:湯姆的媽媽比我的媽媽高。比較的對象是mymother,也就是mine。[誤]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.[正]Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.[析]在應用代詞時,要注意人稱,格與數的一致性。這里it所代替的是不可數名詞homework,所以應用it。[誤]Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[正]Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.[析]這主要是英語習慣上的用法。當兩個以上的人稱代詞并列時其排列順序一般為you,he,she,I,而復數時為we,you,they:如男女并列時,應先男后女,如:Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思,承擔責任時,單數時用,I,he,she,you,復數時用They,you,we,如:TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit.[誤]Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.[正]Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.[析]由either…or,neither…nor,or連接兩個主語時,如果兩主語是單數時,用單數代詞,如兩主語是復數時,用復數代詞,如:Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一單一復兩名詞時,一般將單數名詞放在前,復數名詞放在后,要用復數代詞,如:Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.[誤]Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.[正]Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.[析]than是連詞,其后應視為省略句,thanheis.所以要注意區(qū)分其主格與賓格的用法。Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.[正]Ilikeyouasmuchasher.[析]as…as其后也應看作是省略句。應為asIlikeher.所以應用賓格。而第一句應譯為我像她那樣喜歡你。兩句語法都是對的但含義不同。[誤]Myselfdidityesterday.[正]Imyselfdidityesterday.[正]Ididitmyselfyesterday.[析]反身代詞不可作主語,但可以用作主語的同位語。[誤]Takecareofourselves.[正]Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)[析]祈始句的主語應看作第二人稱you.[誤]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.[正]Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.[析]反身代詞不能作介詞賓語,除非是由不及物動詞與介詞組成的動詞短語,如:Theoldwomanspoketoherself.[誤]Makeyourselfhome.[正]Makeyourselfathome.[析]這是英語中的習慣用法,意為“像在家里一樣”。這樣的用法還有:enjoyoneself玩得開心makeyourselfathome像在家中一樣helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣[誤]—
Who'sthisspeaking.—
That'sMary.[正]—
Who'sthatspeaking.—
ThisisMary.[析]在電話用語中,this指講話人自己,而that指對方。[誤]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.[正]Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.[析]在比較句中往往為了避免重復,可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物,如是單數時用that,復數時用those,如:TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun.[誤]Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.[正]Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.[析]在可數名詞單數時可用so+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞+that從句,也可用such+不定冠詞+形容詞+that從句。在不可數名詞或可數名詞復數時,只用such,如:ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little這4個詞前僅能用so,如:Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so與that之間僅存形容詞時,則不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.[誤]Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.[正]Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.[析]same與定冠詞the是固定搭配不可更改。這樣的用法還有allthesame(仍然)。[誤]—
Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—
Idon'thopeso.[正]—
Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—
Ihopenot.[析]在作肯定回答時,Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答時為:Idon'tthinkso.Ihope/believenot.[誤]—
Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.[正]—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.[誤]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.[正]—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.[析]在對話中如果某一動作同時適用于兩個主語,這時在答語中要用縮寫且要用倒裝句。如第一組句,即studiedhard既適用于he,也適用于she.但答語僅僅是對前句的重復,即僅僅是第一句的縮寫時則不要用倒裝句。如第二組句子為:英語難學。答語為:是的,難學。這時縮寫的答語不要用倒裝句。[誤]Everyoneshoulddoone'sbest.[正]Everyoneshoulddohisbest.[析]one作代詞時,它的復數形式是ones,所有格形式是one's,反身代詞為oneself.如果講Oneshoulddoone'sbest.則是對句。如果one與別的詞組成其他詞,如:someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone則要用his/her,來作其所有格形式。[誤]—Whowonthegame?—None.[正]—Whowonthegame?—Noone.[析]由who提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略說法是noone,而由Howmany提問的句子的否定回答中的簡略語是None.如:Howmanybooksarethere?None.[誤]Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.[正]Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.[析]either作代詞時由兩個含意,其一是兩者中隨便哪一個,如:Youcantakeeither.其二是兩者中的每一個。但要注意的是either后要加單數名詞,如果作主語則謂語動詞也要用單數形式。[誤]EitheryouorIareright.[正]EitheryouorIamright.[析]在either…or,或neither…nor連接兩個主語時,其謂語動詞要與和其相近的那個主語相配。[誤]Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.[正]Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.[析]neither用于兩者中無一是,而none則用于多于兩者中的人或事物無一是。[誤]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera.Idon'tliketoo.[正]Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera,Idon'tlikeeither.[析]either作為“也”講時,要用于否定句中,而too則用于肯定句中。[誤]Welikeboththislittleboy.[正]Webothlikethislittleboy.[析]both作同位語時,它在句中的位置有:在be動詞之后,如:Wearebothstudents.在實意動詞之前,如:Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助動詞之后,如:WehavebothreadtheseEnglishnovels.使用時要注意以下句子的實際含意:Bothofusarenotright.應譯為:我們倆不都對。Neitherofusisright.才應譯為:我倆都不對。又如:Ican'tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意為:兩本書我不能全給你,而Ican'tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才為:兩本書我全不能給你。[誤]Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.[正]Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.[析]each作句子主語時其謂語動詞要用單數形式,如:EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell,但each作同位語時,則應以原名詞的數為準。[誤]Everyofushastopasstheexam.[正]Eachofushastopasstheexam.[析]every只可作形容詞,不可作代詞,而each既可作形容詞,又可作代詞,在作形容詞時each側重強調個體,而every則側重于全體。[誤]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[正]Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.[析]everyone不可與of結構相連接使用,而everyone則可以這樣用。[誤]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[正]IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.[析]要注意的是everyday是“每天”,而everyday則是形容詞為“日常的”。如:everydayEnglish日常英語,everydaylife日常生活。[誤]Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.[正]Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.[析]every用于三者或三者以上的每一個,而each用于二者或二者以上的每一個。因為街道只有兩側,所以只能用each而不能用every.[誤]Allmyparentsareengineers.[正]Bothmyparentsareengineers.[析]all用于三者或三者以上的全部,而both則用于兩者的全部。[誤]Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[正]Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.[析]非特指的名詞前可用all但不可用allof結構,也就是講allof結構后面的名詞前一定要有定冠詞。其他與all有關的習慣用法還有:alltheyearround,allweek,allday,allwinter[誤]Theallvillagewasflooded.[正]Allthevillagewasflooded.[析]all作修飾語時要用在所有修飾詞之前。[誤]Thepostofficeisonothersideofthestreet.[正]Thepostofficeisontheothersideofthestreet.[析]單數可數名詞如在泛指某一個時用another,而特指時則要用theother,因街道只有兩邊,而不在這邊必定是在另一邊,所以要用特指。請參考下表的用法以便于記憶。單數復數泛指another形容詞作定語作名詞another代詞otherothers特指theother形容詞theother代詞
theothertheothers[誤]TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheothersstudents?[正]Therearetenstudentshere.Wherearetheothers?[正]TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheotherstudents?[析]theothers=theotherstudents.[誤]Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,anotherisadoctor.[正]Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,theotherisadoctor.[析]another用于泛指,如:Isitfarfromheretothestation?I'msorry.Ihavenoidea.Onemaysayitisquitenear;anothermaysayitisfarfromhere.但在特指時則要用theother.它可以用作定語,theotherone,也可以用作代詞theother,但theother用作代詞時它的含意一定是單數。如果指三者或者三者以上的情況時,則要用one…another…theother.或者one…asecond…thethird…[誤]Somepeoplelikesports.Theotherslikereading.[正]Somepeoplelikesports.Otherslikereading.[析]在泛指的復數名詞前用some…others…others…來表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。[誤]Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseachotherday.[正]Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseveryotherday.[析]everyotherday為每隔一天。是習慣用法,不要隨意改動。又如:ontheotherhand另一方面。[誤]Manyknowhim,butfewlikeshim.[正]Manyknowhim,butfewlikehim.[析]few用于可數名詞,意為幾乎沒有,但few作主語時謂語動詞則要用復數形式,而afew為有一些。[誤]Youhavefewfriends,haven'tyou?[正]Youhavefewfriends,haveyou?[析]little與few用于句中時,均要按否定句看待。[誤]Muchofwhatyousaidaretrue.[正]Muchofwhatyousaidistrue.[析]much用于不可數名詞,作主語時用單數謂語動詞。而many用于可數名詞,它作主語時用復數形式的謂語動詞。[誤]Thisroomisenoughlargeforthestudentstolivein.[正]Thisroomislargeenoughforthestudentstolivein.[析]enough可以用作代詞,如:Thereisenoughofthefood.又如:Enoughhasbeendoneforthework,但enough還可以作形容詞來修飾名詞,這時enough可以放在名詞之前,也可放在名詞之后,如:moneyenough與enoughmoney都是對的。但當enough作副詞修飾形容詞時,則只能置于形容詞之后了。[誤]Iwantanybookstoread.Doyouhaveany?[正]Iwantsomebookstoread.Doyouhaveany?[析]按照語法any用于疑問句和否定句,而some用于肯定句。[誤]Wouldyoulikeanythingtodrink?[正]Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?[析]在由wouldyoulike發(fā)出的問句中,表達了說話者真心實意要為對方提供些飲料,或在說話者想得到對方的肯定答復時,在疑問句中要用some而不用any。[誤]Someonewanttomeetyou.[正]Someonewantstomeetyou.[析]不定代詞應被看作單數,即使用and連接兩個不定代詞,也要看作單數,如:Anyoneandeveryonehastheright.任何人,每一個人都有這樣的權力。[誤]NewYorkismuchcolderinwinterthanbefore.[正]ItismuchcolderinNewYorkinwinterthanbefore.[析]it常常用在英文的句子中來代表時間、距離、天氣、自然現象,或用在句中作形式主語或賓語,如:Itisteno'clocknow.(代時間)Itisfarfromheretotheairport.(代距離)Itisveryhot.(代天氣)ItisverydifficulttolearnEnglishwell.(作形式主語)Wefounditverydifficulttoanswerthequestion.(作形式賓語)[誤]Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomany.[正]Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomuch.[析]這里much所代的應是飲料或水,所以應為不可數名詞。(三)例題解析1Theseare___books.Yoursareoverthere.AIBmyCmeDmine[答案]B.[析]這里應用形容詞性物主代詞。2—___isshe?—Sheisateacher.AWhatBHowCWhoDWhere[答案]A.[析]這里的四個疑問詞放在問句中全都成立,但其意義不同。Whatisshe?應譯為“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而Howisshe?應譯為“她身體如何?”而Whoisshe?應譯為“她是誰?”其答語應為“她叫什么名字。”而Whereisshe?應為“她在什么地方?”由答語決定了這道題的選擇。3___iswrongwithmywatch.Ithasstopped___.ASomething,workingBSomething,toworkCAnything,workingDAnything,towork[答案]A.[析]因為是肯定句所以應用Something,其后由于表停止工作了,則stop后要用動名詞。4Mary,help___tothebananas,please.AyouByourCyourselfDyourselves[答案]C.[析]helponeselftosomething為“自己拿某物”。yourself為“你一個人”,而yourselves為“你們”。5—___doyougotoschooleveryday?—Bybus.AHowBWhyCWhenDWhere[答案]A.[析]這題的答案是由問句決定的。6Myskirtis___popularthan___.Amuch,herBmuch,hersCmore,herDmore,hers[答案]D.[析]因句中有than,所以應選用比較級,而than后要選用名詞性物主代詞。7—CanyouspeakEnglish?—Yes,butonly___.AfewBafewClittleDalittle[答案]D.[析]因會講某種語言的多少要用alittle,把它看作不可數名詞對待,此答語為:是的,但僅僅會講一點。8Mr.
Smithisanoldfriendof___.AIBmeCmyDmine[答案]D.[析]這里應選名詞性物主代詞,這也是英語的一種習慣用法,而不要選擇my9“___doyouhearfromyourparents?”“Aboutonceamonth.”AHowlongBHowmanyCHowoftenDHowmuch[答案]C.[析]Howoften問的是某一動作發(fā)生的頻率,即在單位時間內發(fā)生多少次。10MrGreenwouldn'tsay___atthemeeting.AeverythingBnothingCanythingDsomething[答案]C.[析]在否定句中應用anything11“Mum,Ann'scomingtonight.Let'sgiveher___toeat.”“Goodidea!”AanythingniceBniceanythingCsomethingniceDnicesomething[答案]C.[析]肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代詞的修飾詞應放其后而不要放在其前面。12—Whenshallwemeet,thiseveningortomorrowevening?—Idon'tmind.___timeisOK.ASomeBNeitherCEitherDBoth[答案]C.[析]因如選用both則名詞要用復數名詞,也要用復數謂語動詞,由于答語前有Idon'tmind則決定不能選擇neither.13Thisisnotherkite,
but___.Ahe'sBhimCheDhis[答案]D.[析]要注意“他的”名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞是同形的。14Don'tworry,Mum!___newsisgoodnews.I'msuredaddywillcomebacksoon.ANoBManyCThoseDTwo[答案]A.[析]這是一條諺語,即沒有消息就是好消息。15Maryhassixapples.Herbrotherhasthree.Shehas___applesthanhe.AfewBmanyCmoreDfewer[答案]C.[析]由于是比較級,根據題意應選“多于”而不是“少于”。16Thereisn't___intoday'snewspaper.AanythinginterestingBsomethinginterestingCnothinginterestingDinterestinganything[答案]A.[析]由于句子是否定句,應選擇anything,而且不定代詞的修飾語應放在其后面。17September10this___Day?ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'[答案]D.[析]教師節(jié)Teachers'Day,兒童節(jié)Children'sDay,婦女節(jié)Women'sDay18—InEngland,peopleeatalotof“takeaway”food.Whataboutpeopleinyourcountry?—___ASowedo.BWedoso.CSodowe.DWesodo.[答案]C.[析]在答語中用簡略方式表達上文的一個動作同樣適用于另一個主語時,則要采用倒裝句,但如果僅僅是對上句的重復則不要倒裝。19—Shallwegointothatshopandhavealook?—Sorry.Iwon't.Ihave___todothere.AeverythingBanythingCsomethingDnothing[答案]D.[析]這個答案的選擇應由上下兩句對話內容作出決定。20—Oh,dear!Whobroketheglass?—___Sam___Bruce.Itwasthecat.ABoth,andBNot,butCNeither,norDEither,or[答案]C.[析]neither…nor意為既不……也不……21Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake.___areclimbingthehill.AOthersBOtherCAnotherDTheother[答案]A.[析]這里因為是代替復數名詞,所以應用名詞性的復數代名詞。22Sheisnotanurse.I'mnot___.AalsoBeitherCneitherDtoo[答案]B.[析]在否定句中該用either,而不用too和also.23Ihavetwopencils.Oneisred,___isblue.AtheotherBanotherCothersDtheothers[答案]A.[析]兩者中的另一個應為特指。而且應為單數形式的代名詞。而another是泛指單數代名詞。others是泛指復數代名詞,而theothers是特指復數代名詞。24Sorry,Ican'tansweryourquestion.Iknow___aboutthesubject.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]A.[析]中文講我對此知道的不多,而英文中要用little。其含意為否定句。25Mysisterdoesn'tlikeskating___.ASodoIBSoIdon'tCNeitherIdon'tDNeitherdoI[答案]D.[析]這是表達上面否定句中的動作,也同樣不適合于第二個人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒裝句。26Yesterdaymorningtherewereonlythreeboysinourroom,___.Ayou,heandIBI,youandheChe,IandyouDyou,Iandhe[答案]A.[析]這是若干人稱代詞并列時的順序問題。請參看辨析中的例子。27Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgototheconcert.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew[答案]D.[析]student為可數名詞。28Theteachergave___studentanewbook.AnobodyBbothCeachDany[答案]C.[析]both其后的名詞應為復數,而any用于疑問句和否定句中只有each可以修飾單數可數名詞。29Blackisneitherateacher___aworker.AorBeitherCnorDand[答案]C.[析]neither…nor為“既不……也不……”的固定搭配。30Ourteachergaveus___onstudying.AmanyadvicesBsomeadvicesCanadviceDsomeadvice[答案]D.[析]advice為不可數名詞。some可用于可數或不可數名詞之前。31Therearetwoforeignfriendsinthepark.One___isfromJapan,isfromAmerica.AotherBothersCtheotherDtheothers[答案]C.[析]因為是兩者中的一個,所以另一個應用單數特指代詞。32Arethere___onthetable?AsomecupsBanycupCsomecupDanycups[答案]D.[析]此句是疑問句,應用anycups,因提問時的be動詞用的是are。33I'vejustboughtfivestamps.OneisaGermanstamp,___areAmericanstamps.AtheotherBtheothersCotherDothers[答案]B.[析]此空應填入主語。又因其范圍已定,所以應選特指的代名詞。theother只能用作單數,而others是泛指復數代名詞,故只能選B。34Itwas___finedaythattheywenttothepark.AasoBsoaCsuchaDasuch[答案]C.[析]在單數可數名詞前可以有兩種表達法,即such+不定冠詞+形容詞+可數名詞單數形式,如:suchagoodday,或者用so加形容詞+不定冠詞+可數名詞單數,如:sogoodaday.35Atthattimethetrainwasslowandnoisy.So___peoplelikedtakingtrains.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew[答案]C.[析]這是英文的表達法與中文不同之處。中文講只有少數人喜歡坐火車,英文要選用“few”。36Wemusthelpandunderstandeach___.AotherBanotherCothersDtheother[答案]A.[析]eachother意為“互相”,是習慣用語。37___isdifficulttowalkonthemoon.AManBOneCThatDIt[答案]D.[析]這里的真正主語應為不定式towalkonthemoon.而形式主語只能用it.38Janehassentseveralletters,but___ofthemhavebeenanswered.AallBbothCeitherDnone[答案]D.[析]severalletters意為“若干信件”,應看作多于兩者,則在A、D中作選擇,僅D符合句意。39Idon'tknow___aboutthenewheadmaster.AsomethingBeverythingCnothingDanything[答案]D.[析]否定句中應用anything.40___ofthestudentsinthewholeclasscoulddothisphysicsquestion.ANoBNoneCNotDNeither[答案]B.四、形容詞、副詞(一)知識概要形容詞的用法很活躍,在英語中用處也很多,但英語中修飾可數名詞和不可數名詞的修飾語和詞組有時不同,要特別加以注意。下面將初中學習階段中遇到的修飾可數名詞的詞和詞組歸納如下:many,no,several,some,afew,alot,lots,plenty,plentyof,alotof,alargenumberof,enough。而修飾不可數名詞的詞或詞組如下:much,no,some,alot,agreatdeal,lots,plenty,alotof,plentyof。其中some,no,alotof,plentyof既可修飾可數名詞又可修飾不可數名詞。英語中形容詞與副詞有原級、比較級、最高級之分,其規(guī)則如下:構詞法原級比較級最高級(加er,或est)youngyoungeryoungesttalltallertallest(只加r或stnice)LargelargerlargestNicenicernicest(重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音字母時雙寫該字母加er、estfatfatterfattesthothotterhottestbigbiggerbiggest
不規(guī)則變化的形容詞或副詞:原級比較級最高級GoodbetterbestWellbetterbestbadworseworstBadlyworseworstManymoremostmostmoremostLittlelesslestFarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthestoldolderoldesteldereldest要注意的是許多形容詞同時又是副詞,如:back,all,alone,either,far,high,slow等。而有些形容詞則要經過一定變化才能轉為副詞,其規(guī)律如下:構詞法形容詞副詞(一般加ly)kindkindlycarefulcarefully
(尾是y時將y變成i加lyHappy)busybusilyeasyeasilyHappyHappily其他truetrulyterribleterriblyFullfullyPossiblepossiblyShyshylywholewholly在學習過程中要注意其變化。此外并不是所有副詞都可以修飾比較級和最高級形容詞。能修飾比較級的有:much,yet,far,still,agreatdeal,even和alittle.能修飾最高級的有:thevery,muc
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