高考英語二輪拔高復習訓練：閱讀理解說明文（五）

新高考英語二輪拔高班復習資料閱讀理解訓練題型：說明文題組訓練（五）姓名：班級：學校：錯題號：（2022·福建廈門·校聯(lián)考模擬預測）Ourplanetishometomanyradioactivesubstances-notjustinisgeologicinnardsbutalsoinitshospitals,atitsindustrialsitesandinitsfoodprocessingplants.InColorado,forinstance,27buildingshousescary-soundingchemicalelementssuchascesium137andcobalt60.Thesematerialsarenotthereforriskypurposes,though.Theyplayapartincancertreatment,bloodirradiation,medicalandfoodsterilization,structureandequipmenttesting,geologicexploration,etc.Theradioactivematerialisnotalwaysbadinablackand-whiteway:itcanbeausefultool.Theraysgivenoffbycesiumandcobaltcankillgermsmultiplyinginyourmeatandmakeyourappleslastlonger.Radiographicinstrumentscandetect,say,cracksinacity’spipesinasimilarwaytoanx-raypickingupahairlinefractureinyourknee.Apracticecalled“welllogging”usessealedradioactivesourcestomapthegeologyofholesoilseekersdrillintotheearth.Andofcourse,radiationiskeytocancertreatment.Theriskarisesbecausethesameradioactivematerialthatisbeneficialcouldalsobestolenormisplacedandfinditswayintotraffickingringsordirtybombs.Itmightalsobarnworkersifsomethingaccidentallygoeswrongduringanormalnine-to-fiveday.In2017alone,accordingtoareportfromtheJamesMartinCenterforNonproliferationStudies,therewere171“incidentsofnuclearorotherradioactivematerialsoutsideofregulatorycontrol”basedonopensourcereports,104ofwhichhappenedintheU.S.AninitiativecalledRadSecure100waslaunchedtoremoveandbettersecureenergeticmaterialin100U.S.cities.“Whereisthemosthigh-riskmateriallocatedaroundthemostpeople?”saysEmilyAdams,deputydirectorofadomesticprogramintheOfficeofRadiologicalSecurity.“Andthat’showwegotour100.”1．Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinparagraph1?A．Radioactivesubstancescanwarmourplanet.B．Foodprocessingdoesharmtoworkersinplants.C．Theradioactivematerialisbasicallyeverywhere.D．It’shardtoremovescary-soundingelementsinbuildings.2．Whydoestheauthormention“welllogging”inparagraph2?A．Tomakeasummary. B．Toraiseaquestion.C．Toprovideacontrast. D．Tosupportanidea.3．WhatisRadSecure100intendedfor?A．Makinguseofenergeticsubstances. B．Ensuringsafetyoftheradioactivematerial.C．Warningpeopleofthemosthigh-riskmaterial D．ProtectingtheOfficeofRadiologicalSecurity.4．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardstheradioactivematerial?A．Pessimistic. B．Objective. C．Disapproval. D．Carefree.（2022·重慶·校聯(lián)考二模）Anewstudyhasfoundthatwaterintheair,notjustheat,isimportantinmeasuringglobalwarming.Theresearcherssay,whenconsideringhumidityandheat,thetemperatureincreaseistwotimesgreaterthanearlierestimates.Theresearchersalsonote,temperaturebyitselfisnotthebestwaytomeasuretheeffectsofclimatechangeandusingtemperatureunderestimatesconditionsinthetropicalareasoftheworld.ThestudywaspublishedonJanuary31inProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Theresearchersteamshowthattheenergycreatedinextremeweather,suchasstorms,isrelatedtotheamountofwaterintheair.Forthisreason,theydecidedtouseaspecialatmosphericmeasurementtoshowtheamountofheatinanareaofair.ItisexpressedinascientificmeasurementfortemperatureknownasdegreesKelvin.Ramanathanisoneofthewritersofthestudy.HeisaclimatescientistattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego’sScrippsInstitutionofOceanography.“Therearetwofactorsofclimatechange:temperatureandhumidity.Andsofar,wehavemeasuredglobalwarmingjustintermsoftemperature,”hesays.“Warmaircanholdmorewaterthancoldair.ForeverydegreeCelsiusthatairtemperatureincreases,itcanholdsevenpercentmorewater.Whenthewatervaporintheairbecomesliquid,itreleasesheatorenergy.That’swhywhenitrains,nowitpours.”Ramanathanaddedthatwatervaporisapowerfulheat-trappinggasintheatmospherethatincreasesclimatechange.From1980to2019,theaverageworldsurfaceairtemperatureincreasedby0.79degreesCelsius.Butwhentheyconsideredenergyfromhumidity,theirtemperaturemeasurementhadincreasedby1.48degreesCelsius.Inthetropics,thewarmingwasasmuchas4degreesCelsius.WuebblesisaclimatescientistattheUniversityofIllinois.Hewasnotpartofthestudy.ButWuebblessaidtheideamakessensebecausewatervaporisimportantinextremerainfall.Hesaid,“Bothheatandhumidityareimportant.”5．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Thecombinationofwaterandheatdecreasesaveragesurfacetemperature.B．Thereasonwhyitpoursisthatcoldaircanholdmorewaterthanwarmair.C．ScientistsadopttemperaturedegreesKelvinasaspecialatmosphericmeasurement.D．Scientistsusedbothtemperatureandhumiditytomeasureglobalwarminginthepast.6．HowdoesRamanathanillustratehisfindingsinthefifthparagraph?A．Bymakingcomparisons. B．Bytakingexamples.C．Byanalyzingreasons. D．Bygivingdefinitions.7．WhatisWuebbles’attitudetothisnewstudy?A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Skeptical. D．Appreciative.8．Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ExtremeWeathersAreCloselyRelatedtoAirHeatAmountB．ANewStudyFocusesonGlobalWarmingSolutionsC．HumidityIsAlsoImportantinMeasuringClimateChangesD．TwoClimateScientistsDevelopaScientificMethod（2022·湖南郴州·統(tǒng)考一模）ShawaneePatrickispassionateaboutgivingeveryonetheabilitytowalkascomfortablyandeffectivelyaspossiblethroughtheuseofwalkingassistivedevices,suchasprosthetics(假肢)andorthotics.APh.D．studentintheJ.Mikewalker66DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringatTexasA&MUniversity,Patrickwasinspiredtohelpdevelopbetterwalkingassistivedevicesbythepartialparalysis(癱瘓)ofhergrandmother.Herresearchfocusesondevelopingandimprovingwalkingassistivedevicesbydeterminingwhatinputsareimportantandoutcomesthatcouldimprovethedesignprocess.“Iliketosaymyresearchisabouthowtohelppeoplewhocan’twalkbeabletowalk,andhowtohelpthosewhodowalk.Walkbetter.”Patricksaid.“That’skindofmyaim.Walkingimprovesthequalityoflife,soit’sreallyimportantwehelpthosefacingchallengeswhenwecan.”TheCOVID-19pandemicbroughtchallengestoPatrick’sresearchaswell.Patrick’sresearch—whichworkswithhumanstudies—hadbeendelayedseveraltimesbythehealthandavailabilityofhersubjects.Patricksaidtheprocessofconductingherresearchincludesinvestigatingtheuser’sneedsfromvariousangles.Fromtheperspectiveoftheuserthemselvestotheirphysicianandfamilymembers,Patricksaiditisnecessarytobuildacompletepictureofthem.Patrickisdeterminedtomakeapositiveimpactonthelivesofthepeoplesheworkswith.aswellasthethousandsmorelikethem.Althoughthespecificprojectsheisworkingonwillnotbegoingtomarket.Patricksaidsheishopefulthattheresearchsheisconductingcouldonedayinfluencethedevelopmentofaproductthatmakesitswaytothosewhocouldgreatlybenefitfromthesupport.9．WhatinspiredPatricktostarttheproject?A．Herstrongdesiretohelptheold.B．Hergrandmother’sdisability.C．Herassignmentinuniversity.D．Herenthusiasmaboutmechanicalengineering.10．WhatisthepurposeofPatrick’sresearch?A．Tofigureoutthefactsaboutinputs.B．Tocopewiththeimportantchallenges.C．Toimprovethelivesofthoseinneed.D．Toperfectthedesignprocess.11．WhatwasthenecessarystepwhenPatrickconductedtheresearch?A．Fullyunderstandtheusers’demands.B．RemovetheC0VID-19pandemic.C．Investigatetheusers’healthandavailability.D．Contacttheusers’physicianandfamilymembers.12．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．HowtowalkBetter.B．ACureforPainfulPatients.C．ANewwalkingDevice.D．AHelpfulProjectLaunchedbyAstudent.（2022·廣東肇慶·肇慶市第一中學?？家荒＃〧inalexamsarearoundthecomer—butthatwon’tstopsometeenagersputtingintheleasteffort.Thismaybebecausetheirbrainsaren’tdevelopedenoughtoproperlyassesshowhighthestakes(利害關系)are,andadapttheirbehaviouraccordingly.CatherineInsel,atHarvardUniversity,andherteamaskedadolescentsbetweentheagesof13and20toplayagamewhilemonitoringtheirbrains.Insomeroundsofthegame,participantscouldearn20centsforacorrectresponse,whileanincorrectonewouldcostthem10cents.Butinroundswithhigherstakes,correctresponseswereworthadollar,andwronganswerslosttheparticipants50cents.Theteamfoundthatwhiletheoldervolunteersperformedbetterinthehighstakesrounds,theyoungeronesdidn’t—theirperformancedidn’tchangeinlinewithwhetherthestakeswereloworhigh.Andtheolderthevolunteerswere,themoreimprovedtheirperformancewas.Whentheteamlookedatthebrainactivityofthevolunteers,theyfoundthattheirabilitytoimprovetheirperformancewaslinkedtohowdevelopedtheirbrainswere.Aregioninthebrain,whichcontinuestodevelopuntilweareatleast25yearsold,seemedtobeparticularlyimportant.Thefindingsexplainwhysometeenagersaresounconcernedwhenitcomestohazardousbehaviors,suchasdrivingtoofast,forinstance,especiallywhenoneoftheirfriendsisnearby.Inselthinksschoolsshouldreconsiderthewaytheytestperformanceinteenagers.“Thisstudysuggestsit’snotagoodideatoevaluateschoolperformanceinasinglefinalexam”,shesays.Abetterideawouldbetouseavarietyofsmallertests,conductedthroughouttheyear.It’snotallbadnewsforteens,though.Teenagersputthesameamountofeffortintotasksthataren’t“important”,andstarttopreferhobbiestoschool.Itcouldbeagoodthing,allowingteenagerstolearncomplexsocialskills,forexample.13．Whydidtheresearcherssetdifferentbetsinthegame?A．Toteachhowtomakemoney.B．Tobettermonitorparticipants’brains.C．Toshowthevariedrisklevelsofthegame.D．Tomeettheneedsofdifferentparticipants.14．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hazardous”probablymean?A．Dangerous. B．Abusive.C．Specific. D．Addictive.15．Whatshouldbekeptinmindwhileassessingstudents’performance?A．Itshouldnotbejudgedbyonlyoneexam.B．Theitemsinexamsshouldnotbetoodifficult.C．Exam-focusededucationshouldnotbeadopted.D．Examinationisnotagoodmeansofevaluatingstudents.16．WhatisInsel’sattitudetoteenagers’puttingeffortinto“unimportant”tasks?A．Unclear. B．Favorable. C．Doubtful. D．Negative.（2022·江蘇徐州·徐州市第七中學?？寄M預測）Haveyoueverwonderedwhatthefoodyoueateverydaycantellyouaboutwhereyoucomefrom?Haveyoueverwonderedwhypeoplefromdifferentpartsoftheworldeatdifferenttypesoffood?Doyoueveraskyourselfwhycertainfoodsorculinary(烹飪的)traditionsaresoimportanttoyourculture?Thereismoreofaconnectionbetweenfoodandculturethanyoumaythink.Onanindividuallevel,wegrowupeatingthefoodofourcultures.Itbecomesapartofwhoeachofusis.Manyofusassociatefoodfromourchildhoodwithwarmfeelingsandgoodmemoriesandittiesustoourfamilies,holdingaspecialandpersonalvalueforus.Onalargerscale,foodisanimportantpartofculture.Traditionalcuisineispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenext.Italsooperatesasanexpressionofculturalidentity.Immigrantsbringthefoodoftheircountrieswiththemwherevertheygoandcookingtraditionalfoodisawayofpreservingtheirculturewhentheymovetonewplaces.InChina,harmonyisavitalqualityinalmosteveryaspectoflife.ThisisreflectedinChinesecuisine,wherealmosteveryflavorisusedinabalancedwaycreatingdeliciousdisheswithflavorsthatgowelltogether.ThecuisineoftheUnitedStatesalsoreflectsitshistory.TheEuropeancolonizationoftheAmericasbroughtEuropeaningredientsandcookingstylestotheU.S.Astheworldbecomesmoreglobalized,itiseasiertoaccesscui